A short introduction on Cyber Crime - Nature, types, how to prevent, impact of cyber crime.

1. CRIMINOLOGY
TOPIC- CYBER CRIME
PREPARED BY - AFNAN HUSAIN
CLASS - SY LLB (SEM 4)
SEAT NO. - 40015

2. WHAT IS CYBER CRIME?
• A cyber crime may be defined as any illegal criminal activity
that uses a computer either as an instrumentality, target or
means of perpetrating further crime.
• In other words cyber crime is an unlawful act wherein the
computer is either a tool or a target or both.
• Cyber crime is any crime that takes place online or primarily
online. Cyber criminals often commit crimes by targeting
computer network and devices.

3. • Cyber crime can range from security breaches to identity theft,
and includes cyber stalking, harassment, bullying and child
sexual exploitation.
• Terrorists collaborate on the internet to carry out their illegal
activities in cyberspace. Cyber crime continues to evolve with
new threats surfacing all over the world.
• The distinction between cyber crime and conventional crime
lies in the involvement of the medium in cases of cyber crime.
That is, there should be involvement, at any stage, of the virtual
cyber medium in case of a cyber crime.

4. NATURE OF CYBER CRIME
• Cyber space and internet having developed as favourite
medium of carrying on wide range of activities, has at the same
time became an easy and convenient mode of committing cyber
crime the world over, which can be detected only with the
international co-operation of law enforcement agencies of
different countries.
• In April 2010, at the Twelfth UN Congress on Crime Prevention
and Criminal Justice held extensive discussion expressing
serious concern over the massive use of computer science and
technology by the perpetrators of cyber crime and measure to
be adopted by authorities in fighting against these crimes.

5. REASONS FOR CYBER CRIME
• The computer has the unique characteristic of storing data in a
relatively very small space.
• Computer are easy to access and therefore, unauthorised
access by the use of complex cyber space technology is easily
possible by passing security system.
• The computers work on operating system which are complex
and are composed of millions of codes. The cyber offenders
take advantage of this.
• One of the significant features of the computer system is that
evidence is destroyed in no time. The criminals find it very easy
to destroy the evidence soon after the crime is committed.

6. TYPES OF CYBER CRIME
• Hacking: Hacking in simple terms means an illegal intrusion
into a computer system and/or network.
• E- mail Spoofing: A spoofed e-mail may be said to be one
which misrepresents its origin. That is, it shows its origin to be
different from which it actually originates.
• Computer Vandalism: Any kind of physical damage done to the
computer of any person. It may be in the form of theft of a
computer or some part thereof.

7. • Cyber Terrorism: Cyber terrorism may be said to be a
convergence of terrorism and cyber space involving unlawful
attacks or threats of attacks against computers, networks, and
the information stored therein, in order to coerce or intimidate
a government or its people in furtherance of political, social, or
ideological objectives.
• Cyber Pornography: Computers and internet have opened new
flood gates for pornographic material being available on
websites which has adverse effect on moral health of
youngsters, particularly adolescents.

8. OTHER TYPES OF CYBER CRIMES
• Cyber Stalking
• Cyber Defamation
• E-mail Frauds
• Identity Theft
• Data Diddling
• Phishing

9. HOW TO AVOID BECOMING A VICTIM OF
CERTAIN TYPES OF CYBER CRIME
• Don’t enter private and confidential information on your
personal computer.
• Always use a firewall. Also, always use one or two anti-spyware
programs in addition to your anti-virus software, and keep
them up to date
• Don't reply to an email or pop-up message that asks for
personal or financial information, and don't click on links in the
message
• Store your information elsewhere apart from your PC like on a
flash disk or an external hard drive
• Download a safe search tool like SiteAdvisor which will advise

10. IMPACT OF CYBER CRIME
• The expansion of internet and computer all over the world has
generated a new species of crime commonly known as cyber
crimes. The areas most hit by the impact of these crimes is,
economy and security regimes because the alarmingly
expanding dimensions of cyber frauds and terrorists activities
of hardcore terrorists are ruining the nation’s economy and
posing a threat to the national security destroying its internal
and external peace.
• Looking to the international dimensions of these crimes and
jurisdictional problems between the countries and variations in
the cyber law, the electronic transaction and liability issues for
the acts executed in cyberspace still remain hazy and uncertain