1) The document discusses the history and development of chemistry as a subject over the centuries. It mentions several important historical figures and their contributions. 2) Key historical milestones in chemistry such as the 100th anniversary of the first Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1911 and the establishment of IUPAC in 1919 are highlighted. 3) The text provides an overview of different branches of chemistry such as organic chemistry, physical chemistry, industrial chemistry and more. It emphasizes the wide applications of chemistry in everyday life.

1. tIcf imkv{XkmlnXy ]cnj¯v

2. 2011 temI ck-X-{´-hÀjw
ck-X{´w
½psS Pohn-Xw
½psS`mhn.

3. e£y-§Ä
1) ck-X-{´-s¯-¡p-dn¨v
temI-P--X-¡pÅ Adnhv hfÀ¯n
Cu imkv{X-im-J-sb-¡p-dn¨v aXn-¸p--m-¡p-I.

4. 2) Ip«n-Ifnepw bph-P-
-§-fnepw ck-X{´
XmÂ]cyw hÀ²n-¸n-¡p-I.
3) ck-X-{´-¯nsâ kÀKm-
ßI (Creative) amb
`mhn-sb-¸än P-§-fnÂ
Bth-i-ap--m-¡p-I.

5. ck-X{´w
]co-£-Wm-ßI imkv{Xw,
kÀKm-ß-I-im-kv{Xw,
]cn-ØnXn imkv{Xw
tI{µ (A-Sn-Øm-) imkv{Xw.

6. nc-h[n imJ-IÄ
ImÀ_-WnI ck-X-{´w (HmÀKm-nIv sIan-kv{Sn)
AImÀ_-WnI ck-X{´w (In Organic Chemistry)
_tbm sIankv{Sn
`uXnI ck-X{´w (Physical Chemistry)
A-en-än-¡Â sIankv{Sn
s]t{Sm-fnbw sIankv{Sn

7. ssU sIankv{Sn (tem-I-¯np
ndw sImSp¯ imkv{Xw)
hymh-km-bnI ck-X{´w
(Industrial Chemistry)
]mcn-Øn-XnI ck-X{´w
(Environment Chemistry)
lcnX ck-X{´w (Green
Chemistry)
t]mfn-aÀ sIankv{Sn
tdUn-tb-j³ sIan-kv{Sn.
CeIvt{Sm sIan-kv{Sn,
t^mt«m sIankv{Sn ({]-Imi ck-
X-{´w)

8. F´psIm-v 2011
1. c-v XhW tm_Â
k½mw tSnb amUw-
Iyqdn
(tacn Iyqdn-) bpsS ck-
X{´ tm_Â
k½m--e-_v[n-bpsS
100þmw hmÀjnIw
(5 tm_ k½m--§Ä
kz´w IpSpw-_-¯n-te-
¡v).

14. 2. ck-X-{´-¯nsâ temI-kw-L-S--bmb CâÀm-j-WÂ
Atkm-kn-tb-j³ Hm^v sIan-¡Â skmssk-äokv cq]o-I-
cn-¨-Xnsâ 100-þmw hmÀjn-Iw.
(C-t¸mÄ CXnsâ t]cv
CâÀm-j-W bqWn-b³ Hm^v ^yqÀ
B³Uv Ass¹bvUv sIankv{Sn
(IUPAC).

15. ck-X{´w ap-s¡´v X¶p ?
Blmcw ({]-Im-i-kw-tÇ-j-Ww)

16. 2. ]mNIw (Xo)
3.teml-§Ä
4.acp-¶p-IÄ
5.DuÀPw/CÔ--§Ä
6.N{I-§Ä……..

17. 7.tIm¬{Ioäv
8.If-dp-IÄ/s]bnâp-IÄ
9.hf-§Ä, IoS-m-in-n-IÄ
10. t]mfn-a-dp-IÄ (¹m-Ìn-¡p-IÄ)
11. kuµ-cy-hÀ²I hkvXp-¡Ä (Cosmetics)...............

29. ck-X{´w
ap-s¡-´mWv
Xcm-¯-Xv.
Cn-bp-sa-
s´Ãmw
Xcm-n-cn-¡p¶p?

30. ½psS ico-cw-Xs¶ Hcp cmk-ime (Chemical
Factory)
GXp-i-coc `mKhpw cmk-kw-bp-à-§Ä- -X-·m-{X-IÄ, Bä-
§Ä,
Hmtcm {]hÀ¯--¯npw ]n¶nÂ
Xe-t¨m-dnse cmk-{]-hÀ¯--§Ä.
AXn-sÃ-¦nÂ
Nncn-bn-Ã, Nn´-bn-Ã, kz]v-an-Ã, Pohn-X-an-Ã, Poh-

31. Blm-c-Z-lw þ hnL-Sw þ t{]m«o³ þ
ImÀt_m-sslt{Uäv + DuÀÖw + amenyw.

32. (2000¯ne-[-nIw)þ ssPh-cm-k-Xz-c-I-§Ä.
Life is nothing but the orderly function of Enzymes
F³ssk-ap-Ifn-sÃ-¦nÂ
{]`mX `£Ww Zln-¡m³ 50 sImÃ-sa-Sp-¡pw.
Hcp hmNIw hmbn-¡m³ 1500 hÀjsaSp-¡pw.
Hscmä F³sskw CÃm-Xm-bm Xs¶ ]e- tcm-K-§Ä!

33. {]Imi kwtÇ-j-W-amWv
`qan-bnse Pohsâ ne-nÂ]nm[m-
c-amb
ASn-Øm cmk-{]-hÀ¯w
H2O + Co2 -- Starch + O2

35. DWÀgp-t¶Â¡p-¶Xp apXÂ
Dd-§p-¶-Xp-hsc D]-tbm-
Kn-¡p¶ hkvXp-¡-fn-te-Xn-
se-¦nepw ck-X-{´-¯nsâ
ssI ]Xn-bm-¯-Xpt-m?
{_jv, t]Ìv, _¡-
äv, Sm¸v, aKv, ¥mkv, tk
m¸v, Pew, `£-
Ww, hkv{Xw, ]uUÀ, s]À^
yqw....
cmk amen-y-§Ä, hnj-¸p-
I, IoS-m-in-n-IÄ, cmk-h-
kvXp-¡Ä,kvt^mSI hkvXp-
¡Ä, cmkm-bp-[-§Ä, ¹mÌn-Iv
FÃmw ck-X-{´-¯nsâ
kw`m-h--IÄ Xs¶.

36. cmk-h-kvXp¡Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-
Xnse {i²-bn-Ãm-bva-bmWv A]-
I-S-§Ä D-m-¡p-¶-Xv.
¹mÌn-Iv: nXy-Po-hn-X-¯nsâ
Ahn-`m-Py-L-S-Iw. NnX-e-cn-
¡m-¯, Xpcp-¼p-]n-Sn-¡m-¯,
`mcw Ipd-ª, hne Ipd-ª,
]p:Nw{I-aWw sN¿m³ ]äp¶
]ZmÀ°w.
hnam--¯n 50% ¹mÌnIv (A-sÃ-
¦n Db-cn-Ã),
Ir{Xna lrZb hmÄhv-þ-¹m-ÌnIv
h-en-s¨-dn-bp¶ ¹mÌnIv Dd/
k©n

37. Hgnhmt¡-
ioe§Ä
I¯n-¡Â Zpcp-]-tbm-Kw
hen-s¨-dn-b kwkvIm-cw
nb-{´-W-§Ä/nb-a-§Ä ]men-¡q..
Reduce, Re-use, Recycle

38. 2) IoS-m-in-n-IÄ
DDT
sImXp-Ip-io-I-cWw.
ae-¼n tcmK hym]-w Ip¯s Ipd-bm³
klm-bn¨ Is--¯Â.
]-«m-f,/ipNo-I-cW D]-tbmKw am{Xw.
 Irjn-¡p-]-tbm-Kn-¨Xv sXäv þ `£y-iyw-J-e-bpsS `mK-
ambn
]pÃv-þ-]pÂNm-Sn-þ-X-h-f-þ-]m-¼v...... ap-jy³ (ap-e-
¸m-en hsc)
F³tUm-kÄ^m³: IqSnb Af-hnÂ, IqSp-XÂ Imew, kpc£m
am-Z-WvU-§Ä ]men-¡m-sX, Pem-i-b-§-fnÂ

39. {Zhyw þ {]mNo ho£-W-§Ä
AcntÌm-«n ({Ko¡v XXz-Úm-n) (BC 384 - 323)
FÃm-än-sâbpw ASn-Øm BZn-{Zhyw t{]m«-sslse.
NqSv, XWp-¸v, hc---Xv, CuÀ¸-ap-ÅXv F¶o 4 KpW-§Ä
]c-kv]cw tNcp-¶-Xn-eqsS Bä tPmSn-I-fp--m-Ipw,
Ch-sIm--mWv FÃmw nÀ½n-¡-s¸-«ncn¡p¶-Xv.
CuYÀ F¶ hnin-jvS-L-SIw sIm-mWv JtKmf-h-kvXp-¡Ä
nÀ½n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

40. I]n-e³ (`mc-Xob XXz-Úm-n)
]©-`qX kn²m´w
BImiw, hmbp, tXP-Êv, (Fire), A¸v (Water) £nXn (Earth)
F¶nh sIm-mWv {]]©w nÀ½n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Ch-tbm-
tcm¶pw AWp (B-äw)hm nÀ½n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. Bä-§sf
Ah-bnepw sNdnb IW-§Ä sIm-v nÀ½n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.

41. IWm-Z³ (`mc-Xob XXz-Úm-n)
hmbp, Xo, Pew, `qan, F¶n-§s 4 Xc-¯n Bä-§Ä
Ch-tNÀ¶v X·m-{X-IÄ,
X·m-{Xm-L-S--bnse hyXymkw hnhn[ ]ZmÀ°-§sf
D-m¡p¶p.
H¶v asäm-¶m-Im³ ImcWw Xm]-I-W-§-fm-Wv..
BImiw (Cu-YÀ) Atäm-anI LS--bn-Ã,
kÀÆ hym]n, {]hÀ¯ tijn-bn-Ã.

42. ssNokv kn²m´w
Pew, XSn, Xo, `qan, temlw,
F¶o 5 LS-I-§Ä tNÀ¶mWv
{Zhyw nÀ½n-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
bn³, bmMv F¶pÅ 2 sshcp-²y-§Ä
CXnsâ KpW-hn-ti-j-§Ä¡v Imc-Ww.

43. BÂsI-an-Ìp-IÄ
hne-Ip-dª teml-§Ä
kzÀW-am¡n amäm-mbn ]cn-{i-an¨ imkv{X-ÚÀ
ck-X-{´-¯nsâ ]qÀÆ-cq-]-amb BÂsI-an-bpsS hàm-¡Ä.
lotdm (BC 52 - AD 15)
hmX-I-§-fpsS KXn-I-kn-²m-´-¯nv XpS-¡-an-«p
Bhn-sIm-v {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶- b-{´-ap--m-¡n.-

44. B[pnI ck-X{´w
tdm_À«v t_mbn (1627þ1681)
B[p-nI ck-X-{´-¯nv ASn-¯d ]mInb The Sceptical Chemist
IÀ¯m-hv.
slân Imsh³Unjv (1731 þ 1810)
ssl{U-P³ Is--¯nb imkv{X-Ú³.
AXp I¯p-t¼mÄ Pe-ap--m-Ip¶p F¶v Is--¯n.
tPmk^v {]oÌen (1733þ1804)
HmIvkn-P³ Is--¯n.

45. ImÀ hnÂslw jo (1742þ1786)
HmIvkn-P³ thÀXn-cn-s¨-Sp¯ {]Xn-`m-imen t^mt«m
{Km^n¡v XpS-¡-an-«p.
eÆm-kntb A´zm³ temdm (Mv) (1743þ1794)
B[p-nI ck-X-{´-¯nsâ ]nXm-hv. Pze clkyw Is--¯n.
tPm¬ Um«¬ (1766þ1844)
B[p-nI Bäw kn²m-´-¯nsâ D]-Úm-Xm-hv.

46. Ata-Untbm Athm-Kmt{Um (1776þ1856)
Athm-Kmt{Um nbaw Is--¯n.
lw{^n tUhn (1778þ1829)
sshZypX ck-X-{´-¯nv XpS-¡-an-«p.
tkmUnbw, s]m«mkyw Ch thÀXn-cn-s¨-Sp-¯p.
thmseÀ {^oUvdnjv (1800þ1882)
Ir{Xn-a-ambn ssPh-kw-bp-à-amb bqdnb nÀ½n-¨p.
sshä t^mgvkv Xnbdn sXämWv F¶p sXfn-bn-¨p.

47. Znan{Xn sFhm-tm-hn¨v sa³sU-en-sb^v
(1834þ1907)
{Iam-hÀ¯--¸-«n-Ibv¡v cq]w sImSp-¯v,
C³-HmÀKm-nIv sIan-kv{Sn¡v ASn-¯d ÂIn.
tacn-Iyqdn (1867þ1934)
tdmUntbm BIvSohv aqe-I-amb tdmUnbw Is--¯n.
tcmK nÀW-bw, NnInÕ F¶n-h-bn nÀWm-bI hgn-¯n-
cn-hv. c-v XhW tm_À k½mw e`n-¨p.......

48. ntXym-]-tbmK hkvXp-¡-fnse ck-X{´w
tkm¸nsâck-X{´w: F® + B¡en = tkm¸v
B¡-en : tkmUnbw sslt{Um-IvsskUv/s]m«mkyw
sslt{Um-IvsskUv + Pew
F®: shfn-s¨-®, ]mwHm-bnÂ, aäv kky- F®-IÄ, arK-
s¡m-gp-¸v, (H-en-bnIv , ]man-än-Iv, Ìnb-dnIv BknUv þ
^män Bkn-Up-IÄ)
^nÃ-dp-IÄ: tkmUnbw knen-t¡-äv, aáojyw knen-t¡-
äv,
]i (tdm-kn³), kpKÔ {Zhy-§Ä.

49. anp-¡Â hkvXp -----þ ImÕyw ImÀ_-
tWäv/ssUImÕywt^mkvt^äv/ ssUImÕyw knen-t¡äv
]X-bm³/ipNn-bm-¡m³ þ tkm¸v/UnäÀPâv ]uUÀ /
tkmUnbw temdn kÄt^ävI«nbp-m-¡m³ þ ÌmÀ¨v
tISp-h-cm-Xn-cn-¡m³ þ saYn FÌÀ/kmen-kn-en-Iv-
B-knUv/s_³tkm-bnIv BknUv

50. `£Ww tISp-h-cmsX kq£n-¡m³ ({]n-kÀth-än-hp-IÄ)
tkmUnbw t¢mssdUv (I-dn-bp-¸v),
Ak-änIv BknUv (hn-m-Kn-cn)
]©-kmc, tkmUnbw s_mÄtkm-tbäv,
s]m«mkyw saäm ss_kÄt^-äv...

51. `£-W-¯np ndw sImSp-¡Â
SmÀ{S-kn³, Fdn-t{Xm-kn³, C³UntKm ImÀssa³, saäm-
n sbtÃm, seUv t{Imta-äv.
aWhpw cpNnbpw Iq«m³
APn-tm-tam-t«m, (tam-tWm-tkm-Unbw ¥q«m-ta-
äv), D¸v, ]©-km-c, km¡-dn³, FÌ-dp-IÄ (]-g-k-¯v).
Ch-bn an¡Xpw ico-c-¯nv tZmj-I-cw.
Im³kÀ DÄs¸-sS-bpÅ tcmK-§Ä¡p-Im-c-Ww.
D]-tbmKw nb-{´n-¡p-I.

52. ck-X{´w
½psS Pohn-Xw
½psS `mhn.