1. Advanced Algebra 1
This chapter aims the following objectives:
1. To generalize Polynomial.
2. To familiarize the operation used in polynomial
3. To restate Synthetic Division
4. To determine the zeros of Polynomial
5. To derive Quadratic Formula

2. Advanced Algebra 2
LESSON 1: POLYNOMIALS
Objectives
To define polynomials.
To be aware of the terms of a polynomial.
To distinguish the degree of a polynomial.
Hi Everybody! I want to introduce to you my friend, Polynomials. He is one
variable of an algebraic expression of the form
anxn + an-1xn-1 + an-2xn-2 + … + a0,
where n is a non-negative integer, and an, an-1, an-2, …,a0 are constants, and an ≠ 0.
You want to know him better? Here is an example of a polynomial.
x2 + 4xy + 4y2

3. Advanced Algebra 3
After you have learned what polynomial is, you should also know his different terms and
degrees.
I want you to meet Monomial. He is a polynomial consisting of only one
term.
Another is Binomial. He is a polynomial consisting of two terms.
And the last but not the least is a Trinomial. He is a polynomial
consisting of three terms.
Now you meet them, I want you to know more about them because it will help you a lot.
Here are the examples.
Hi there. I ‘am
monomial
5x; -2ab; 11a3; 28
And I ‘am binomial
3x2 + y; 8x2y2 – 4; ; a2 +
2
And we are the trinomials.
6x2 + 2xy + y2; m + n – p;
x2 + 5x + 6
Yes! This is it. You can now easily determine the terms of a polynomials. You’re now ready
to take my challenges. But wait you’re in the half of our study we’re not yet done. You must know
what the degree of polynomial is.

4. Advanced Algebra 4
Remember that in determining the degree of a polynomial you must get the highest
power of its terms after it has been simplified.
5 is the degree of polynomial because
on the term 6x2y x is in the highest
power, then x is in the 2nd degree and
on the term 12x3y2, x is in the 3rd degree
so we add same variables exponent
then we will get 5 as the degree of the
polynomial.
6x2y + 12x3y2 + 8
And now, this is the moment of truth you’re
now ready to solve and answer all my challenges
regarding our lesson which is polynomials. I’m sure
that you’ll get excellent points if you really understand our lesson.

5. Advanced Algebra 5
NAME: RATING:
A. Determine whether the following is a polynomial or not.
1. 3x2 – 5x + 6 ______
2. A2b2 – 4ab + 8 ______ 8. q + c + c2 ______
3. x2 – y 2 ______
9. ______
4. a3 + b3 + c3 ______
10. 5x + ______
5. ______
11. ______
6. ______
12. ______
7. x1/3 + 5 ______
B. Classify each polynomial according to the number of its terms.
1. 8a + 2 ______ 6. 5x2y – 12xy + y2 ______
2. -5xy + x + xy ______ 7. xyz ______
3. +x ______ 8. m + 2n – 3p ______
4. a2 + 4a + 16 ______ 9. ______
5. x + y3 ______ 10. 2a3 – 5a2 – 15 ______
C. Give the degree of each of the following polynomials.
1. 4x ______ 5. 3a4b2 + 4ab3 – 6b7 ______
2. 4x2 + 4x – 8 ______ 6. a3b4 + a2b2 – 6ab3______
3. 5xy + 8y2 + 13x2 ______ 7. 9 – 6xy + yz + xyz
4. 6x2 + 4x + ______ ______

6. Advanced Algebra 6
8. v- 9. 8xyz2 - ______
______
10. m + 9m5n8 + 3m3n5p7 - 7np10
______
LESSON 2:
FUNDAMENTAL OPERATIONS
Objectives
To explore the addition with subtraction operation.
To familiarize student the use of multiplication and division.
To perform the synthetic division method.
After we discussed the polynomials terms and degree, I will now introduce to you the
different operation in solving polynomial expression. Meet addition and subtraction, and follow their
rules in solving polynomials.

7. Advanced Algebra 7
Remember that in adding polynomials, simply add the numerical coefficient of like
terms. And in subtracting polynomials, just simply change the second polynomial
into its additive inverse and then proceed to addition.
Here is an example of adding polynomials.
(9x4 – x3 + 5x2 – 8x) + (4x4 – x3 – 7x + 7) =?
Solution:
(9x4 – x3 + 5x2 – 8x) + (4x4 – x3 – 7x + 7)
= 9x4 – x3 + 5x2 – 8x + 4x4 – x3 – 7x + 7
= 9x4+ 4x4– x3– x3+ 5x2 – 8x – 7x + 7
= 13x4 – 2x3 + 5x2 – 15x + 7
And here is the example of subtracting polynomials.
(15x2 – 4xy + 10y2) – (9x2 + 4xy + 5y2) =?
Solution:
(15x2 – 4xy + 10y2) – (9x2 + 4xy + 5y2)
= 15x2 – 4xy + 10y2 – 9x2 – 4xy – 5y2
= 15x2– 9x2 – 4xy – 4xy + 10y2 – 5y2
= 6x2 – 8xy + 5y

8. Advanced Algebra 8
NAME: RATING:
Perform the indicated operations.
1. (6xy – 2x +4) + (11 – 8xy + 6x)
2. (-8mn2 + 12n) – (m3 – 4m2 + 4n)
3. (3b2 – 2b + 9) + (b2 + 6b – 4)
4. (5x2 – 2y + 4z) – (x2 – 3y2 + z)
5. (a2 + 4a + 2) + (2a + 3)
6. (3x2 – y) – (2x2 + 5y)
7. (-7x4y3 – 21x3y3 + 28x5y4) + (7x2y2 + 6xy + 2x2y)
8. (-x2 + 6x – 2) – (x2 – x + 3) – (x + 1) + (x + 2)
9. (3y2 + 3xy + 10) + (4y3 – 10xy – 15)
10. (-2m2 + mn + 5n2) – (-4m2 – 6mn + 3n2)
After we have discussed the two operations which are addition and subtraction, we now
proceed to Multiplication and division, the other operation in polynomials. You will meet them later
in the middle of our study.
We all know that mathematics have 4 major operations in solving an equation. Like in
arithmetic calculation, polynomials have also those 4 operations. And we formerly discussed
addition and subtraction. Now I will introduce to you multiplication.

9. Advanced Algebra 9
Remember that to get the product of polynomial; you must multiply each term of
polynomial by each of the other terms of polynomial. Then combine like terms.
Here is the example of multiplication for you to understand what
multiplication meant to be.
(4x + 3) (2x + 5)
Solution:
(4x + 3) (2x + 5) = ( 4x)(2x) + (4x)(5) + (3)(2x) + (3)(5)
= (8x2 + 20x) + (6x + 15)
= 8x2 + (20x + 6x) + 15
= 8x2 + 26x + 15
Rules in Dividing Polynomials
1) In dividing polynomials by monomial, divide each term of a polynomial by
monomial.
2) In dividing polynomial by another polynomial:
a. Arrange the term in descending power with respect to a variable.
b. Get the common factor of the dividend and divisor.

10. Advanced Algebra 10
To make it clear, here is the example that clarifies to your curiosity.
We factor the dividend with the common
factor of the divisor.
Solution:
=
Then I cancel it out
=
= (a + 2)
And this is it. Now you answer again my challenges for me to know that your ability in
learning my lesson is satisfy your knowledge.
NAME: RATING:
A. Perform the indicated operations.
1. (c2 – 16)(c +1)
2. (11p2 – 66p + 99)(p + 1)
3. (a – b)2(a + b)2

11. Advanced Algebra 11
4. (5x2y + 3xy2 – 7x2y3)(xy)
5. (a2 + 2a + 3)(a – 5) +
6. (x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3)
7. (x2 + x + 2)(2x2 + 3) +
8.
9.
10. (a2n – 3an + 5)(a + 2)(a2 + 4a + 2)
B. Find the Quotient.
1. (a2 – 7a + 10) (a – 5)
2. (x3 – 4x2 – 2 + 5x) (x – 1)
3. (3a4 – 2a + 5) (a2 + 3)
4. (2x3 + 5x2 – x – 1) (x – 1)
5. (2x2 – 5x – 6) (2x – 1)
LESSON 3: SYNTHETIC DIVISION
To define Synthetic division.
Objectives of the procedure in using Synthetic division.
To be aware
To perform synthetic division in solving polynomial function.

12. Advanced Algebra 12
I know that you have a difficulty in
getting the common factor to divide the
polynomials. I have here a friend that will help
you to make your factoring in its easiest and
shortest way.
I proudly introduce to you Synthetic
division. He is a process of division for
polynomials in one variable where the divisor is
of the form x – c, and c is any real number.
So your difficulty in dividing polynomials
will lessen through this method. I think that you
will use this in the near future of your study in
different branches of mathematics.

13. Advanced Algebra 13
Procedure in using synthetic division
1. Arrange the terms into descending power.
2. Copy the numerical coefficient. (If the descending power of the terms is like this x3
+ 2x + 1 then the arrangement should be 1 0 2 1: because
th
the degree of polynomials is in the 4 . )
3. Substitute the value of x in the divisor.
4. Then, bring down 1st the numerical coefficient w/c is in his 1st term.
5. Multiply to the value of x then subtract product to the 2nd term of numerical
Here is the example for you to apply this method.
(x3 + 9x2 + 17x – 19) (x + 4)
Solution:
-4 1 9 17 -19
-4 -20 12 remainder
1 5 -3 -7
The final answer
= x2 + 5x – 3 –
So, we finally studied this method. And now, you can use it in your mathematics subject.
And of course, after we end the lesson we might have a test regarding this lesson. Are you ready?
But you should be ready because I rate you according to this scale:
NAME: RATING:

14. Advanced Algebra 14
Get the quotient of the following by using the Synthetic Division Method.
1. (x4 + 4x3 + x2 + x + 17) (x – 2)
2. (x4 + 2x2 + x - 11) (x + 5)
3. (x2 + 4x + 21) (x + 7)
4. (2x4 + x3 – x – 12) (x – 2)
5. (x3 – 4x2 + 5x – 2) (x – 1)
6. (x3 – 7x2 – 4x + 24) (x – 6)
7. (3x3 – 2x2 + 5x +1) (x + 5)
8. x5 – 2x4 + 3x3 – 2x2 + 1) (x – 2)
9. (x2 – x – 20) (x – 5)
10. (x3 – 4x2 – 2 + 5x) (x – 4)
LESSON 4: ZEROS OF A
POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION
Objectives
To determine the zeros of a polynomials.
To be aware in the different techniques in factoring a polynomials.
To perform the use of quadratic formula in solving polynomials.

15. Advanced Algebra 15
It’s a long discussion about the operations used in Polynomials. But now another mathematics
word you will be meet. I introduced to you the Zeros of polynomial Function. And from the word
itself you will be notice that he is pertaining to zero.
Zero of a Polynomial Function is the value of t he variable x, which makes the
polynomial function equal to zero. And it’s written in symbolic form:
f(x) = 0
x = -2; x2 + 4x + 4
f(x) = (-2)2 + 4(-2) + 4
That’s the simplest explanation of it.
And I think you already understand it = 4 + (-8) + 4
or maybe I’ll give an example of that.
=8–8
=0

16. Advanced Algebra 16
Now, take my challenges. You should get
perfect score, because this lesson is very
easy anyone can perfect it. So grab it!
NAME: RATING:
Which numbers -3, -2, -1, 1, 2 and 3 are zeros of the following polynomial functions?
1. f(x) = x3 + 4x2 + x – 6
2. f(x) = 2x3 – 3x2 – 11x + 6
3. f(x) = x3 +3x 2 – x – 3

17. Advanced Algebra 17
4. f(x) = x4 – 4x3 +6x2 – 4x + 1
5. f(x) = x3 – 2x2 – 5x + 6
6. f(x) = x3 – x2 – 9x + 9
7. f(x) = x3 – 3x2 – 5x + 12
8. f(x) = 5x4 + 2x3 – 3x – 3
9. f(x) = 12x3 – 18x2 + 14x + 17
10. f(x) = x3 – 5x2 + 8x – 3
11. f(x) = x2 – 5x + 7
12. f(x) = 8x4 + 5x3 + 2x2 – 6x – 1
13. f(x) = 3x3 – 8x2 + 7x – 6
LESSON 5: FACTORING TECHNIQUES
Objectives
To determine the different techniques used in factorization
To familiarize the use of such techniques
To evaluate equation using factorization techniques.
Under Zeros of polynomial function we have the factoring. He is the process of expressing
a polynomial as a product of factors.

18. Advanced Algebra 18
TECHNIQUES
A. Common Factor of Highest Degree D. Perfect Square Trinomial
Ex: a2b + a2 = ab(a + b) Ex: a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2
E. Difference and Sum of Cubes
Ex: x3 + y3 = (x + y)(X2 – xy + y2)
F. Grouping
B. Difference of Squares Ex: am + bm – an – bn
= (am + bm) – (an + bn)
= m(a + b) – n(a + b)
Ex: x2 – y2 = (x + y)(x – y)
= (m – n)(a + b)
NAME: RATING:
Factor the given expressions.
1. a3 + 2a2 + 3a
2. 4x3 – 2x2 + x
3. 9p3q – 51p2q + 216pq2
4. x (x + 8) – 7(x + 8)
G.
J.
M. Perfect Square Trinomial
5. 3z2 – 2z + 6z – 4
Ex: a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2
6. 6x2 + x + 2 + 12x H.
K.
N. Difference and Sum of
Cubes
7. a2 + 10ab + 25b2 Ex: x3 + y3 = (x + y)(X2 – xy + y2)
I.
L.
O. Grouping
Ex: am + bm – an – bn
= (am + bm) – (an + bn)
= m(a + b) – n(a + b)

19. Advanced Algebra 19
8. x2 – 10xy + 25y2
9. 4c2 – 12cd + 9d2
10. 64xy2 – 9x3
11. (b2 – 2b + 1) – 100d2
12. m4 – 121n4
13. 4a2 – 28ac + 49c2
14. x2 – 3x + 2
15. 27a3 – 8b3
16. 4(x + y) – 64a4y2
17. x3 + 1
18. 16m4 – 25n6
19. 36y4 – 81x4
20. 24a3 + 27a2 + 64a + 12
LESSON 6: QUADRATIC FORMULA
Objectives
:
To derive the quadratic formula
To analyze the quadratic formula
To use quadratic formula in solving polynomial function

20. Advanced Algebra 20
So you are now familiarized with the different techniques in factoring a polynomial function. Now
we have to introduce the formula in getting a polynomial function zero.
The zero of a polynomial function is a real number that replace or substitute the value of x
in f(x) and make f(x) = 0. This can be obtained through the last topics we discussed like synthetic
and factoring techniques. But that method cannot get the exact value of x because of their
remainder. And the appropriate method to use is get the exact value of x is the Quadratic formula.
Its symbol form is
X=
Always remember that Quadratic formula is use only in Quadratic form or in the 2nd
degree of terms. It always use in
ax2 + bx + c = 0
Example:

21. Advanced Algebra 21
F(x) = x2 – 2x – 2
Solution:
X= a = 1; b = -2; c = -2
=
=
=
=
=1
This is the moment of truth, we done in this formula. So as
you go beyond opening this workbook you encounter many challenges that help to develop your
skills in Mathematics. And this is another challenge. Answer it carefully, because the one who
careless in answering the more mistake he got.

22. Advanced Algebra 22
NAME: RATING:
A. Determine whether the given number is a zero of the given polynomial function.
1. f(x) = x3 + 4x – 5; 1
2. f(x) = 3x2 – 2x – 8; 3
3. f(x) = x4 + 3x2 – 2x – 2; 2
4. f(x) = 3x4 – 3x3 – 20x2 + 18; 3
5. f(x) = x4 + x3 – 3x2 – 4x – 4; 2
6. f(x) = x4 – 5x3 + 8x2 + 15x – 2; 3
7. f(x) = 9x3 + 6x2 + 4x + 2; -
8. f(x) = x3 + 2x2 – 25x – 50; 5
B. Find the remaining zeros of the polynomial functions given one zero. Use Quadratic formula if
the function is in quadratic form.
1. f(x) = x3 + x2 – x – 1; x1 = 1
2. f(x) = x3 – 3x2 – x + 3; x1 = 1
3. f(x) = x3 + 4x2 + x – 6; x1 = 1
4. f(x) = 3x3 – 4x2 – 13x – 6; x1 = -1

23. Advanced Algebra 23
5. f(x) = 2x3 – 3x2 - - 3x + 2; x1 = -1
6. f(x) = x3 – 4x2 – 7x + 10; x1 = 5
7. f(x) = x4 + x3 – 4x – 4; x1 = -1
8. f(x) = x4 + 5x3 + 5x2 – 5x – 6; x1 = -3
9. f(x) = x4 – 5x3 + 5x2 +5x – 6; x1 = 1
10. f(x) = x4 + 3x3 – x2 + 11x – 4; x1 -4
11. f(x) = x3 + 12x2 + 41x + 42; x1 = -2
12. f(x) = x3 + 2x2 – 2x – 4; x1 = -2
A. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. What is the graph of a linear function?
a. ellipse c. circle
b. line d. parabola
2. What is the degree of the polynomial -6x4 + x5 – 3x7 + 2x – 1?
a. 5 c. 7
b. 4 d. 6
3. How many turning points does the graph of a polynomial function of degree n > 1 have?
a. 2n c. n
b. n + 1 d. n – 1
4. Given P(x) = 5x3 – 3x2 + x – 7, what is P(2)?

24. Advanced Algebra 24
a. -30 c. 30
b. -23 d. 23
5. What is the remainder if the divisor x – c is a factor of a polynomial function P(x)?
a. infinite c. positive
b. zero d. negative
6. How many real zeros do P(x) = x4 + 2x3 – 7x2 – 8x - 12 have?
a. 3 c. 4
b. 5 d. 7
7. In the polynomial 7x5 + 4x3 – 5x6 + x2 – 3x + 6, the coefficient of the term of highest degree
is_____.
a. 7 c. -5
b. 1 d. -3
8. If P(x) = x3 + x2 – 5x + 3 is divided by D(x) = x – 1, the quotient Q(x) is_____.
a. x2 + 2x – 3 c. 4x3 – 3x2 + 2x – 3
b. x2 + 2x + 3 d. 4x3 – 3x2 – 2x – 3
9. What is the remainder in number 8?
a. -6 c. 1
b. 0 d. 6
10. Which of the following describes the graph of f(x) = 2x + 3?
a. a line that rises to the right c. a parabola that opens upward
b. a line that falls to the right d. a parabola that opens downward
B. Solve each of the following:
1. What is the remainder when 2x4 – 5x3 + 3x2 – 4x + 3 are divided by x – 2?

25. Advanced Algebra 25
2. Determine if -2 is a zero of f(x) = x3 + 2x2 – x + 9.
3. If f(x) = x3 – 5x2 + 20x – 16 and f(2) = 0, what can be said about x – 2?
4. What are the zeros of f(x) = x3 – 2x2 – x + 6?
5. If one of the factors of x3 + 5x2 – 3x – 5 is x + 1, what are the other factors?
6. Find all the rational zeros of f(x) = 3x3 + 5x2 – 3x – 5.
7. If x – 1 is a factor of x3 – 2x2 – kx + 6, what is the value of k?
C. Challenge
1. If P(x) = 3x4 – x3 + 5x – 7, find P(-2) and P(2).
2. Determine the value of m so that G(-3) = -1 for G(x) = 2x3 – 7x2 + 5x + m.
3. Use synthetic division to find the quotient when P(x) = 2x4 – 3x3 – 12x– 32 is divided by x – 3.
4. What is the remainder if P(x) = 2x2 – 4x -5 is divided by x – 3?
5. Divide P(x) = x3 + 2x2 – 7x – 4 by x – c. Then write the given function in the form P(x) = (x –
c) Q(x) + R where Q(x) is a quotient and R is the remainder.

26. Advanced Algebra 26
6. For what values of p and q are x + 1 and x – 2 factors of x3 + px2 +2x + q?
7. Find the polynomial function whose zeros are 2, -2 and 3.
8. If -3 is a zero of the polynomial function P(x) = x3 + 3x2 – 2x – 6, find the other zeros.
9. Find all the zeros of the function P(x) = x3 + 4x2 +x – 6.
10. Find a such that x – 3 will be a factor of x3 – 4x2 +ax – 9.
11. Find the rational zeros of P(x) = 2x4 – 3x3 + 2x2 – x – 3.
12. Which value(s) of k will the polynomial function P(a) = a2 – ka + k + 8 have exactly one real
zero?

27. Advanced Algebra 27
This chapter aims the following objectives:
1. To elaborate rational expression
2. To familiarize the operation used in rational expression
3. To synthesize variation
4. To generalize Rational Function

28. Advanced Algebra 28
LESSON 1: RATIONAL EXPRESSION
Objectives
To define Rational Expression
To evaluate rational expression
To familiarize in simplifying Rational Expression
And finally I will introduce to you RATIONAL EXPRESSION. It is a fraction containing
polynomials on the numerator & denominator.
This is my numerator
having polynomial
Hi! I am a Rational
Expression!!
This is
my
denom
inator
Analyze these examples:
All of the above examples are rational expressions.
Now who is that lowest term? Are you familiar with him?
Ok! He is a fraction having numerator & denominator with no common factor aside from one.
Remember that RATIONAL EXPRESSION should be in lowest term.
In reducing rational expression to lowest term, first, factor the numerator & the
denominator, and then divide it by the common factor.

29. Advanced Algebra 29
I am the lowest
= term
And c is the common factor so I divide the
expression by it.
R
Remember that b0 & c 0.
Let us try the following examples:
1. 2. 3.
Solution:
We get the common factor
w/c is.
1. =
Then we canceled out or
divide the common factor.
=
= Now, you get me, I am the
lowest term! Remember!
Here is another one for you to familiarize with reducing rational expression to lowest term.
Now, you get again the
common factor w/c is x + y.
2. =
Then we canceled out
or divide the
common factor.

30. Advanced Algebra 30
=
=
You finally get again the
lowest term!!
Some more? And you will do with your own after this.
Common factor.
3. =
Cancel out or divide
= common factor.
Now, you get me, I
= am the lowest term!
Remember!
Now you practice in these 3 examples, you’re ready to take challenge and test yourself how
you understand the lesson.
NAME: RATING:
GET THE LOWEST TERM.

31. Advanced Algebra 31
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

32. Advanced Algebra 32
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
LESSON 2: OPERATION ON
RATIONAL EXPRESSION
Objectives
To define the rule of addition and subtraction
To determine the rule on multiplication
To be aware on the rule of division
To perform the different operations on rational expression.

33. Advanced Algebra 33
The operations used in rational expression similar to ordinary arithmetic operations. Let me
introduce to you the first operation.
Hi! We are addition and subtraction. And either we have the same procedure or rules in solving
problem, you get the sum / difference in two rule which are the common and the no common
denominator.
Remember that rational expressions with the same denominator can be added or
subtracted by simply adding or subtracting their numerator and copy the
denominator.
Here we are the sum and the
difference with common
=
denominator c.
R
Remember that c 0.
Now you know how to get our sum/difference because we have a common denominator
then after you know us, we will introduce to you how to add and subtract rational expressions with
different denominator; that isby finding the LCD.

34. Advanced Algebra 34
To find the LCD factor completely the denominators and the product of each unique
prime factor raised to the highest power. Then apply the procedures in getting the
sum/difference.
= =
Now you get my
sum/difference with
This is my LCD!
unlike denominator…
Let’s try these examples and apply the procedure in our lesson.
1. + - 2. + -
3. - +
Solution:
If you notice in number 1, we will use the common denominator.
1. + - = We will copy the common
denominator w/c is 4a2.
=
Then we get the sum of the numerator
=
= Then we simplify by getting the common
factor and dividing it w/c is 2.
Then you get the sum.
You need one more? Here is another one.
Get again the
2. + - = common denominator
Then add / subtract the same term

35. Advanced Algebra 35
=
You get now the sum / difference
=
You will be challenged more because the next example is a rational expressions having
unlike denominators.
3. – + =
You will get the LCD of their
denominators which is a3.
Then I’ll divide the LCD by their
denominators and multiply to its
numerator.
=
Then you will combine
similar terms.
=
Now you get their sum / difference

36. Advanced Algebra 36
NAME:
RATING:
Start to find my sum / difference:
1. – +
2. + –
3. –
4. –
5. +
6. +
7. – –
8. –

37. Advanced Algebra 37
9. – +
10. + –
11. – + 1
12. –
13. +
14. + –
15. –
16. –
17. –
18. + –
19. + –
+

38. Advanced Algebra 38
After we, introduced to you addition and subtraction, we now
move on to the next level or next operation that will be used in solving
rational expression. We all know that the next operation is the hardest
among the two operations but now, we made t simpler for you to
understand what multiplication and division are all about.
In solving rational expressions using multiplication and division,
you must remember that there are rules and procedures to be followed.
Steps in multiplying rational expression:
 Multiply the expression from numerator by numerator and denominator by
denominator.
 Get the common factor then, cancel out or divide it to eliminate.
 Simplify the remaining expression.
a x b = ab
c d cd

39. Advanced Algebra 39
Steps in dividing rational expression:
 Get the reciprocal of the divisor then follow the steps in multiplication.
a ÷ b= a x d
c d c b
ad
cb
Here are the examples to make it clear for you.
1. 2. x2 + 6x + 9
x2 + 3x – 10
÷x + 3
x+5
Solution:
Multiply numerator by numerator
2 2 2 2
1. 2a d 9b c . (2a d) (9b c) then denominator by denominator
3bc x 16ad2 = (3bc) (16ad2)
= (2ad) (3bc) (ab) Find the common factor then divide
(3bc) (2ad) (8d) or cancel it
= ab
8d Then you get the product of the
expression
Get the reciprocal of the
denominator

40. Advanced Algebra 40
2. x2 + 3x – 10 x + 5 x2 + 3x – 10 x+3
x2 + 6x + 9 ÷ x + 3 = x2 + 6x + 9x x+5
= (x2 + 3x – 10) (x + 3)
Then multiply numerator by
(x2 + 6x + 9) (x + 5)
numerator and denominator by
denominator
(x + 5) (x – 2) (x + 3) Get the common factor and
= (x + 3) (x + 3) (x + 5) divide or cancel it
= x–2 You have now the product of
x+3 given expression
Now, you are fully charge with the examples I have given. So
to know if you really understand what I’ am talking about you must
answer my challenges so that I can measure your ability to learn.

41. Advanced Algebra 41
Find the product or quotient of the following.
1. x3 + 6x2 + 5x – 12 x x3 – 4
x–1 x2 + 2x – 3
2. a+3 a2 – 9
a2 + a – 12
÷ a2 + 7a + 12
3. b2 – 25 2b – 10
÷
(b + 5)2 4b + 20
4. 2x2 – 6x 9x + 81
x2 + 18x + 81 x x2 – 9
5. 2x2 + 5x + 2 x 2x2 + x – 1
4x2 – 1 x2 + x - 2
6. 6x3 – 6x2 ÷ 3x2 – 15x + 12
x4 + 5x3 2x2 + 2x – 40
x x

42. Advanced Algebra 42
7. x2y x (y + 2)
3x (x – 1) y (x – 1)
8. 8x2y x+1
x
x+1 6xy2
9. 9m + 6n 12m + 8n
m2 n 2
÷ 5m2
10. (x + 3) (2x – 1)÷ (-x – 3) (2x + 1)
x (x + 4) x
LESSON 3: Variation
Objectives
To define variation
To familiarize with the types of variation
To perform the different equation form in variation
To apply variation in Word problem.

43. Advanced Algebra 43
Nowadays, topics in mathematics are really used, without knowing that math is involved.
Particularly in the application of science that made a big role in our integral life. Using such
proportionality in speed or motion, we all know that math is involved. This lesson will be used in
science and in word problems application.
Variation is a relationship between variables that is defined using power function. It is in the
form
f(x) = kxn
where k & n are real number.
DIRECT VARIATION
Variable y is directly proportional to variable x, if the quotient of y divided by x is constant.
Written in the form
y = kx
where k is called proportionality constant.
A variable y is said to be directly proportional to the nth power of variable x if
y=kxn
Where n > 0
INDIRECT (INVERSE) VARIATION
Variable y varies indirectly or inversely as the variable x if the product of x & y is constant
written as
y=k/x or y=kx-1
Where k is not equal to 0
Variable y is said to be inversely proportional to the nth power of he variable x if
y=k/xn or y=kx-n
Where n >0

44. Advanced Algebra 44
Remember that two variables w/c increase or decrease in the same ratio
is said to be direct variation. And if one of the variables increases while
the other decreases in the same ratio is called indirect variation.
JOINT VARIATION
Variable z varies jointly as the variable x & y if z varies directly as x when y is held
constant and varies directly as y when x is held constant written as
z=kxy
Where k is not equal to 0
Variable z said to be jointly proportional to the nth power of the variable x and the nth
power of the variable y if
z=kyn xm
Where n & m > 0
Let’s proceed to our example.
Example
Direct Variation
The pressure of a given volume of gas varies directly as the temperature. Find the constant value if
pressure of certain volume is 250 cm3 when its temperature is 170 C.

45. Advanced Algebra 45
Solution:
P = kT formulate an equation using direct variation
250 cm3 = k 50C substitute the given value to the equation form
K = 250 cm3/50 C divide pressure to temperature to get the constant value.
K= 5 cm3/C final answer
Indirect Variation
If y varies inversely as x, and the constant of variation is k = , what is y when x = 10?
xy = k formulate an equation using indirect variation
10y = substitute the given value to the equation form
y= × divide k to y to get the constant value
= final answer
Joint Variation
If w varies jointly as x and y if w = 18 when x = 2 and y = 3, find the value of w if x= 4 and y = 5.
W = kxy formulate equation using joint variation
18 = k (2) (3) substitute the first given value to look for the constant
k = 18 / 6 divide product of x and y to w
k=3 this is the constant value
w = kxy formulate again equation to find w
w = (3) (4) (5) substitute the second given value to look for w
w = (12) (5) multiply k,x and y
w = 60 you get the value of w.
After you studied variation, you must answer the following challenges for you to measure
your capability in variation.

46. Advanced Algebra 46
NAME: RATING:
Evaluate the following.
1. Let y vary jointly as x and the cube root of z, and inversely as the square of w. What is the
effect on y if x is increases by 20%, z is doubled and y is doubled?
2. The surface area of a sphere varies directly as the square of the radius. If the surface area is
36π in2 when the radius is 3 in, what is the surface area of a sphere with a radius of 5 in?

47. Advanced Algebra 47
3. When driver of a running vehicle applies the brakes abruptly, the resulting skid marks has a
length (y) that varies directly as the square of the speed (x). A little boy crossing the street was
struck by a car, leaving skid marks 15 cm long. If the police know that at a speed of 50 kph, the
skid marks would be 12 meters long, how fast was the car running before the driver applied the
break?
4. If y varies directly as x and if y is 15 when x = 5, find the value of y if x = 7.
5. If w varies jointly as x and y if w = 15 when x = 2 and y = 3, find the value of w if x= 3 and y = 4.
6. If an athlete could jump 23.5 ft when his takeoff velocity is 9.3 m/s, how far could he jump be if
his takeoff velocity is only 9.0 m/s assuming that the jump is proportional to the square of the
takeoff velocity.
7. If z varies inversely as x and if z = 6 when x = 4, find the value of z when x = 3.
8. In an remote barangay with a population of only 300, the rate of growth of an epidemic (i.e., the
rate of change of the number o f infected person), R is found to be jointly proportional to the
number of people infected, x and the number of people who are not infected, (300 – x). Given
that the epidemic is growing at the rate of 5 people per day when there are 75 people infected,
how fast will the epidemic growing if the number of people infected in the barangay is doubled?
9. Suppose that the maximum number of bacteria that can be supported by particular
environment is M and the rate of bacterial growth (y) is jointly proportional to the number of
bacteria present (x) and the difference between M and the number of bacteria present. Write
the defining equation for y as a function of x and give the domain.
10. The gravitational attraction (F) between two bodies varies jointly as their masses (m1) and (m2)
and inversely as the square of the distance(d) between them. What is the effect on the

48. Advanced Algebra 48
gravitational attraction between two bodies if the masses are each halved and the distance
between them is doubled?
LESSON 4: Rational
Function
Objectives
To define Rational Function
To distinguish the different types of Asymptotes
To perform operation used in finding Asymptotes
A rational function f has the form

49. Advanced Algebra 49
where g (x) and h (x) are polynomial functions and h(x) ≠ 0.
Asymptote is a straight line at singularity which graph of function tends to approach but
never touches.
Asymptote
Vertical Asymptote
 vertical lines which correspond to the zeroes of the denominator of a rational function
 consist of vertical lines of the form x=a where "a" is any value of x resulting in division by
zero
Horizontal Asymptote
 horizontal line including x-axis to which graph of function comes closer and closer but
never touches

50. Advanced Algebra 50
 consists of a horizontal line of the form y=b where "b" is the value of f(x) as x approaches
positive or negative infinity
(a) Horizontal Asymptote
 If m < n, there is no horizontal asymptote.
 If m = n, then y = an/bm is the horizontal asymptote.
 f m > n, then y = 0 is the horizontal asymptote.
(b) Vertical Asymptotes
 Every zero of the denominator q(x) determines a vertical
asymptote. If r1, r2, . . . , rk are zeros of q(x), then the lines x = r1, x =
r2, . . . , x = rk are all vertical asymptotes of r(x).
Proceed to our example:
1. Find the vertical asymptote of x2 + 2x – 8 = 0.
2. Find the horizontal asymptote of 5x3 -1
r(x) = ----------------

51. Advanced Algebra 51
x2 + 3x + 2
Solution:
1. Use any kind of factorization to find the of x x2 + 2x – 8 = 0
Synthetic Division (optional) 2 1 2 -8
2 8
1 4 0
So the value of x are 2 and -4 (x-2) (x+4) = 0
And the value of vertical asymptote is the factor of the equation which is the value of x
2. Only the denominator will be use x2 + 3x + 2 = 0
Use again any factorization to look for x
Synthetic Division (optional) -2 1 3 2
-2 -2
1 1 0
So the value of x are -2 and -1 (x+1) (x+2) = 0
And the value of horizontal asymptote is the value of x in which the denominator of a
function becomes 0.
This is it. Now you are in the end of the lesson in my
workbook. I admire for the patient you‘ve done in reading and
analyzing the topics I presented to you. So hold you’re tight
because I really admire if you answer all the challenges I
prepared to you. Be careful for the last challenge because if
you careless answer it the more mistake you’ve got.

52. Advanced Algebra 52
Find the vertical and horizontal asymptotes of the following if any:
1. f(x) = 1/(x + 2)
2. f(x) = (5x + 3) / (x – 2)
3. f(x) = (x + 2) / (x + 3)
4. f(x) = x / (x – 4)
5. f(x) = (3x2 – 15x + 12) / (2x2 + 2x – 40)
6. f(x) = (10x – 1) / (2x2 + 1)
7. f(x) = (x2 + 1) / (1 – x2)
8. f(x) = (9x2 + 81) / (x2 + 18x + 81)
9. f(x) = (3x3 – 27x2 + 9x – 81) / (x2 + 4)

53. Advanced Algebra 53
10. f(x) = (x2 + 10x + 25) / (x3 + 3x2 + 9x + 27)
A. Simplify the following:
1. (5x2 – 15x) / 10x2
2. (3t4 – 9t3) / 6t2
3. (2t2 +5t – 3) / (2t2 + 7t + 3)
4. (x3 + x2 – x – 1) / (x3 – x2 – x + 1)
5. (t4 + c4) / [(c + t)2 (c2 + t2)]
B. Find the sum/difference:
1. [(a + b) / (a – b)] + [(a – b) / (a + b)] – [(b – a) / (a – b)] + (b – a) / (a + b)]

54. Advanced Algebra 54
2. (x – y)2 – (x + y)2
3. (4t2 – 4t + 1)-1 + (4t2 – 1)-1
C. Find the product/quotient:
1. [(r2 + 4rs + 3s2) / (r2 + 5rs + 6s2)] × (r + 2s)-1 ÷ [(r + s) / (r2 + 4rs + 4s2)]
2. [(x2 + 3ax) / (3a – x)] ÷ [(x2 – 4ax + 3a2) / (a2 – x2)]
3. [(u2v) / (u+ v)] × [(u2 + 2uv + v2) / (uv2 – u2v)]
D. Solve the following:
1. If r is inversely proportional to s and r = 5 when s = 4, find s when r= 7.
2. If y varies directly as x, and the constant of variation is 3, what is y when x = 7.
3. If a varies jointly as c and d, and a = 20 when c = 2 and d = 4,find d when a = 25 and c = 8.
E. Find the vertical and horizontal asymptotes of the following if any:
1. f(x) = 3x / (x +2)
2. f(x) = (x2 + 1) / x2
3. f(x) = 10x2 / (x2 + 1)
f(x) = (1 – x2) / x2

55. Advanced Algebra 55