Sir Liwanag's Powerpoint Presentations

1. Chapter 15
Education

2. Education
is defined as a preparation for effective
participation in social relations

3. How do sociologists view education?
 Sociologically speaking, education is the
consciously controlled process whereby
changes in behavior are produced in the person
and through the person in the group. Its
ultimate goal is the effective participation of
the individual in social relations.

4. Educational structures
Education may be formal or informal.
A. Informal Education
 Consists of learning through interaction with others in
the group.
 Ideas and facts are acquired through suggestion,
observation, example, imitation, and inculcation from
the family, play group, neighborhood, or occupational
group.
 Books, newspapers, magazines, radio, movies, and
television are important instruments through which
information and attitudes are acquired or learned.

5. B. Formal Education
 Synonymous with school
 Sets definite objectives and goals reached
through systematized, formal instruction and
methods
 It is divided into the pre-school level, the
elementary level, the secondary level, and the
tertiary or university level
 Schools may be run by the state, by private
individuals or corporations, or by religious
groups

6. C. Non-formal Education
 Consists of sets of definite learning goals and
objectives, generally making use of a more
flexible curriculum, less rigid admission
procedures, and more participative teaching
methods.
 It is not covered by traditional school system
 Runs in short durations and seeks only to teach
the student a special skill

7. Mass Media
 A very powerful instrument of education
 Covers television, radio, newspaper, and other
information industries whose workings affect
our very lives, changing our lifestyles and
outlook

8. Access and Equity
 By sector, government and private, the delivery
of basic education is clearly a massive
government effort with 95 percent of the
elementary schools and 62 percent of the
secondary schools in the country being run by
the government.
 Of the 65 children who reach Grade VI, 54 get
to be high school freshmen, but only 41 reach
fourth year high school. Only 11 get to pursue
a college education.

9.  The problem of inequities and disparities in
access to basic education is less a reflection of
the child’s inability to cope with the demands
of schooling than of the government’s inability
to commit its fullest resources to education.

10. Education in Early Societies
 Education in simple societies is given by the
family, assisted by some elder members of the
community who are called specialists, namely
magicians, witchdoctors, shamans or priests
 The widespread establishment of the school
system was made possible with the invention
of the printing press in the mid-15th century.
The printing press became an instrument in the
mass production of reading materials which
were then prepared for different stages of
education

11. The Functions of Education
The functions of education are:
1. To transmit the culture heritage;
The transmission of the culture heritage
remains the traditional function of education.
Culture heritage includes the knowledge,
language, mathematics, and science, subjects
which are familiar to most students. It also
includes the attitudes, values, and norms of
the society.

12.  Imitation - there is a minimum of verbal
instruction
- imitative learning has become a pleasant and
effective process
 Inculcation - refers to the process whereby
the learner is led to change his or her behavior
through social pressure, propaganda, or other
media of instruction

13. 2. To help individuals select social roles and to
train them for the roles they have chosen;
Education is also aimed at developing new
social patterns that will bring about different
specialties. This means that the school provides
not only new experiences for individual but
also offers them alternatives and a wider
selection of social roles.

14. 3. To integrate into the cultural mainstream the
various subcultures and identities;
Emphasis on this educational function calls for
the teaching of a common language which makes
for free and extensive communication.
4. To serve as a source of social and cultural
innovation
Schools function as such when activities are
geared towards the development of curiosity and
initiative, with students learning to conduct their
own investigations, arrive at conclusions, and
make new discoveries.

15. Education in the Philippines
What were the features of education during
the Spanish regime?
 The objective of education under Spain was to
teach moral and religious subjects through the
medium of the Spanish language
 Religion was the core of the curriculum and the
schools were used mainly to spread
Christianity
 Pupils were required to go to church

16.  Higher education at that time placed great
emphasis on rearing the youth in virtue and
letters
 Higher education primarily served the upper
classes, a degree being a status symbol, a
“badge of social standing and prestige”
 The Educational Decree of 1863 provided for
the establishment of a complete system of
education

17. What were the features of education during the
American regime?
 The emphasis on the spread of Christianity and the
transmission of the Spanish culture shifted towards the
development of new social patterns that would prepare
the nation for a self-governing democracy
 English was used as the medium of communication
 The Educational Act of 1901 organized the general
system of public instruction and also authorized the
establishment of private schools.
 The Philippine system is a bureaucratic structure under
the supervision of the state. There are three coordinate
branches: the Bureau of Elementary Education, the
Bureau of Secondary Education and the Bureau of
Higher Education

18.  The Joint Congressional Commission to Study
and Review Philippine Education, or EDCOM,
was created in 1991 with the mandate to carry
out its task within 12 months
 The EDCOM recommended more efficiency
and more productivity from both our
education budget and our education
establishment

19.  In the 1980’s, the Department of Education,
Culture, and Sports (DECS) embarked on a
massive program to improve the quality of
education in the elementary level. The Program
for Decentralized Educational Development, or
PRODED, is a DECS program assisted with a
$100 M loan from the World Bank.

20. Vocational and Technical Education
 In recent years, technical and vocational
education in the Philippines has gained
momentum. The educational system of
the country must continue to turn up
graduates in these courses if it is to meet
the demands of the job market, both local
and overseas, and thus help in the
government policy of attracting foreign
investments.

21. Trends in Education
 The Department of Education, Culture
and Sports (DECS) has initiated a
number of innovations as has been
previously mentioned, like the in-school
off-school approach, the opening of pre-
school classes in poblacions in rural
areas; and a year-round school calendar.
It has geared education to national
development and is trying to upgrade
the quality of education.

22.  Bilingualism aims to develop competence in
the use of both English and Filipino.
 In 1972, on the onset of martial law, reforms in
education were keyed towards national
development goals.
 The EDSA revolution of 1986 gave Philippine
education a new impetus towards broadening
its curriculum, especially in the areas of values
and peace education.
 Of the different values promoted and
inculcated by the Philippine educational
system, peace is worthy a special mention

23.  Aside from peace education, the concept
education for all is another theme of a global
effort.
 The Philippine delegation to that conference
has come out with a framework for a
Philippine Plan of Action for the period 1990-
2000, and in this plan, they recognize the need
for Philippine education to give stress to
scientific literacy.

24. End :)