2. • The term metabolism describes all biochemical reactions
that occur inside of our bodies to maintain life.
• There are two sides to the metabolic coin:
1) Catabolism 2) Anabolism.
• Catabolism refers to the breakdown of nutrients to supply
energy to support all bodily functions, such as muscle
contraction during exercise.
• Anabolism refers to metabolic pathways that lead to the
synthesis of molecules, such as muscle protein.
6. • Spices are the flowers, fruits, seeds, bark, and roots
typically of tropical plants or other plant substance
primarily used for flavouring, coloring or preserving food.
• Spices are brown, black or red in color with pungent smell.
• Spices are heterogeneous collections of extensive range of
volatile and non-volatile staple dietary additives.
• India with its wide climatic conditions and topographical
features naturally possesses great variety of spices which
are being used in the diet
7. Spices are woven in the history of mankind since the early civilization.
• Remarks about the importance and use of spices in
Vedic texts 6000 BC .
• Pyramid age remarks about spices in Egyptian
history and the use spices in 'Mummies' as
preservative 6000-2100 BC .
• spices continued to be used during the Middle
Ages for flavouring, food preservation, and/or
medicinal purposes.
• Indian Institute of Spice Research. (IISR) in 1966
8. While Spices Have Long Been Prized for Their Culinary Value, Their Healing Power Gave
Them Rock Star Status in The Past
CulinaryValue
CulinaryValue
HealingPowerHealingPower
Past Present Future
CONSUMERACCEPTANCE
9. Spices have been explored as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-
bacterial, anti-viral, anti-tumour, anti-septic, cardio protective,
hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, radioprotective and digestive
agents so they act as metabolic boosters because of their inherent
medical qualities.
10. Spice Phytochemical(
s)
Potential health benefits
Turmeric
(Curcuma longa)
Curcumin Antioxidant, laxative, anti-inflammatory,
anti-genotoxic, anti-carcinogenic, useful for diseases of
liver, jaundice, diseases of blood, anti-microbial
Black pepper
(Piper nigrum)
Piperine Anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, promotes digestion, anti-
pyretic, rubefacient
Red Chilli
(Capsicum annuum)
Capsaicin Anti-inflammatory, pain reliever (rheumatism), useful in
indigestion, rubefacient
Small Cardamom
(Elettaria cardamomum)
1,8-cineole Gastro protective effects, antioxidant, anti-microbial , anti-
inflammatory effect
Garlic
(Allium sativum)
Allicin, Alliin,
Allyl
Anti-dyspeptic, anti-flatulent, useful for ear infection,
rubefacient in skin disease
Medicinal properties of a few spices use in Indian kitchen
11. The Indian Solid Gold
• Curcumin is extracted from turmeric which is derived from rhizome of the plant
Curcuma longa
• It is also referred to as Indian saffron, yellow ginger, yellow root, kacha haldi, ukon or
natural yellow
• Curcuminoids give turmeric its characteristic yellow color
• Curcumin (C12 H20O6): is anorange-yellow crystalline powder which is the most active
component of turmeric, which makes up 2-5% of thespice
• Curcumin has been shown to be a diferuloylmethane
• It is hydrophobic in nature and is soluble in dimethylsulfoxide, acetone, ethanol andoils
Scientific Name(s): Curcuma longa
Family Name: Zingiberaceae.
12. Chemical Composition
• Insoluble in water & ether
• Soluble in ethanol, dimethylsulfoxide & acetone
• Has a melting point of 183°C
• Molecular formulaC:12H20O6
• Molecular weight: 368.37g/mol
• Turmeric contains curcumin along with other constituents
known as “curcuminoids”
Curcumin (Curcumin I)
Demethoxycurcumin (Curcumin II)
Bisdemethoxycurcumin (Curcumin III)
Cyclocurcumin
• Commercial curcumin contains curcumin I (~77%),
curcumin II (~17%) & curcumin III (~3%)
• Curcumin has a brilliant yellow hue at pH 2.5 & takes a red
hue at pH>7
15. Scientific Name(s): Piper nigrum
Family Name: Piperaceae
• Black pepper is cultivated for its fruit, which is usually dried and used as a spice and
seasoning.
• The therapeutic properties of black pepper oil include analgesic, antiseptic,
antispasmodic, antitoxic, aphrodisiac, diaphoretic, digestive, diuretic, febrifuge, laxative,
rubefacient and tonic.
• Dried, ground pepper, and its variants, one of the most common spices in European
cuisine, having been known and prized since antiquity for both its flavour and its use as
a medicine
16. Piperine reported to have four isomers viz;
• Piperine
• Isopiperine
• Chavicine
• Isochavicine
The quality of pepper is contributed by two
components:
• Piperine that contributes the pungency
• Volatile oil that is responsible for the aroma
and flavour
17. • “Pepper” word is derived from the “Pepper” was used in a figurative sense to mean “spirit” or “energy” at least as
far back as the 1840s.
• Pepper is a perennial vine and a native of South India.
Traditional uses of black pepper
18. Scientific Name(s): Capsicum annuam
Family Name: Solanaceae
• It is estimated that world production of chillies is about 2.5 million tonnes. India tops the list, with about
one million t from 8.28 million hectare and paprika accounts for one-third of the total world consumption
of chilly (red pepper).
• It is valued principally for the brilliant red colour it gives to pale foods and also for its delicate aroma.
• Paprika and paprika oleoresin are used currently in a wide assortment of foods, drugs and cosmetics, as
well as for improving the feather colour of flamingoes in zoos.
• The colour of chilly powder is due to the presence of red-pigmented carotenoids.
19. • Its major active component is Capsaicin
• Peppers are used as a colorant, flavouring, and/or as a source of pungency, depending on the processed product
20.
21. Scientific Name(s): Elettaria cardamomum
Family Name: Zingiberaceae
• Small cardamom, known as the ‘queen of spices’, which belongs to the family of Zingiberaceae, is a rich spice
obtained from the seeds of a perennial plant, Elettaria cardamomum Maton.
• It is one of the highly prized spices of the world and is the third most expensive spice after saffron and vanilla.
• Cardamom is used as an aromatic, carminative and stimulant.
• The seeds have a warm, slightly pungent aromatic flavour. It is used mainly as a flavouring agent in tea and
food preparations.
• Cardamom oil is a precious ingredient in food preparations, perfumery, health foods, medicine and beverages.
• It is also used internally for indigestion, nausea, vomiting and pulmonary disease with copious phlegm and also
as a laxative to prevent stomach pain and griping, as well as flatulence.
22.
23. Scientific Name: Allium sativum
Family Name: Alliaceae
Garlic features in the mythology, religion and culture of many nations. For example Arab
legend has it that garlic grew from one of the devil’s footprint, there are many references to
this noble plant in bible too. Roman laborers and soldiers chewed on garlic, the soldiers did
so before battle, especially when they anticipated hand to hand fighting.
Garlic is the perennial of the lily family, grows like a leek to the height of 0.6m. Large
quantities of garlic are grown in Spain, France, Egypt, Bulgaria, Hungry, USA, Mexico and
Brazil.
Garlic is effectively used in cardiovascular diseases as regulator of blood pressure and with
dropper effects of it on glycaemia and cholesterol, against bacterial, viral, mycosis and
parasitic infections.
Garlic is a wonderful plant having the properties of empowering immune system, anti-
tumour and antioxidant. Garlic shows this effect thanks to >200 components it involves.
36. Spices anti-inflammatory property appears to be mediated through the
inhibition of induction of COX-2(Cyclooxygenase),LOX(Lipoxygenases), iNOS(
Nitric Oxide Synthase) and production of cytokines such as interferon and
tumour necrosis factor, and activation of transcription factors like NF-
κB(Nuclear Factor-κB), and AP-1(activator protein).
• NFkB: It is a protein complex which controls transcription of DNA, cytokine
production and cell survival.
• AP1: It regulates gene expression in response to stimuli like cytokines,
growth factors, stress & bacterial & viral infections. It controls cell growth,
proliferation & apoptosis.
37. Effect of Curcumin on Cyclooxygenases and
Lipoxygenases
Curcumin suppresses prostaglandin (PG)
synthesis. PG is involved in human cancer
development (carcinogen metabolism, tumour
cell proliferation). COX is a key enzyme
responsible for conversion of arachidonic acid
(AA) to PGs. COX-2 overexpression has been
implicated in the carcinogenesis of tumors of
the colon, rectum, breast, head and neck, lung,
pancreas, stomach, and prostate [20]. AA
metabolites derived from LOX pathways play an
important role in growth related signal
transduction (contributing to cancer
development). Curcumin is shown to inhibit
both COX and LOX activities.
38. ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY
• The anti-inflammatory effect of curcumin is most likely mediated through its
ability to inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), lipoxygenase (LOX), and
inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS).
Effect of Curcumin on Cyclooxygenases and Lipoxygenases
• Curcumin suppresses prostaglandin (PG) synthesis. PG is involved in
human cancer development (carcinogen metabolism, tumour cell
proliferation). COX is a key enzyme responsible for conversion of
arachidonic acid (AA) to PGs. AA metabolites derived from LOX pathways
play an important role in growth related signal transduction (contributing to
cancer development). Curcumin is shown to inhibit both COX and LOX
activities
Effect of Curcumin on Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase
• iNOS catalyzes the oxidative deamination of L-arginine to produce NO, a
potent pro-inflammatory mediator. NO has multifaceted roles in
mutagenesis and carcinogenesis.NO reacts rapidly with superoxide anion
to produce peroxynitrite (ONOO-) which can cause harmful DNA
modifications and actiavtes the tumout suppressor gene p53 or PARP
which is associated with apoptic cell death. iNOS also regulates COX-2
Curcumin has been shown to inhibit iNOS gene expression.
39. GLUTATHIONE SYNTHESIS (GSH)
• Glutathione is an important intracellular antioxidant that
plays a critical role in cellular adaptation to stress.
• Stress-related increases in cellular glutathione levels
result from increased expression of glutamate cysteine
ligase (GCL), the rate-limiting enzyme in glutathione
synthesis.
• Studies in cell culture suggest that curcumin can
increase cellular glutathione levels by enhancing the
transcription of genes that encode GCL
40.
41. • Spices induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of cancerous cells without effecting normal cell
45. Spices suppressed COX-2 activity and reduced the tumor size in
calf, mouse, rabbit and other animal cultures
Effective against tumor growth in human colorectal cancer cells
Suppress or delay tumor growth by inhibiting i-NOS and LOX activity
in animal and human cancer lines
Inhibit the tumor suppressor gene p53 in some cancer lines
Induce apoptosis and suppress growth of T-cell leukemia cell lines
Inhibit NF-kB, decrease cancer and tumor cells
Inhibit the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in animal and
human cells (TNF inhibition is related to NF-kB production)
47. • Curcumin protects skin by quenching free radicals
and reducing inflammation through nuclear factor- kB
inhibition.
• Curcumin treatment also reduced wound healing
time, improved collagen deposition and increased
fibroblast and vascular density in wounds thereby
enhancing both normal and impaired wound- healing.
• Gujral at al. They applied turmeric powder over septic
as well as aseptic wounds in rats and rabbits and
found that the healing process was accelerated to an
extent of 23—24% in both cases which was
comparable to the effect of scarlet red
• Curcumin has also been shown to have beneficial
effect as a proangiogenic agent in wound-healing by
inducing transforming growth factor-kB, which
induces both angiogenesis and accumulation of
extracellular matrix, which continues through the
remodeling phase of wound repair.
48. • Effects on many functions related to weight loss have been tested
• Most data shows at best a small effect which may be dose limited
• Tolerance limited because of pain during ingestion
• Does decrease desire to eat after meal but effect not related to release of satiety
hormones and is accentuated by increasing protein in meal.
• Effects may not be solely related to capsaicin molecule.
Ludy M et l. Chem Senses 2012; 37: 103−21. Janssens PL et al.
Appetite, 2014; 77:44−9.
49. Significant increase in core body temperature for 270 min after a meal w/ 1 gm red pepper powder.
Ludy M & Mattes R. Physiol Behav 2011; 102:251−8.
50. Significant decrease in food preocupation & cravings after a meal w/ 1 gm red pepper powder .
Ludy M & Mattes R. Physiol Behav 2011; 102:251−8.
51. Kroff J et al. Br J Nutr 2017; 117: 635−44.
• 34 overweight but not obese, healthy
subjects (n= Male 16; Female 18) in South
Africa; Normal glucose tolerance
• Single meal (HOT or CON) test followed by
metabolic testing after washout crossover to
other meal.
• Peri−peri (African bird’s eye chilli)
• Comparison of each patient to their own
control meal
52.
53. CURCUMIN + PIPERINE = A PERFECT
MATCH
Piperine has been found to increase the bioavailability &
absorption of curcumin in both rats and humans with no
adverse effects
• Upon oral administration of curcumin with piperine, curcumin could be found in
blood even up to 8 days
• The amounts of curcumin present in blood, liver tissue, kidney & brain tissue
were found to be higher than what is found when curcumin is administered alone
• Excretion of intact curcumin in the urine was relatively higher compared to
what was seen when curcumin was administered alone & accounted for 1.43%
of the dose administered
• Serum concentrations of curcumin were found to be higher
• Bioavailability increased by 154% whereas elimination half life & clearance
decreased significantly
• The extent of absorption of curcumin when taken with piperine (humans) is 78%
compared to 63.5% absorption observed when administered alone
54. SAFETY AND
TOXICOLOGY
• Pregnancy and lactation
While studies in pregnant rats, mice, guinea pigs, and monkeys suggested that the use of
spices is safe for those animals in pregnancy, there have been no studiesinvolving pregnant
women subjects reported to date.
• Based on studies on possible interactions of spices with other herbs or medicines, it can be
advised that turmeric (or curcumin supplements) should not be used in the following
circumstances without prior consultation with a qualified medical practitioner:
1. People who are on blood thinning medications, e.g., warfarin, aspirin, etc.
2. People who are on anti-inflammatory drugs, e.g., indomethacin, ibuprofen, etc.
55. The New Scientific Research Proves Daily Intake of Spices and Herbs Has The Ability to
Inhibit or Prevent Many of These ChronicDiseases…
Health Topic Spice Articles
Reviewed
Antioxidants/ Alzheimer’s Garlic / Curcumin 300
Anti-Cancer/ Anti-
inflammatory
Curcumin 126
Obesity Capsaicin/Black Pepper/ Ginger 76
Prevent/ Heal Ulcers Chili 447
Anti-diabetic/
Hypoglycaemic
Garlic/ Onion/ Turmeric
89
Anti-microbial/ Anti-viral Garlic 40
Immune Disorders Curcumin 170
A Sample of The Reviews on The Health Benefits of Spices
57. ►Future (within ten years)
► “Multi-spices ” could becomethe next
“multi-vitamins”
► Spices and herbs could gain superfood status
in consumer perception of healthy foods
similar to fruits & vegetables today
58. Spices make food tastier while boosting your health.
All spices in your spice rack can do more than providing calorie-free natural
flavoring to enhance and make food delicious ,They are also an incredible
source of anti-oxidants and help in boosting your metabolism and improve
your health at same time.
All the spices fight inflammation and oxidative stress thus reduce damage to
your body’s cells.
