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Chaos summary 2009 the standish group
1.
CHAOS Summary 2009
The 10 Laws of CHAOS INTRODUCTION This year’s results show a decrease in project success was 66% in 1998, 70% in 2000, 67% rates, with 32% of all projects succeeding (delivered on in 2002, 64% in 2004, and 68% in time, on budget, with required features and functions); 2006. One must be cautious 44% were challenged (late, over budget, and/or with with this number because less than the required features and functions); and 24% other Standish studies failed (cancelled prior to completion or delivered and show only about 20% never used). These numbers represent a downtick in of the features and the success rates from the previous study, as well as a functions specified get significant increase in the number of failures. The low used. point in the last five study periods was 2000, in which 28% of the projects were successful; that same year 23% failed. Size continues to matter, with 61% of successful This year’s results represent the highest failure rate in over projects costing less than $750,000 in labor, and 19% of a decade. projects from $750,000 to $3 million were successful. Therefore, 80% of successful projects have labor costs This year’s figures also show a substantial increase in both under $3 million. Projects costing less than $750,000 in cost and time overruns. Cost overruns increased from 47% labor have a 71% chance they will be successful, while in 2006 to 54% in 2008. Time overruns also have gone up, projects costing between $750,000 and $3 million from 72% in 2006 to 79% in 2008. The high point in cost have a 38% chance of being successful. Projects over overruns was 2004 (84%). Features and functions developed $10 million only have a 2% chance of coming in on stayed fairly steady, with 67% of specified requirements. . It time and on budget, and represent a statistical zero in the success column. Please note we normalize the 2000 to 2008 Project Resolution labor cost to take into account geographic differences in pay grades. The normalized cost is the average of 60 United States pay grades. 50 In looking at some demographic areas, government had a slight improvement in failures, while banking 40 organizations had major increases. Health care is 30 the only other segment that improved. All other segments had increases in failure. Success also 20 plummeted for most segments, whereas government 10 and manufacturing were the only segments that improved, but only by a slight margin. All in all the 0 numbers looked grim. 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 28% 34% 29% 35% 32% The following two pages outline the current CHAOS 23% 15% 18% 19% 24% Success Factors within the Laws of CHAOS. 49% 51% 53% 46% 44% Copyright © 2009 CHAOS Summary 2009 Report is protected by copyright and is the sole property of The Standish Group International, Incorporated. Do not duplicate without permission. 1
2.
The 10 Laws
of CHAOS 1. LAW OF THE TWO FACES Users are both your best and worst enemy. will have his or her own agenda that needs to be fulfilled by the The Law of the Two Faces supports the first CHAOS Success project. It only stands to reason Factor, User Involvement, and states that users are both that 10 stakeholders will equal your best friend and worst enemy. Project managers need 10 individual goals. This is a to cultivate an ecosystem for users and user groups that major issue because these variable needs will often enables them to explain the business process in detail to the conflict. IT organization, and those users should be trained to follow project management protocols. Successful projects include 4. Law of the Five Deadly Sins business-knowledgeable users with good communication You will encounter the Five Deadly Sins in all projects. skills. Challenged and failed projects typically include users with fair to poor communication skills. The Law of the Five Deadly sins states you will encounter the Five Deadly Sins in all projects. The Five Deadly Sins 2. CHEETAH’S LAW are part of all project ecosystems, healthy and unhealthy. In Swift decisions are typically better fact, a project cannot be successful than long, drawn-out analysis. The 10 Laws of CHAOS without them. For example, every project needs to have an 1. Law of the Two Faces The cheetah is the fastest mammal impatient visionary, which results in on earth, with speeds up to 60 2. Cheetah’s Law overambition—the first deadly sin. It miles an hour. Cheetahs use this 3. Law of the Roads is how you deal with each of these speed to catch their prey. It turns out sins that will determine the success 4. Law of the Five Deadly Sins that we have seen many examples or failure of a project. This fourth law where swift and decisive decisions 5. Law of the Long-Tailed Monster of CHAOS supports the Emotional have increased project success. As 6. Law of the Edible Elephant Maturity Success Factor. a result, Cheetah’s Law states that 7. Law of the Mad Hatter swift decisions are typically better 5. Law of the Long-Tailed 8. Law of the Empty Chair than long, drawn-out analysis. This Monster law supports the second CHAOS 9. Panda’s Law You will always build too much of Success Factor of Executive Support. 10. Law of the Fools what you don’t need and not enough Projects that have an active and of what you do need. responsive executive sponsor fare better than those left to hang alone without a champion. The Law of the Long-Tailed Monster states you will always build too much of what you don’t need and not enough 3. LAW OF THE ROADS of what you do need. The great retailer, F.W. Woolworth, It does not matter which road everyone comes from as once said that 50 cents out of every dollar he spent on long as they end up in the same place. advertising was wasted. He went on to say that he wished he knew which 50 cents. That is the same problem with As Yogi Berra once said, “If you don’t know where you are going, requirements: 50 percent of software features are not used you might wind up someplace else.” This statement rings so or wasted, while other features are sorely missed. Over- true when it comes to a project’s business objectives. Thus, and underbuilding applications represents the biggest form the Law of the Roads states that it does not matter which of software development waste. We think a silver bullet to road everyone comes from as long as they end up in the solve the issue is optimization based on value. The fifth Law same place. Clarity and focus are essential to a successful of CHAOS supports the Optimization Success Factor. project. This third CHAOS law supports the Success Factor of Clear Business Objectives. Every stakeholder Copyright © 2009 CHAOS Summary 2009 Report is protected by copyright and is the sole property of The Standish Group International, Incorporated. Do not duplicate without permission. 2
3.
The 10 Laws
of CHAOS 6. Law of the Edible Elephant The only way to eat an elephant is one bite at a time. can have devastating results and put the project in peril. The best The Law of the Edible Elephant states that software should method to combat such an event be built in small, iterative steps with small, focused teams is to keep the project cycles short (or, eat the elephant one bite at a time). You do so with with continuous deliverables. The small bites or stepping-stones. A stepping-stone is a small Law of the Empty Chair states that your best person will but significant deliverable. A stepping-stone activity allows leave at the worst possible time. The eighth law of CHAOS for tangible inspection either visually or hands-on. Stepping- supports the Skilled Resources Success Factor. stones are keystones in the agile and iterative software development process that lead to more deliverables or 9. Panda’s Law indicate the project is not on the right track. Stepping- Inaction is the purest form of failure. stones are powerful because they allow for rapid feedback, creation of feature velocity, and accelerated user training In our zoo workshops, the panda bear represents high risk and acceptance. The sixth Law of and high reward. When participants CHAOS supports the Agile Process CHAOS Success Factors are asked to focus on gain, the Success Factor. panda bear is always part of the 1. User Involvement solution. When participants are 7. Law of the Mad Hatter 2. Executive Support asked to focus on risk, the panda is Complexity causes confusion and 3. Clear Business Objectives always left out of the zoo. However, cost. 4. Emotional Maturity when they are asked to consider both risk and gain, the results are mixed. 5. Optimization In real life few projects have true In days of old, people who made hats often ended up with mental illness. 6. Agile Process panda bears. But when they do come There are a number of theories why 7. Project Management Expertise about, they need to be embraced this happened, one being that ladies’ and nurtured. Risk is part of every 8. Skilled Resources custom hats at that time were very project, but unnecessary risk should intricate and it took great pains to 9. Execution be avoided. Panda’s Law states that create and keep track of all the 10. Tools and infrastructure inaction is the purest form of failure. designs and permutations. It would The ninth law of CHAOS supports the create great distress for a woman to Execution Success Factor. have a hat similar to another. Projects by their very nature are complex; it takes an empathetic organizational environment 10. Law of the Fools to understand the project management process in order A fool with a tool is still a fool for the team to simplify the project management practice. The Law of the Mad Hatter states that complexity causes Years ago in a focus group, one of the participants said, “A confusion and cost. The seventh law of CHAOS is supported fool with a tool is still a fool.” This gave rise to the Law of by the Project Management Expertise Success Factor. the Fools. It means having the right tool for the problem, for if every problem were a nail, every solution would be 8. LAW OF THE EMPTY CHAIR a hammer. However, it is not just having the right tools, Your best person will leave at the worst possible time. but the skill to use them that makes all the difference in success and failure. Tools, infrastructure, and vendors Turnover is a fact of life. The longer a project goes on, the make up a big part of the project management ecosystem. more likely a key person will leave. This could be a skilled The Tools and Infrastructure Success Factor is supported developer or the executive sponsor. When this happens, it by the 10th law of CHAOS. Copyright © 2009 CHAOS Summary 2009 Report is protected by copyright and is the sole property of The Standish Group International, Incorporated. Do not duplicate without permission. 3
4.
The 10 Laws
of CHAOS While some of the increases in failures can be attributed to canceled projects affected by the economy, we believe the main cause is more likely the lack of execution and focus and an increase in process, tools, and red tape. CHAOS results provide a global view of project statistics Only about 20% of a project’s cost is for the software but do tend to have a heavier concentration on the United developed; the rest of the cost is in support of the States and Europe. Fifty-eight percent (58%) of this year’s project’s business bureaucracy. respondents are U.S.-based, 24% are European, and the In this regard we have made some changes to the 10 remaining 18% represent the rest of the world. Fifty-one Success Factors. First, we moved Emotional Maturity to percent (51%) of these companies are considered Fortune the number four spot. We then split Agile Optimization 1000-type companies; another 32% would be considered into two factors: Optimization (now number five) and midrange; and 17% are in the small-range category. They Agile Process (six). However, the major change is we deleted Financial Management and Formal Methodology span a diverse number of industries and organizations. and replaced them with Execution. While Financial Management and Formal Methodology are important factors, they are currently too much of a good thing. Our fear is that we are now in an ever-increasing cycle: Success rates are bad, so let’s put in more control; success rates are still bad, so more controls, and so on and so forth. We are in a state of paralysis through analysis. We need to break this cycle, stop putting in more controls, assess the current environment, put values on the efforts, lighten up, and streamline our execution. EFFORT Become a CHAOS University Member! The annual Premium CHAOS University membership includes 20% access to the full CHAOS Knowledge Center, CHAOS Activity Development Newsletter, case studies, hundreds of charts, commentaries and tips on how to implement best practices, and the CHAOS Skillset Evaluator. The Premium membership also includes a 80% personal research advisor assigned to you for inquiry privileges Other Activities and a benchmark of your project management ecosystem against other organizations in our database. Sign-up today at www.standishgroup.com. The Standish Group International, Inc. 60 State Street, Suite 700 Boston, MA 02109 P: (508) 760-3600 www.standishgroup.com Copyright © 2009 CHAOS Summary 2009 Report is protected by copyright and is the sole property of The Standish Group International, Incorporated. It may not under any circumstances be retransmitted in any form, repackaged in any way, or resold through any media. All rights reserved. 4
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