Ovarian cancer is common. In this article, learn about the symptoms, risk factors, treatment options, and outlook for this type of cancer

1. OVARIAN CANCER
PRESENTED BY-
MR. ABHAY RAJPOOT

2. DEFINITION
• Cancer is a term used for diseases in
which abnormal cells divide without
control and are able to invade other
tissues. Cancer cells can spread to other
parts of the body through the blood and
lymph systems.
• Ovarian cancer is cancer of the ovaries,
the egg-releasing and hormone-
producing organs of the female
reproductive tract.

3. INCIDENCE
• It is the fifth most common cause of cancer deaths in women and
the tenth most common cancer among women in the United
States.
• Among the gynecologic cancers—those affecting the uterus,
cervix, and ovaries—ovarian cancer has the highest rate of deaths.
• In 2017, around 22,440 women in the U.S. are expected to receive
a diagnosis of ovarian cancer, and around 14,080 are expected to
die from this disease

4. RISK FACTORS
• Older age.
• Inherited gene mutations. Family history of ovarian
cancer.
• Estrogen hormone replacement therapy,
• Age when menstruation started and ended

5. AETIOLOGY
• Family history
• Age
• Reproductive history
• Birth control
• Infertility or fertility treatment
• Breast cancer
• Hormone therapy
• Obesity and overweight
• Gynaecologic surgery
• Endometriosis

6. TNM CLASSIFICATION

7. STAGGING
• There are different ways of staging cancer. The American Cancer Society uses a four-
stage system.
• Stage 1: Cancer cells affect only the ovary or ovaries and have not spread to another
area.
• Stage 2: The cancer has affected one or both ovaries and also other organs within
the pelvis, such as the uterus, fallopian tubes, bladder, or rectum.
• Stage 3: The cancer affects one or both ovaries and either the lining of the abdomen
or lymph nodes in the back of the abdomen.
• Stage 4: The cancer has spread to other parts of the body, outside the peritoneal
cavity. This cavity includes the abdomen and the pelvis. Areas that may now be
affected include the liver, spleen, and the fluid around the lungs.

8. TYPES
• Epithelial tumors, which begin in the thin layer of tissue that covers the
outside of the ovaries. About 90 percent of ovarian cancers are
epithelial tumor.
• Stromal tumors, which begin in the ovarian tissue that contains
hormone-producing cells. These tumors are usually diagnosed at an
earlier stage than other ovarian tumor. About 7 percent of ovarian
tumors are stromal.
• Germ cell tumors, which begin in the egg-producing cells. These rare
ovarian cancers tend to occur in younger women.

9. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
• Abdominal bloating or swelling
• Quickly feeling full when eating
• Weight loss
• Discomfort in the pelvis area
• Changes in bowel habits, such as constipation
• A frequent need to urinate

10. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
• History
• Physical examination
• Blood tests
• Imaging tests
• Laparoscopy
• Colonoscopy
• Abdominal fluid aspiration
• Biopsy

11. CHEMOTHERAPY
• Chemotherapy is a drug treatment that uses chemicals to kill
fast-growing cells in the body, including cancer cells.
Chemotherapy drugs can be injected into a vein or taken by
mouth. Sometimes the drugs are injected directly into the
abdomen (intraperitoneal chemotherapy).
• Chemotherapy is often used after surgery to kill any cancer cells
that might remain. It can also be used before surgery.

12. HORMONE THERAPY
• Hormone therapy (HT) may be added to the
treatment plan in order to prevent oestrogen from
reaching the cancer cells.
• Cutting off the supply of oestrogen slows the
growth of the cancer cells.
• Hormone therapy may include goserelin (Zolodex),
leuprolide (Lupron), Tamoxifen, or an aromtase
inhibitor.

13. RADIATION THERAPY
• Radiation is less often used in ovarian cancer treatment. It
may be used if there are small traces of cancer in the
reproductive system, or to treat the symptoms of advanced
cancer.

14. TARGETED THERAPY
• Targeted therapy uses medications that target the
specific vulnerabilities present within cancer cells.
Targeted therapy drugs are usually reserved for treating
ovarian cancer that returns after initial treatment or
cancer that resists other treatments.

16. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
• Salpingo-ophorectomy: Surgery is done to remove the ovaries and fallopian
tubes.
• Hysterectomy: The surgeon removes the uterus and any surrounding tissue
that is affected. If only the uterus is removed, this is a partial hysterectomy.
• Lymph node dissection: The surgeon removes lymph nodes in the pelvis and
near the aorta.
• Cytoreductive or debulking surgery: If the cancer has spread beyond the
pelvic area, the surgeon will reduce as much cancerous tissue as possible.
This may include tissue from the gallbladder and other organs. This
procedure can help relieve symptoms and make chemotherapy more
effective.

17. NURSING MANAGEMENT
• Nursing measures include those related to the patient’s
treatment plan, which may include surgery,
chemotherapy, palliative care, or a combination of these
• Emotional support, comfort measures, and information,
plus attentiveness and caring are important components
of nursing care for the patient and her family

18. SUMMARY

19. ASSIGNMENT
• Palliative care for ovarian cancer

20. BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Brunner & Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Thirteenth edition, 2013,
Elsevier publications Page no. 1462-1465
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11586121_New_developments_in_the_treatment_
of_ovarian_cancer
• https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)62146-7/abstract
• medlineplus.gov › Health Topics
• www.beaumont.edu/cancer/types-of-cancer/gynecologic-cancers/ovarian-cancer/
• https://www.healthline.com/health/cancer/ovarian-cancer-causes
• www.cancerresearchuk.org › Ovarian cancer

21. THANK YOU