i

5. .

10. 4. French curve

18. Name of the design firm doing the job: this should be in larger,
border text and include a logo if possible and address, telephone,
web address, e-mail
Name of the major design consultants: list civil, structural,
mechanical, electrical engineers and other consultants
Space for professional stamp or seal. Depending upon the type
and scope of the project
Revision: Leave the space for at least six entries, name and date
Key plan: small scale plan of the building foot print with the part of
the building identified that relates to the drawing on the sheet.
This is not always necessarily on smaller projects
Name of the project: list the project title, Location information
and client/owner name if applicable
Client Approval: client signature indicates approval of the
document, as they are currently presented.
Project or job number, date and credit (designers/firm name):
some projects are divided into phases with an individual’s job
number for each phase. Typically this is done when a project is
developed over along span of time or if it is complex.
Sheet title: the page title is usually short and specially states the
drawings(S) on that page (e.g. floor plans or detail e.t.c).Below
title, states the scale of the drawing
Sheet Number: there is usually a letter and number.

20. .

36. Lines are often not drawn uniform in weight.
Indeed, they may nearly fade out in the middle.
The ends of lines are accentuated and should
come to a distinct stop rather than just fade
away
Fig4. Line technique at corners
Lines to light Lines to heavy

37. 4.4 LINE QUALITY
Line quality usually refers to the crispness, clarity, and consistency of a drawn line
The density and weight of lines should be uniform and consistent.

38. All lines should meet crisply at corners
Avoid excessive overlapping
Dashed lines should be uniform in length and have equal spacing.

39. LINE TECHNIQUE
Cutting-plane technique: it is used for section views. The lines formed by the cutting plane
are darkened.

40. Distance Technique: This kind of technique work
by emphasizing the lines closer to the observer
showing depth in the drawing.
Fig. Distance technique: Near lines dark; far lines light
Major-feature technique: The major elements are outlined and the
elements of lesser importance are drawn in with finer lines.

41. Silhouette technique: This technique is emphasizing by darkening the
outline. It is the oldest technique.
Fig. Silhouette technique: outlines dark
Shadow technique: Using shadow techniques
recessions and extensions can be shown by darkening
the edges away from the light source.

42. SECTIONING
Due to the nature of complex assemblies,
Architectural components need a sectional view
which describe and illustrate them adequately.
A section is an orthographic projection of an
imaginary cut through a part of an object.

43. Full Section: A cut through of the entire component. When a
horizontal or vertical cutting plane passed through the entire
component (object) a floor plan or a longitudinal section
results.

44. Offset Section: when we need to permit the
cutting plane to cut through all the necessary
features in the component, we offset or bent
the cutting plane.

45. Half Section: A type of sectioning by cutting
only half of a symmetrical component showing
both the exterior face and the interior.
Fig. A half-section of rectangular hollow block

46. Broken-Out Section: is a method of
sectioning by selecting the most critical
area for sectioning while keeping the
exterior appearance of the object in the
same view.

47. Revolved Section: is a section which has been revolved 90° and drawn on the exterior view of
the object.

48. ARCHITECTURAL GRAPHIC SYMBOLS AND STANDARDS
To indicate certain materials and features, we used a
system of Architectural symbols. These symbols
complement the Architectural line work and form an
attractive and useful language. We often used these
symbols in different drawings such as plans, elevations
and sections.

49. GRAPHIC
SYMBOLS
Fig. North arrows indicating major compass points on plans and site plans

50. Scale
Fig.Graduated lines of a graphic scales representing proportionate size.

51. Fig. Section arrows indicate the location of section cuts on plan drawings.

52. GEOMETRICAL
CONSTRUCTIONS

53. GEOMETRICAL
CONSTRUCTIONS

54. GEOMETRICAL
CONSTRUCTIONS
Parallel lines: for a given line, a parallel line can be drawn
by aligning any one edge of a triangle with the given line,
and then sliding another edge of the triangle along a
second triangle to the desired position.
Perpendicular lines: For a givenline, a perpendicular line can
be drawn by aligning one leg of a triangle with the given
line, and sliding the hypotenuse of the triangle along a
second triangle to the desired position.

55. Inclined lines: lines that are inclined at 30°, 45°, and 60° to the
horizontal can be drawn using the 30°-60° and 45° triangles.
But lines that are inclined at 15° and 75° can be drawn using
both triangles in combination. Any angle can be measured and
draw an inclined line using the protractor or adjustable triangle.
ARC TANGENT TO PERPENDICULAR LINES

56. Square: if we have a given side, we can construct a square by
drawing 45° construction lines inward through the ends of the
side. Draw adjacent sides at 90° to the given side.
Equilateral triangle: If a side given, we can construct an
equilateral triangle by drawing 60° lines inward through the
ends of the side.
Pentagon: Given side, a pentagon can be
constructed by drawing 54° construction lines
inward to the ends of the side to locate the
center of the circumscribing circle. Draw this
circle and step off the remaining sides.

57. Hexagon: Given side, a hexagon can be
constructed by drawing 60° construction
lines in both directions through the ends of
the side to locate the center of the hexagon.
By drawing a construction line through the
center of the hexagon and parallel to the
given side, we locate the adjacent corners.
And then we draw 60° lines inward through
these corners to locate the remaining
corners.

58. Octagon: If we have a given side, we can
construct an octagon by drawing 45° sides
outwardly. Then we construct a square
through the given side and the far ends of the
45° sides. Then swing arcs with centers at
the corners of the square, and radii equal to
half the length of the diagonal of the square.
We add the remaining sides to complete the
octagon.

59. Regular polygon: If we have a given side, we can
construct a regular polygon of any number of sides (N)
by drawing a semicircle on the given side. We divide
the semicircle in to N equal parts, and draw an
adjacent side through the second outermost division.
Then draw perpendicular bisectors of these sides to
locate the circumscribing circle. Finally we draw radial
construction lines through the divisions of the
semicircle to locate the remaining corners of the
polygon.

60. Scales
1:5
1:10
1:20
1:50
1:100
1:200
1:250
1:500
1:1000
.
.
.
.
Scale convertion
1:100 to 1:50
1:100 =R
1:50=S(?)
S=2 x R

73. Single Line/One Wall Kitchen Design

88. # Draw elements, such aswindows, doors and stairways.

89. # Finish the details of doors, windows,
stair treads and railings. Incorporate
furnishings.
# finally, annotates the drawing with proper dimensions, texts and leveling.

90. Checklist for Floor Plans:
Use these checklists as a guide where applicable.
•Border and title block
•Title and scale of the drawing in the title block
•Drawing number in the title block
•North arrow in the upper left corner of the drawing sheet
•Exterior and interior walls
•Outline of patios and porches
•Windows with proper window symbol for operations

91. •Doors with proper door symbol for
operations
•Wall openings, arches, and soffits with
dotted/hidden lines. These should be called
out in a note
•Ceiling changes with dashed lines. Theses
should be note as flat ceiling, ceiling slopes
down, etc.
• Window and door numbers

92. •Room/area/closet labels
•Stair with directional arrows for UP or DOWN
•Indicate chimneys if it is in the design
•Show handrails and grab bars where necessary
•All kitchen fixtures and appliances
•All bathroom fixtures
•Other appliances such as clothes washer, hot water tank, laundry tubs
•Any built in features
•Dimensions

93. •Title and scale of the plan under the plan
view
Notations
•Indicate floor level changes
•Indicate ceiling height
•Draw cross-reference symbols such as
section, elevation, or detail symbols

94. •Label room names
•Label major elements including fireplaces,
furniture, and shelves
•Call out appliances including refrigerator,
dishwashers, dryer, etc.
•Call out small items such as medicine
cabinets; grab bars, mirrors, etc.

95. Ceiling Plans
It is a kind of plan in which its ceiling surfaces
an the same orientation as the floor plan to
which it reflects.
It shows information’s such as:
•Form and material of a ceiling
•Location and types of lighting fixtures
Exposed structural elements
•Mechanical ductworks
•Skylights
Fig. Concept of a reflected ceiling plan

96. Site Plans
Site plan is a
horizontal view of a
building or building
complex on a plot of
land in relation to
surrounding context.
It shows the location
and orientation of a
building.

97. It may include the following:
•Boundaries of the site (indicated by broken
line)
•Site topography represented by contour lines
•Natural site features such as trees, water
bodies, landscaping
•Existing roadways and walkways
•Site utilities
•Pedestrian and vehicular entry paths

98. Roof Plans
Roof plan is a horizontal
projection (top view) of a
certain building with the
building form, massing and
material of a roof with the
layout of roof top
features like skylights,
decks etc. It can be
incorporated in the site
plan.

101. Elevations are types of an
orthographic projection of an
object on a vertical picture
plane parallel to one of its
principal faces.

102. Building Elevations
Elevation is a vertical projected
surface of a building. It conveys the
external and internal appearance of
a building. Elevation drawing
provides complementary information
of vertical elements a plan view
cannot describe such as; heights,
vertical materials, other vertical
important information.

103. When we draw objects and surfaces in
elevation ,we must rely on graphic cues to
convey depth,curvature,or obliqueness
Orient the picture plane to be parallel to
one of the principal face of building. this
enable all planes parallel to the picture plane
to retain their size true size,shape,and
proportion.

104. When a building address a specific or
significant feature of site ,we can name
building elevation after the feature e.g. Main
street. lake elevation
Name a building elevation after the direction
of the elevation face

105. In elevation drawing ,we are try to establish three pictorial zones:
1.The foreground space between the section cut and the façade of
the building
2.Middle ground that the building it self occupies
3.The background of sky ,landscape, or structure beyond the building

106. Spatial depth clue
Continuity of outline
By itself
Atmospheric perspective

107. Perspective blur
Texture perspective
Light and shadow

111. ELEVATION CHECKLIST
•Label important levels: bottom of footing grade, finished
floor line, finished ceiling line, roof line, elevation datum
symbols
•Label wall material finishes
•Windows with the proper window symbol for operations
•Doors with the proper door symbols for operations
•Wall openings
•Show handrails and grab bars where necessary
•Border and title block
•Title and scale of the drawing in the title block
•Drawing number in the title block
•Add peoples to give a relative sense of object heights
•Title and scale of the elevation under the elevation view

112. As of plans and elevations, sections are also part of
orthographic projections. Section, unlike the plan, is a vertical
cut-through of a space or objects. It opens up the object to
reveal its internal material composition or assembly.

113. Building Section
Building section is a type of drawing which shows
certain details of a building and it’s construction
system. Section illustrates similar items as
elevations but differ from elevations in a way that
they are primarily intended to show the
construction of the wall, floor, ceiling, and the
roof.

114. Fig. Design section: helps to see the
relationships between the floors, walls,
and roof structures of a building.

119. # define the section cut in the floor plans
#Draw the section by projecting parallel to the
section line.
# use hierarchy of line weights to create a sense
of spatial depth. Heaviest line weights goes to
the shapes of elements cut in the section. The
medium line weights to those elements seen as
elevation beyond the section cut. Light line
weights represent surface lines.

120. Beyond the plane of cut ,we see elevations
of interior of walls ,as well as objects and
events that occur in front of them but behind
the vertical plane of the section cut.
Not necessary to draw section across the entire drawing but it should
at least overlap the exterior boundaries of a building
Add human figure in building section to convey the scale of the space
depicted

121. Cut building section through the most
significant spaces and look in direction
reveals the principal feature of the space
Uses a hierarchy of line weight to convey a
sense of spatial depth

122. Site Section
When a section include the context of a surrounding site and
environment beside the buildings, we call it a site section. It is an
important drawing as it describes the relationships of a designed
structure (building) to its surrounding. It also illustrates the
relationship between building interior spaces with its adjacent
exterior spaces as well as the relationship among a number of
buildings in a certain urban settings.

126. CHECKLIST FOR SECTIONS
•Border and title block
•Title and scale of the drawing in the title block
•For a building section, show construction details of floors,
walls, and ceiling/roof.
•For a section of an interior space, it may be similar to a
combination of building section and an interior elevation.
Emphasize on rather the interior aspects of the construction
details such as cabinet work, wall panels, dropped soffits, or
suspended ceiling rather than structural details.

127. •Show items drawn on the floor plan including
furniture, cabinetry, appliances
•Notations
•Dimensions, usually vertical dimensions
•Title and scale of the section under the
section drawing view.

128. Straight stair
L shape stair

129. U shape stair
Circular stair

132. Basement flooring is clearly the building
groundwork of the entire process of building your
basement. If basement flooring isn’t done
correctly,

133. Attic room
attics fill the space between the ceiling
of the top floor of a building and the
slanted roof,
is a space found directly below the
pitched roof of a house or other
building