Duck typing is a style of dynamic typing where an object's valid operations are defined by which methods and properties it has rather than its class. In duck typing, functions are concerned with the aspects of an object used rather than its specific type. For example, a function taking a "Duck" would work with any object having walk and quack methods, allowing polymorphism without inheritance.

3. rather than with the type of the object itself. DUCK TYPING PROGRAMMING STYLE

6. relying on documentation, clear code, and testing to ensure correct use.

9. The only requirement thatfunction calculate needs in its variables is having the "+" and the "*" methods.

10. The duck test can be seen in the following example:As far as the function in_the_forest is concerned, the Person object is a duck: class Duck: def quack(self): print("Quaaaaaack!") def feathers(self): print("The duck has white and gray feathers.") class Person: def quack(self): print("The person imitates a duck.") def feathers(self): print("The person takes a feather from the ground and shows it.") def name(self): print("John Smith") defin_the_forest(duck): duck.quack() duck.feathers() def game(): donald = Duck() john = Person() in_the_forest(donald) in_the_forest(john) game() DUCK TYPING PROGRAMMING STYLE

12. Resources – Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_typing#Concept_examples Dr. Dobb’s http://drdobbs.com/cpp/184401971 http://drdobbs.com/open-source Big Dingus http://bigdingus.com/2007/12/08/just-what-is-this-javascript-object-you-handed-me/ Apache Commons http://commons.apache.org/proxy/ DUCK TYPING PROGRAMMING STYLE

13. Resources – Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_typing#Concept_examples Dr. Dobb’s http://drdobbs.com/cpp/184401971 http://drdobbs.com/open-source Big Dingus http://bigdingus.com/2007/12/08/just-what-is-this-javascript-object-you-handed-me/ Apache Commons http://commons.apache.org/proxy/ DUCK TYPING PROGRAMMING STYLE