This is for employee and employer associations

1. Unit 4 – People at Work

2.  The role of trade unions
 The role of employer associations
 The process of collective bargaining
 The different types of industrial action
 How conflicts can be resolved

6.  A Trade Union is a group of workers who
have joined together to ensure their interests
are protected

7. SHOP STEWARD
For an annual fee that
pays for the employment
of union officials, they
will represent the views
of those in the union to
achieve their aims.

8.  Advantages
◦ Strength in Numbers
◦ Improved Conditions of
Employment
◦ Improved Workplace
Environment
◦ Improved Benefits
◦ Improved Job Satisfaction
◦ Advice & Financial Support
◦ Further Benefits
◦ Employment where there is a
closed shop

9.  Trade Unions seek to
◦ Put forward views to the
media
◦ Influence government
decisions
◦ Improve communication
between workers &
management

10.  A craft union is a trade union which
represents a particular type of skilled worker.

11.  A general union is a trade union which
represents workers from a variety of trades in
the industry. They are often un-skilled but
also semi-skilled workers.

12.  An industrial union is a trade union which
represents all types of workers in a particular
industry

13.  A white-collar union is a trade union which
represents non-manual workers.

14.  Closed shop is where all the employees have
to be a member of a particular union.

15.  A Single-Union Agreement is where a firm
deals with only one particular union.

16.  Advantages for employees
◦ Discussions clearer
◦ Greater power
◦ No disagreements between unions
◦ Better working relationship
◦ Disputes solved quickly

17.  Advantages for employers
◦ Only one union to negotiate with
◦ Better working relationship
◦ Disputes resolved more quickly
◦ Easier to agree to changes
◦ Better relationships

18. President
National Executive
Head Office
Regional offices Regional offices Regional offices Regional offices
Branch Branch Branch Branch Branch Branch Branch Branch
Individual Members

19.  Employer Associations
Employer Federations
Trade Associations
 Business join together to
form a association or
federation
 Subscription Fee
 Benefits

20.  Advantages
◦ Representation of Members
◦ Offer Advice
◦ Pressure Group
◦ Sharing good practice
◦ Bulk-Buying

21.  Act as pressure groups
 Represent business interests
 Linked to economic
environment
 Government Control & Provide
 Taxation
 Rules & Regulations
 Economic Policies
 Infrastructure

22.  Collective bargaining
is negotiations
between one or more
trade unions and one
or more employees
(or employee
associations) on pay
or working conditions

23.  Rising Inflation
 Difficult to recruit
qualified workers
 Maintaining pay
differentials
 Changes in the
workplace

25.  This is taken by trade unions to decrease or
halt production

26.  Strike Action
◦ A Token Strike
 Short Stoppage
◦ A Selective Strike
 Few selected workers walk
out
◦ An All Out Strike
 All union members stop
work

27.  Picketing
◦ Support strike
◦ Stand outside
workplace
◦ Try to persuade other
workers not to go to
work
◦ May halt production
all together
◦ Gain publicity
◦ Company gets bad
publicity
◦ Applies pressure

28.  Work to Rule
◦ Strictly, Rigidly follow
rules/regulations
◦ Work often slows
◦ Workers paid normally
◦ Nothing wrong

29.  Go Slow
◦ Similar to “work to rule”
◦ Workers do jobs more
slowly
◦ Deliberately take longer to
complete tasks

30.  Non-Cooperation
◦ Workers refuse to
have anything to do
with new working
practices that they do
not approve of

31.  Over-time Ban
◦ Normal working hours
carried out only
◦ No additional work time
is done
◦ Damaging to the
company

32. Loss of Loss of
Output Income/Profit
For Employers
Cash Flow
Poor Customers maybe
Problems
Reputation lost to other firms
as orders not
delivered

33. Loss of Threat of job
Wages losses
For Employees

34. Find
Alternative May cost more
Supplier for product
For the Firm’s Customers
Deliveries not May not be
Shortage of
made able to
Product
produce
goods

35. Workers have Lower Income
less money means less
to spend tax collection
For the Economy
Bad reputation Striking firm
Exports lost
from not may have to lay
Less
delivering on time off workers –
products
Incomes fall,
being
unemployment
produced -
imports rises

36.  Strikes are damaging for both employers and
employees
 These agreements usually involve an
“independent ARBITRATOR”

37. Lock Workers Out
Dismiss Workers
Pay Freeze

38.  Poor Wage Rates
 Poor conditions of
employment
 Poor working
conditions

39.  Rigid/Authoritarian
Management
 Restricted flow of
information
 Frustration

40.  Rapid/Poorly Planned
Change
 Employees
downgraded or
moved without
consultation

41.  Rapid/Poorly Planned
Change
 Employees
downgraded or
moved without
consultation

42.  Lack of involvement
in decision-making
 Employees feel less
important
 Employees feel
bored, alienated and
uncared for

43.  Decrease in market
share
 Job security issues

46.  This occurs
when
employees
contribute and
are involved in
the decision
making in the
business

47.  Worker Directors
◦ appointed representative
◦ usually do not attend board
meetings
 Works Council
◦ Representatives of workforce
meet
◦ Discuss management
proposals
◦ Feedback on ideas and
comments
◦ Issues may include;
 Health and Safety
 Introduction of New Machinery

48.  Quality Circles
◦ Used by many companies
(especially Japan)
◦ Encourage continuous
development
◦ Team Working
◦ Discussions on improvement on
how things are carried out or how
the product is assembled
◦ Improved feeling of importance
and motivation of employees
results

49.  Democratic Styles of Leadership
◦ delegation