Safe water and adequate sanitation are indispensable for healthy ecosystems, reducing poverty, and achieving inclusive growth, social well and being and sustainable livelihoods.

1. SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
ABDUL QAYUM BIN ABD MALEK
2015104107
MEC 600
EMD7M1A

2. WATER POLLUTION
the presence in groundwater of toxic
chemicals and biological agents that
exceed what is naturally found in the
water and may pose a threat to
human health and/or the
environment.

3. INTRODUCTION
Water pollution happens when toxic substances
enter water bodies such as lakes, rivers, oceans
and so on, getting dissolved in them, lying
suspended in the water or depositing on the bed.
This degrades the quality of water.
Not only does this spell disaster for aquatic
ecosystems, the pollutants also seep through and
reach the groundwater, which might end up in
our households as contaminated water we use in
our daily activities, including drinking.
What is water
pollution?

4. SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION
POINT SOURCES
• These are localized sources like an
industrial process, a mining activity,
etc.
• These sources are usually regulated
so that the effect may be predicted
and the impact minimized. However,
accidental leaks and spills are an
exception to that.
NON-POINT SOURCES
• These are unidentified sources from
which pollutants are carried away
by water discharges and runoffs.
• Non-point pollution may involve a
broad range of pollutants, but in
lower amounts than the point
sources.

5. TYPES OF WATER POLLUTION
SURFACE WATER
• Found on the exterior of the
earth’s crust, oceans, rivers and
lakes
• Example: A spill from an oil
tanker creates an oil slick that can
affect a vast area of the ocean
GROUNDWATER
• Found in soil or under rock
structure or aquifers
• Example: When weed killers used
in people's gardens drain into the
ground.

6. HOW DOES
WATER
POLLUTION
AFFECT US?
• Drinking polluted water
• Bathing or showering in polluted water
• Swimming in polluted water
• Breathing the vapors of a polluted water while sitting
next to a polluted water source
• Consuming polluted food (meat and/or vegetables)
affected by polluted water
• Consuming meat from animals fed with polluted water
of food affected by polluted water (e.g. vegetables
irrigated with polluted water or grown in an area with
polluted groundwater)
Water pollution may cause
a large variety of
diseases and poses a serious
problem for human health.
This is mainly because we
may get exposed to polluted
water in various ways,
including, but not necessarily
limited to:

7. EFFECTS OF
WATER
POLLUTION
• Sewage discharged into coastal waters can wash
up on beaches and cause a health hazard.
• People who bathe or surf in the water can fall ill
if they swallow polluted water—yet sewage can
have other harmful effects too: it can poison
shellfish (such as cockles and mussels) that grow
near the shore.
• People who eat poisoned shellfish risk suffering
from an acute—and sometimes fatal—illness
called paralytic shellfish poisoning. Shellfish is no
longer caught along many shores because it is
simply too polluted with sewage or toxic chemical
wastes that have discharged from the land
nearby.

8. WHAT ARE THE
CAUSES OF
WATER
POLLUTION?
• When we think of ocean pollution, huge black oil slicks
often spring to mind, yet these spectacular accidents
represent only a tiny fraction of all the pollution
entering our oceans.
• The biggest oil spill in recent years (and the biggest
ever spill in US waters) occurred when the
tanker Exxon Valdez broke up in Prince William Sound
in Alaska in 1989.
• Around 12 million gallons (44 million liters) of oil were
released into the pristine wilderness—enough to fill
your living room 800 times over! Estimates of the
marine animals killed in the spill vary from
approximately 1000 sea otters and 34,000 birds to as
many as 2800 sea otters and 250,000 sea birds. Several
billion salmon and herring eggs are also believed to
have been destroyed.
1. Oil pollution

9. WHAT ARE THE
CAUSES OF
WATER
POLLUTION?
• In theory, sewage is a completely natural
substance that should be broken down
harmlessly in the environment: 90 percent of
sewage is water
• With billions of people on the planet, disposing
of sewage waste is a major problem. According
to 2015 and 2016 figures from the World
Health Organization, some 663 million people
(9 percent of the world's population) don't have
access to safe drinking water, while 2.4 billion
(40 percent of the world's population) don't
have proper sanitation (hygienic toilet
facilities).
2. Sewage

10. WHAT ARE THE
CAUSES OF
WATER
POLLUTION?
• Detergents are relatively mild substances. At the opposite
end of the spectrum are highly toxic chemicals such
as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).
• They were once widely used to manufacture electronic
circuit boards, but their harmful effects have now been
recognized and their use is highly restricted in many
countries.
• Another kind of toxic pollution comes from heavy metals,
such as lead, cadmium, and mercury.
• The best known example of heavy metal pollution in the
oceans took place in 1938 when a Japanese factory
discharged a significant amount of mercury metal into
Minamata Bay, contaminating the fish stocks there. It took
a decade for the problem to come to light. By that time,
many local people had eaten the fish and around 2000 were
poisoned. Hundreds of people were left dead or disabled.
3. Chemical waste

11. SUGGESTION/
SOLUTION TO
OVERCOME
WATER
POLLUTION
• Making people aware of the problem is the first
step to solving it.
• For example, In the early 1990s, when surfers in
Britain grew tired of catching illnesses from
water polluted with sewage, they formed a group
called Surfers Against Sewage to force
governments and water companies to clean up
their act. People who've grown tired of walking
the world's polluted beaches often band together
to organize community beach-cleaning sessions.
Anglers who no longer catch so many fish have
campaigned for tougher penalties against
factories that pour pollution into our rivers.
Greater public awareness can make a positive
difference.
1. Education

12. SUGGESTION/
SOLUTION TO
STOP WATER
POLLUTION
• One of the biggest problems with water pollution is its
transboundary nature. Many rivers cross countries,
while seas span whole continents. Pollution discharged
by factories in one country with poor environmental
standards can cause problems in neighboring nations,
even when they have tougher laws and higher
standards. Environmental laws can make it tougher for
people to pollute, but to be really effective they have to
operate across national and international borders.
• This is why we have international laws governing the
oceans, such as the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of
the Sea (signed by over 120 nations), the 1972 London
(Dumping) Convention, the 1978 MARPOL
International Convention for the Prevention of
Pollution from Ships, and the 1998 OSPAR Convention
for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the
North East Atlantic.
2. Laws

13. SUGGESTION/
SOLUTION TO
STOP WATER
POLLUTION
• Most environmental experts agree that the best way to
tackle pollution is through something called
the polluter pays principle.
• This means that whoever causes pollution should have
to pay to clean it up, one way or another. Polluter pays
can operate in all kinds of ways. It could mean that
tanker owners should have to take out insurance that
covers the cost of oil spill cleanups.
• For example. It could also mean that shoppers should
have to pay for their plastic grocery bags, as is now
common in Ireland, to encourage recycling and
minimize waste.
• Ultimately, the polluter pays principle is designed to
deter people from polluting by making it less expensive
for them to behave in an environmentally responsible
way.
3. Economics

14. CHALLENGE FOR
IMPLEMENTATIO
N
• The lack of capacity, in particular at sub-national
levels, represent an important
obstacle to meeting current and future demands .
• The World population will grow to around 9
billion by 2050, with rapidly increasing
proportion living in urban areas.
• These socio-economic and demographic trends
raise important challenges for countries and cities
to mobilize the infrastructure, expertise and
competent staffnecessary to ensure the provision
of safe drinking water and sanitation.
1. Drinking water and
sanitation

15. CHALLENGE FOR
IMPLEMENTATIO
N
• The management of water resources is an issue
particularly sensitive to the question of scale.
• The mismatch between administrative limits and
hydrological boundariescan lead to local actors (e.g.
municipalities) placing their own interests ahead when
designing and implementing water resources
management policies and strategies, rather than
integrating the needs of the river basin and aquifers.
• Managing water resources efficiently can also be
hindered by diverging interests
between urban and rural areas for example, or between
up-stream and downstream
regions.
2. Water resources
management

16. CHALLENGE FOR
IMPLEMENTATIO
N
• Ensuring good quality level for water requires collective and co-
ordinated actions across actors and sectors.
• It is as such particularly sensitive to sectoral fragmentation, which
can hinder collective efforts to reducing pollution, eliminating
dumping, minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials,
halving the proportion of untreated wastewater, and increasing
recycling and safe reuse.
• Meeting water quality targets can also be hampered by limited
enforcement in
addition to.
• A lack of accountability and transparency in complying with
existing standards for quality and wastewater treatment, in
particular when governments do not have the capacity to monitor
their performance and civil society is not fully engaged to hold
them accountable
3. Water quality and
wastewater treatment

17. UNITED NATION
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
GOAL
• Goal 6 : Ensure access to water and sanitation for all
• By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe
and affordable drinking water for all
• By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution,
eliminating dumping and minimizing release of
hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the
proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially
increasing recycling and safe reuse globally
• Support and strengthen the participation of local
communities in improving water and sanitation
management

18. UNITED NATION
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
GOAL
• Goal 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas
and marine resources
• By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution
of all kinds, in particular from land-based activities,
including marine debris and nutrient pollution
• Increase scientific knowledge, develop research capacity
and transfer marine technology, taking into account the
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Criteria
and Guidelines on the Transfer of Marine Technology, in
order to improve ocean health and to enhance the
contribution of marine biodiversity to the development of
developing countries, in particular small island developing
States and least developed countries.

19. POTENTIAL UN-ETHICAL PROBLEM AND
SUGGESTION TO OVERCOME
UN-ETHICAL PROBLEM
• People do not want to take
responsibility for the dangers that
they may incur.
SUGGESTION
• The authorizing bodies shall make an
arrangement of agreement of
responsible party. The agreement would
be able to prevent the responsible party
from fleeing into the thin air without
trace and leave their after effect to be
suffered by the environment that may
affects the sustainable development of
water and sanitation.
People do not want to take responsibility for the dangers that they may incur.

20. POTENTIAL UN-ETHICAL PROBLEM AND
SUGGESTION TO OVERCOME
UN-ETHICAL PROBLEM
• All the precautions required for
waste management, damage and
destruction are easily neglected to
achieve cost reduction without
considering the environmental
impact.
SUGGESTION
• All responsible supervisors should
ensure that all steps need to be
taken seriously to prevent any
problems and their
implementation will be monitored
by the staff of the authorities.

21. POTENTIAL UN-ETHICAL PROBLEM AND
SUGGESTION TO OVERCOME
UN-ETHICAL PROBLEM
• There is no guarantee that no
danger or harm inflicted from the
work done towards sustainable
water and sanitation development
SUGGESTION
• From the individual perspective,
one must identify all the potential
harm and danger that may be
imposed on the environment from
his work. On the part of the
authorities, they may be able to
provide relevant information or
campaign to relay the messages to
the public.

22. REFERENCES
• Oceans - United Nations Sustainable Development. (n.d.). Retrieved May 1, 2018, from
https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/oceans/
• Water and Sanitation - United Nations Sustainable Development. (n.d.). Retrieved May 1,
2018, from https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/water-and-sanitation/
• Water Pollution. (n.d.). Retrieved May 1, 2018, from
http://wwf.panda.org/knowledge_hub/teacher_resources/webfieldtrips/water_pollution/
• Water Pollution. (n.d.). Retrieved May 1, 2018, from
http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/francisdudez-806582-water-pollution/
• What Is Water Pollution | Environmental Pollution Centers. (n.d.). Retrieved May 1, 2018,
from https://www.environmentalpollutioncenters.org/water/
• Woodford, C. (2017, June 04). Water pollution: An introduction to causes, effects, solutions.
Retrieved May 1, 2018, from http://www.explainthatstuff.com/waterpollution.html#gesamp