EFFECTS OF OXIDES OF, SULFUR, CARBON, NITROGEN. SMOG, INDUSTRIAL, SULFUROUS, PHOTO – CHEMICAL SMOG. ACID RAIN. AUTO MOBILE – EMISSION CONTROL.

2. ! Welcome !

3. SOx, COx, and NOx?.
These are different pollutants in the Environment.
Pollutants:
Anything which harm the environment and effect the life style of living –
thing( i.e. plants, animals, human beings).
Pollutants: generally are of two types which are the following:Pollutants: generally are of two types which are the following:
1) Primary – Pollutants.
2) Secondary - Pollutants.

4. Primary – Pollutants.
Those Pollutants which
are directly released
from the concerned
source to thesource to the
environment and causing
the direct effect on living
thing.
Example: SOX, COX, NOX, HC’S , P – Matter.

5. Secondary - Pollutants.
Those pollutants which are made from the chemical &
photochemical reaction of the primary pollutants in the
environment & effects the life of living things is known as
Secondary - pollutants.Secondary - pollutants.
Examples of Secondary – pollutants are :
HNO3(Nitric Acid), H2SO4(Sulphuric Acid), O3(Ozone),
Smog.

8. 1) COX:-(Oxides of Carbon)
a) Carbon Monoxide:
01 • The most Toxic Pollutant.01
02 • Its colorless and odorless gas.
03 • It is lighter then the air.

9. Sources Of CO:
Partial combustion of fossil fuel in
vehicles engine is the main source of
CO, B/c of uneven combustion due to
uneven distribution of fuel in
combustion chamber so flame doesn’t
reach in quenching to burn fuel.
E.g. burning octane (petrol):
C8H18 + O2 aCO2 + bCO + cH2O
+unburnt hydrocarbons
Where a, b, & c depend on the amount of
available oxygen

10. Effect’s Of CO:
 CO reduces the blood ability to carry oxygen to body
tissue including vital organs such as the heart, and brain.
 It is most harmful to those who suffer from heart and
respiratory disease.respiratory disease.

11. PPM OF
CO
TIME SYMPTOMS
35 8 hrs Max. exposure allowed by OSHA in workplace over 8 hrs
period
200 2 - 3 hrs Mild headache, fatigue, nausea, and dizziness.
400 1 – 2 hrs Serious Headache – other symptoms intensify.
Symptoms Associated With a Given Concentration Of CO over a Time
400 1 – 2 hrs Serious Headache – other symptoms intensify.
800 45 Mint Dizziness, nausea & convulsions. Unconscious death within
2 – 3 hrs.
1600 20 Mint Headache, dizziness and nausea. Death within 1 hrs.
3200 5 – 10 Mint Headache, dizziness and nausea. Death within 1 hrs.
6400 1 – 2 Mint Headache, dizziness and nausea. Death within 25 – 30
Mint.
12,800 1 – 3 Mint Death

12. 2) SOX:-(Oxides of Sulphur)
1) Sulphur dioxide: A Major Component in the Env.
Where It Comes From?
NATURAL SOURCES: They includes ;NATURAL SOURCES: They includes ;
 Volcanic Eruption : produced about 67% to the Env.
 Forest Fires : produced about 1%.

14. Artificial Sources: They can produced 33% SO2
 Combustion of fossil fuel especially coal containing
sulphur.
 Petroleum Refinery.
 Metallurgical Operations of Fe, Cu, Extraction.
 Cement preparations or Manufacturing. Cement preparations or Manufacturing.
 Waste Water Treatment.
 In paper manufacturing.
 In food Packaging, preservations, Disinfectants, and in
Bleaching.
 Lead chamber and contact process.

15. Effect’s Of SO2:
1) Acid Rain Formation Occur: (H2SO4 )
Sulphuric acid is produced from the reaction of sulphur dioxide
with ozone, the resulting sulphite ions then react with water
vapour in the atmosphere to produce sulphuric acid.vapour in the atmosphere to produce sulphuric acid.
Reactions:
SO2 + O3 SO3 + O2
SO3 + H2O H2SO4

16. 2) Industrial or sulfurous Smog:-
Sulfurous type smog are formed by sulfurous & sulphuric by the
combustion of fossil fuel containing large amount of sulphur. They are
formed when there is a humidity, stagnant air and cold weather condition.

17.  The acid rain formed due to SO2 can destroy plants,
damage buildings, paints change water and soil PH by
making them acidic (Which is unfit for drinking and other
purposes).
 Also the smog formed can reduce visibility, on road Also the smog formed can reduce visibility, on road
increases accident chances.
 Cause irritation of eye.
 Lungs effects.

18. 3) NOX:-(Oxides of Nitrogen)
There are about eight different type of oxides of nitrogen but three
out of them act as pollutants which are the following ;
1. Nitric Oxide (NO):- (0.1 – 2 PPM)
Nitric oxide is produced through the combination of oxygen andNitric oxide is produced through the combination of oxygen and
nitrogen in the air at very high temperatures. This can occur
naturally as the result of lightning strikes but is more common in
the hot cylinders of engines as they burn fuel and produced NO.
Reaction:
N2 + O2 2NO

19. 2. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2):- (10.4 – 15 ppm)
Nitrogen dioxide is produced through the further reaction of
nitrogen oxide with oxygen in the air. This reaction is
relatively fast and is increased further by the presence of heat
and sunlight.
Reaction:
2NO + O 2NO
Reaction:
2NO + O2 2NO2
3. Nitrose Oxide (N2O):- (0.5 ppm)
Their contribution to the environmental pollutions is very small
because of lower formation of Nitrose oxide in the environment.

20. Effect’s Of NOX:-
 The NOx can produce a secondary pollutant in the env. Known
as nitric acid. They are formed when oxide of nitrogen in the
atmosphere react with water vapors.
1) Acid Rain Formation Occur: ( HNO3)
atmosphere react with water vapors.
 Reaction :
NO + O2 NO3
NO3 + NO2 N2O5
N2O5 + H2O 2HNO3

21.  Ozone in the troposphere (ground level) is produced from
the combination of atmospheric oxygen. This reaction is
catalyzed by nitrogen dioxide and sunlight, making ozone
a secondary pollutant. The reaction proceeds as follows:
2) Formation of Ozone Occur: (O3)
Reaction: 3O2 2O3
NO2 catalyst
Sunlight

22.  When the oxides of nitrogen and unburnt hydrocarbon in the
atmosphere can build – up sufficiently high level a chain reaction
occur in the presence of sunlight to form formaldehyde, acrolein, and
peroxy acetyl Nitrate(PAN) is known as photo – chemical smog.
It is also called natural smog.
3) Formation of Photo – Chemical Smog:
 It is also called natural smog.
 This smog is developed due to chemical and photo – chemical
reaction in the environment.
Photo – Chemical
Smog

23.  Chemical Reaction :
NO2 NO + O
O + O2 O3
O3 + NO NO2 + O2
Sunlight
3CH4 + 2O3 + 3H2O
3CH4 + 2O3 3CH2=O + CH2=CHCH=O
PAN - (SMOG)
(Formaldehyde) (Acrolein)
NO2
NO2

26. Control OF Photo – Chemical Smog :

27. 3). AUTO – MOBILE EMISSION CONTROL.
There are three different types of auto – mobile emission which are :
1) Exhaust – Emission : due to combustion of fuel
 Produce’s CO, CO2, NOX , and Hydrocarbons.
2) Evaporative – Emission :2) Evaporative – Emission : HC’s escape into air through fuel
evaporation. Evaporation emission occur through several ways.
 Refueling: gasoline vapors are always present in fuel tanks. These vapors are forced out
when the tank is filled with liquid fuel.
 Running Losses: The hot engine & exhaust system can vaporize gasoline when the car is
running.
 Hot Soak: The engine remain hot for a period when car is parked & gasoline emission are
continues.

28. 2) Crankcase– Emission : Leakage of combustion gases to
engine occur due to gap between cylinder and piston ring
produced gases which contain liquid oil called blowby gases.

29. The Following devices are used to control the auto – mobile emission
AUTO – MOBILE EMISSION CONTROL DEVICES.
 Catalytic Converters.
 Exhaust Gases Recirculation (EGR) System. Exhaust Gases Recirculation (EGR) System.
 Positive Crankcase Ventilation (PCV) System.
 Fuel Evaporative Emission Control (EVAP) System.

30. Catalytic Converter :
 It’s a device used to reduce the toxicity of gases
emission occur from internal combustion engine.
 A catalytic converter is placed inside the tail pipe
through which deadly exhaust gases containingthrough which deadly exhaust gases containing
unburnt fuel, CO, NOX, are emitted.
 The function of catalytic converter is to convert these
gases into harmless gases ( such as CO2, N2, O2 ) and
water.

32. Types Of Catalytic Converters:
2 - Way C – Converter 3 - Way C – Converter

34. Exhaust Gases Recirculation (EGR) System.
 The Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) system's purpose
is to reduce NOx emissions that contribute to air pollution.
 This keeps combustion temperatures below 1500 degrees This keeps combustion temperatures below 1500 degrees
C (2800 degrees F) to reduce the reaction between
nitrogen and oxygen that forms NOx.
 Exhaust gas recirculation reduces the formation of NOX
by allowing a small amount of exhaust gas to "leak" into
the intake manifold.

36. Positive Crankcase Ventilation (PCV) System.