With rapid development of india’s national economy and improvement of living standards, energy issues have turned into serious social problems, restricting further development in the country. Large public buildings in india consume a great quantity of energy, and the indian government has rolled out a number of programs to retrofit them. Many retrofit technologies are readily available in india. However, there is uncertainty about technology effectiveness and which technologies work better in which climate zone. Only spotty analyses and summaries of real projects are available in literature. This report compares and analyzes these technologies in detail and provides some guidance in selecting economically effective approaches to retrofitting large public buildings. The first section sorts out some common building energysaving technologies and describes each technology with real projects. This section offers related background information for calculations later in the report.the second section summarizes energy consumption in office buildings and retail stores based on a literature survey for three major locations in india. The data includes itemized energy consumption, as well as energy use at whole-building levels. Later, building energy consumption simulation software – equest is used to simulate typical public buildings we constructed out of the literature survey. We calibrated the models, adjusted the usage schedules, and built a series of prototype models for all three geographical locations. The last section evaluates the effectiveness of each retrofit technology. Equest simulated the energy consumption with and without retrofit technologies in order to determine savings. We then added a cost analysis and calculated the typical payback period for each technology. Finally, we summarized these findings in tables so that readers can easily compare and understand how much savings and the payback period they can expect before starting a retrofit project.

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A
PRACTICAL PROJECT SYNOPSIS
ON
“GREEN BUILDING AWARNESS FOR HVAC”
SUBMITTED TO THE
RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, KOTA
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE
DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
Mechanical Engineering
Submitted By: Submitted To:
Akshay Sharma(10EIMME006) Rakesh Bhandari
Narendra Singh Ranawat (10EIMME035) Rahul Sharma
Naveen Kumar Vishnoi (10EIMME036)
Pushpendra Pandey (10EIMME043)
Vijay Verma (10EIMME057)
2013-2014
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT, BHILWARA
BHILWARA – 311001

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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that a Practical Project report entitled “GREEN BUILDING AWARNESS FOR
HVAC” which is being submitted to the Rajasthan Technical University, Kota by Akshay Sharma,
Narendra Singh Ranawat, Naveen Kumar Vishnoi, Pushpendra Pandey, Vijay Verma Final year
B.Tech. (Mechanical Engineering) in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering, has been found to be satisfactory and is hereby
approved for submission.
Date: Head of Department
Place: Bhilwara Department of Mech. Engg.
Institute of Technology and
Management, Bhilwara

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Energy simulation is a computer-based analytical process that helps building owner and designers to
evaluate the energy performance of a building and make it more energy efficient by making necessary
modifications in the design before the building is constructed. Use of energy simulation software is
necessary to show compliance with Indian eQuest sofwer via “Whole Building Performance Method.” This
Tip Sheet helps in understanding the basic concepts and process involved in carrying out building energy
simulation.
1.2 Introduction to the area of work (general discussion)
In the last few years commercial buildings have emerged as one of the fastest growing sectors in India. This
phenomenon, combined with the expectations to create more comfortable indoor environmental conditions,
is placing increasing energy demand on the already stretched supply side infrastructure. The energy
performance of a building depends on how a building has been designed from an energy efficiency
perspective and how well the system integration issues have been addressed. The way a building behaves
and how well the system integration issues have been addressed. The way a building behaves and perform is
governed by envelope design (walls, windows, roofs, etc.) selection of building material, and design and
selection of building system (lighting, cooling, ventilation, etc.) to meet the visual comfort of occupants and
other functional requirements.

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A building interacts with its external as well as internal environment. A good building designer
needs to account for the external factors such as air temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction, etc.,
which may vary significantly throughout the year, and balance it with visual comfort requirements.
These computer-based energy simulation programs model the visual, ventilation and other energy
consuming process taking place within the building to predict its energy performance. A simulation
program takes into account the building geometry and orientation, building materials being used, building
façade design and characteristics, climatic parameter, indoor environmental conditions, occupant activities
and schedules, HVAC and lighting system and other parameters to analyze and predict the energy
performance of a building (See Table 1).
Certain energy simulation programs are designed to work for individual building components
such as wall, roof, building form and fenestration. Some tools are specifically used for modeling one or more
parameters such as lighting, heat transfer across building envelope, natural ventilation, and shading
elements. Whole building simulation tools are widely used and are applied to the entire building as an
integrated system to capture the interactive effects of building components and systems.
Energy performance simulation tools allow designer to :
 Consider the building as a single integrated system..
 Predict thermal behavior of buildings in relation to its outdoor environment.
 Predict the impact of daylight and artificial light inside the building .

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 Model the impact of wind pattern and ventilation and assess its effect on energy use .
 Estimate the size/ capacity of equipment required for thermal and visual comfort
 Calculate the effect of various building components on each other and predict resulting conditions
and impact energy use.
 Assess the Changes in energy consumption through sensitivity analysis with respect to design
changes affecting building geometry and materials, components, systems, etc.
Figure 1.1Classification of Building Energy Consumption
1.3 OBJECTIVE
Buildings Owner is to be suggested which type of air-conditioning design system & selection equipment is
useful for building to energy minimized with simulation or analysis cooling load for summer and heating
load for winter. So we also suggest which type of Air-Conditioning system is used, with how much load and
exactly where is to be placed.
A primary concern in the field of energy efficiency is to use limited resources to create the maximum benefit
and achieve the greatest reduction in energy consumption by applying the most suitable energy-saving
technologies. The purpose of this suggestion is to establish a prototypical public building model based on
different climate features and building data in India, to analyze the suitability and economic benefits of some

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typical retrofit methods used in (Bhilwara) any one region, and to provide analysis results and suitability for
those technologies.
Table 1.1 Research planning stage
PROCEDURES SPECIFIC TASK
Task 1 • Sort out common energy-saving technologies
• Provide engineering examples of common energy-saving technologies
Task 2
• Select retrofit methods and analyze the features of different kinds of energy
simulation software.
• Select energy simulation software and introduce modeling method
Task 3
• Sort out and analyze real energy consumption data of Bhilwara, in Rajasthan
(India).
• Establish typical building model
• Calibrate model on the basis of real data, establish base model, analyze
causes of error
Task 4
• Establish modules of energy-saving technologies, simulate the efficiency of
energy-saving technologies
• Analyze the energy efficiency ratio of retrofit methods applied in any one
type of buildings and regions
Task 5 • Investigate the cost of common energy-saving technologies
• Analyze the payback period of energy-saving technologies
Task 6 • Research conclusion
• Outlook and opportunities for further research
1.4 Key Elements
Construction and Layers: For buildingsimulation, each type of building sectionis termed as one
construction. Forexample, a single brick wall with plasterand without plaster are two differenttypes of
constructions. Each construction,similar to the architectural drawingrepresentation, is a built-up section
usingdifferent materials, termed as “layers” insimulation. Therefore, when describing aconstruction, layers
must be specified intheir order of appearance (always fromoutside to inside in most of the
simulationprograms). The sequence of layers has a significant impact on the heat andmoisture transfer across
that section.
Equipment Sizing:Besides calculatingthe heat load, simulation programs arealso equipped with the
capability tocalculate the size of HVAC equipment. Todo this, they need basic information suchas
equipment efficiency. Standard sizeswhich are available can also be suppliedby the user and the software
will calculatethe number of such systems requiredfor the building. An energy simulationprogram’s ability to

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distinguish, and useto advantage, the concept of “coincident”versus “non-coincident” peak loadcalculations
can lead to more accurateplant sizing.
Hourly Simulation: Energy use issimulated in a building for every hour ofthe year. For this purpose, hourly
weatherdata is required and the simulationengine has to be capable of handlingheating/cooling load
calculations on anhourly basis, and account for the effectof heat storage in thermal mass. It maybe noted that
simplified simulationprograms generate approximate hourlysimulation results only, which aresometimes
considerably off from the moredetailed hourly results generated by otherprograms.
InputFile:Itcontainsthedescriptionofthebuilding in a form that can be understoodby the simulation program.
This containsbuilding geometry, construction details(walls, roof, windows etc.), building usageschedule, and
information about HVAC and lighting systems.This file acts as theinterface between the weather file, the
simulation engine, and the output filemanager of simulation program. Mostsimulation programs can make
use ofcommon formats of 2-D drawing files e.g.“dxf ” files, by using them as backgroundimages for quicker
creation of building
geometry.
Output File: A simulation run maygenerate more than one output files. Twoof the most important files are
the mainoutput file that contains hourly resultsand the error file that carries informationabout possible errors,
including warnings.In some cases, there is no fatal error thatwill stop the program from running butwarnings
will highlight probable logicalmistakes.
Parametric/Sensitivity Analysis:The process of optimizing the energyperformance of a building by
running
different scenarios for efficient buildingsystem and construction types.
Schedule: It specifies the hourly usagepattern of any zone or its equipment.Separate schedules can be
specifiedfor different types of days, such as anoccupancy schedule set up for 0800hrsto 1700 hrs on
weekdays, 0900 hrs to1300 hrs on Saturdays, and no usage onSundays and public holidays. Differentzones
may have different schedules andwithin each zone, different equipment,lighting, plug loads may have
differentschedules. However, to keep the tasksimple, it is recommended to group zoneshaving similar loads
and schedules.
Simulation Engine: The simulationengine is the heart of any simulationprogram. These engines are based
upon

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different algorithms for calculatingthe energy consumption in themodeled building. The engine works
incoordination with the weather file and theinput file to produce desired outputs. Asa rule of thumb, if the
engine is capableof using hourly equations, the modeller should try to create a building modelwith
significant detail. In situations withsimplified engines, where calculations areapproximated, spending time
and effortson providing minor details is not needed.Such engines are useful only for a broadcomparison of
major energy conservationoptions and should not be used forgenerating energy performance numbers.
Thermal Zone: It is a term used inenergy simulation to represent a space(volume) within the building,
catered
to by one air conditioning unit. Withthe help of “zoning” building plans aresimplified to reduce the
modeler’s work.Normally, within one thermal zone usagepattern, set point temperature and other
conditions are identical. Building spacesthat would experience similar heating and
cooling loads are generally grouped underone zone.
Visualization: Some simulationprograms have in-built capability tocreate 2-D and 3-D models of a
buildingbased on the description provided.Others, such as Energy Plus, requiredescriptions of building
geometry in the
form of coordinates. These programs alsooffer the ability to visualize the buildingby coupling with a drafting
software.Separate add-on type programs areavailable to facilitate easy creation andvisualization of building
geometry usinga visual interface.
Weather File: This file contains hourlyinformation about weather at the locationunder consideration.
Different simulationprograms use weather files in differentformats but consist of nearly the samedata such as
solar radiation, temperature,humidity, wind speed, wind direction,rainfall, atmospheric pressure, cloudcover,
etc.

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CHAPTER 2
BACKGROUND THEORY
2.1 INTRODUCTION
In the rapidly growing economy of India, the energy requirements are increasing at a fast pace. The
Government of India, at the highest level, is giving top priority to the attainment of nation’s long-term
energy security. India currently ranks sixth in the world in terms of primary energy demand. As per the
Planning Commission’s Integrated Energy Policy Report (Planning Commission 2006), if India perseveres
with sustained economic growth rate of 8% of GDP per annum through 2031-32, its primary energy supply
will need to grow by 3 to 4 times, and electricity generation capacity by 5 to 6 times compared to 2003-04. It
is estimated that by 2031-32, the country’s power generation capacity would be 800,000 MW from a current
level of 160,000 MW. Central Electricity Authority (CEA) has estimated that the country is currently facing
electricity shortage of 9.9% and peak demand shortage of 16.6% (CEA 2009).
While it is essential to add new power generation capacity to meet the nation’s growing energy
requirements, it is equally important to look out for options that will help in reducing energy demand for
various end-use sectors. Since buildings account for approximately 33% of electricity consumption and is
the fastest growing sector, it is critical that policy interventions are put in place to improve energy efficiency
in both new construction as well as existing buildings.
Buildings are complex physical objects. They interact with their immediate surroundings while trying to
provide a comfortable living and working environment to the occupants. The way a building behaves and
performs is affected by the choices made in selecting building materials and components while designing the
building envelope (walls, windows, roofs), and different systems (lighting, HVAC, etc.). Buildings provide
comfortable indoor environment conditions like thermal, visual, and acoustical by consuming energy.

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2.2Literature review
2.2.1 Energy Conservation Act, 2001
To give impetus to energy conservation in the country, Government of India enacted the Energy
Conservation Act (EC Act), which came into force on 1st March 2002. Under the Act, Government of India
established the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) in March 2002, a statutory body under the Ministry of
Power (MoP), Government of India. The EC Act directs BEE to spearhead improvement in energy
efficiency through various regulatory and promotional measures and implements the provisions of the act
(MoP 2001).
The EC Act has empowered the Government both at the Central as well as at the State level to put in place a
legal framework that could help in creating an institutional set-up that promotes energy conservation in the
country, and also helps in monitoring the efforts to meet the energy saving targets and energy intensity of the
economy.
2.2.2 Overview of the Indian Commercial Buildings Sector
According to Energy Information Administration, any building that is not used for residential, manufacturing
and agricultural purposes is termed as a ‘Commercial Building’. However in India, CEA classifies electricity
end use sectors broadly into several categories (e.g. industrial, residential, agricultural, commercial, etc.),
primarily based on the tariff charged by the Distribution Companies that is approved by the state Electricity
Regulatory Commissions. Figure 1 shows the electricity consumption in various sectors in India.
The Commercial building sector includes office buildings, hotels, hospitals, educational institutes, retail
malls, etc. According to CEA, electricity consumption in the commercial sector in India at present accounts
for about 9% of the total electricity consumption in the country. The electricity consumption in this sector
has experienced an average growth of 13.5% over last four years (Fig. 2). This growth is attributed to the
ever increasing energy consumption in existing buildings as well as increasing energy intensity of newly
constructed commercial buildings such as multi specialty hospitals, luxury hotels, retail malls, data centers,
etc. which are being built all over the country.
A demand for Information Technology sector and related services has been mainly driving rapid growth of
commercial buildings in major cities in India. In the absence of non-availability of data on commercial
buildings, several organizations have been currently making attempts to estimate the floor-space of existing
commercial building stock in India. Recent study by McKinsey (McKinsey 2009) has estimated built up area
of one billion m2 of commercial buildings that is expected to grow to four billion m2 in 2030. Estimates
based on the building sector data analyzed by the ECO-III team also predicts that 70% of building stock that

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will be there in 2030 is yet to come up in the country – a situation that is fundamentally different from
developed countries – requiring a carefully crafted set of policy interventions to encourage energy efficiency
through a combination of regulatory and market mechanisms.
BEE launched its first energy efficiency program for existing government buildings in 2002, shortly after its
creation. Under the first phase of the program, nine prestigious Government Buildings in New Delhi were
covered. Energy assessment studies identified, on an average, energy/electricity savings potential of
approximately 30%.

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In order to accelerate the energy efficiency activities in the commercial buildings, BEE has recently
developed a Star Rating Program for office buildings, which is based on actual energy performance of the
building, in terms of Energy Performance Index (EPI) measured in terms of annual electricity usage per unit
of built up area (in kWh/m2/year). Under the program, office buildings having a connected load of 500 kW
or greater are being rated on a 1-5 star scale taking into account building type, climate and percentage of
building area that is air-conditioned, with a 5-star rating being the most energy-efficient.
2.2.3 Energy Conservation Building Code
The EC Act empowers the Central Government to prescribe Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) in
the country. BEE with technical assistance from USAID supported Energy Conservation and
Commercialization Project (ECO-II Project), a Committee of Experts finalized ECBC in consultation with
various stakeholders. In May 2007, MoP formally launched ECBC for its implementation in commercial
buildings on a voluntary basis.
ECBC sets minimum energy performance standards for commercial buildings that have an electrical
connected load of 500 kW or greater or a contract demand of 600 kVA or more. The Code focuses on
building envelope, mechanical systems and equipment including heating, ventilating, and air conditioning
(HVAC) system, interior and exterior lighting systems, service hot water systems, electrical power and
motors, and takes into account five climates zones present in India (BEE 2008). Several members of the
ASHRAE 90.1 committee participated in the development of the ECBC. The structure of the ECBC is
patterned after the ASHRAE Standard (ASHRAE 2004), and offers two compliance approaches: Prescriptive
or Whole Building Performance Method. A Trade-Off Option allows greater flexibility to designers while

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designing the building envelope. The EC Act specifies that through ECBC compliance, the overall aim is to
develop energy norms and standards for eligible commercial buildings, expressed in terms of energy
consumption per m2 of area.
Per the EC Act, the Central Government can prescribe ECBC for adoption in all the states of India, the State
Governments have the power to amend ECBC to suit regional and local climatic conditions and direct the
building owners and occupiers to comply with ECBC.
2.2.4 BEE and ECO-III Partnership
Since 2007, BEE has been actively involved in promoting ECBC awareness through nation-wide workshops
and capacity building programs for stakeholders. ECBC Program Committee (EPC) constituted by BEE in
2008, addresses all issues related to ECBC. BEE, on the recommendation of the EPC and with support from
USAID ECO-III Project, brought out a revised version of ECBC in May 2008 to make the document
consistent across various sections and rectify typographical errors (BEE 2008).
Considering the growing need for developing better understanding of ECBC in the country, ECO-III, in
association with BEE, developed ECBC User Guide (USAID ECO-III Project 2009a), which aims to assist
the building designers, architects and all others involved in the building construction industry to facilitate
implementation of ECBC in real situations. In addition, ECBC Tip Sheets on Building Envelope, HVAC
Systems, Lighting Design and Energy Simulation have been developed by the ECO-III project and
disseminated widely in the country to create awareness about the Code and the major building systems that
will be affected by it.
In India, the first national level initiative to collect and analyze standardized building energy use data
(currently for 760 commercial buildings) has been carried out by BEE in partnership with the USAID ECO-
III Project. This is especially relevant in the context of linking performance of ECBC-compliant buildings
with an area-weighted normalized electricity index as specified in the EC Act. The average benchmarking
indices for different building types (along with sub-classifications) are shown in Table 1 below (Kumar et.
al. 2010).
The USAID ECO-III project, with assistance from US Department of Energy (Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory) is developing the first generation ECBC Compliance Check (ECONirman) tool and a standard
ECBC training program to assist BEE with the mandatory implementation of ECBC.

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2.2.5 Institutional Set Up for Code Implementation
Implementation of ECBC involves various stakeholders at national as well as at the state level. The
responsibility for the implementation of codes pertaining to buildings lies with the State level Urban Local
Bodies (ULBs).
In India, Standards and Codes are developed at the Central Government level. Subsequently the Central
Government advises all the State Governments and the stakeholders for their voluntary or mandatory
adoption at the State level. This is applicable for implementation of ECBC as well.
Under the Prime Minister’s National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC), the Ministry of Urban
Development (MoUD) at the Centre owns the overall responsibility of implementing ECBC under the
National Mission of Sustainable Habitat, which is under development currently by MoUD. Keeping Climate
Change issues in perspective, the mission envisages several mitigation measures including enhancement of
energy efficiency in buildings.

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MoUD has the responsibility of broad policy formulation and monitoring of programs in the areas of urban
development, urban water supply and sanitation. These are essentially State subjects but the MoUD plays a
coordinating and monitoring role and also supports these programs through schemes funded by the Central
Government. MoUD addresses various issues of urban sector through policy guidelines, legislative guidance
and sector-specific programs. The Town and Country Planning Organization is a technical advisory and
consultancy organization of the MoUD on matters concerning urban and regional planning and development
strategies, research, monitoring and appraisal of Central Government schemes and development policies.
This organization provides its technical and policy inputs to the concerned state level Urban Development
Department(s), the apex body overseeing the activities of ULBs (ULBs include Municipal Corporations,
Municipalities and Nagar Panchayats). In 2001, there were about 3,636 ULBs in the country.
ULBs regulate urban development and are responsible for town planning, regulation of land-use and
construction of buildings, roads, bridges, etc. Each ULB in a state governs these developments at the
town/city level through its General Development Control Regulation (GDCR) - a document which lays
down the framework for individual plot level building regulations called building bye laws. GDCR covers
all aspects of building construction including structural integrity, fire safety, seismic design, lighting,
electrical, plumbing, sanitary facilities, ventilation, etc. GDCR generally incorporates broader issues of
development and construction, whereas finer details get finalized by ULB’s in building bye laws depending
upon context and situation. For each ULB, the formulation process of GDCR and contents of GDCR may
vary although they all tend to follow a model template or language. The State Legislative Assembly
approves GDCR on the recommendation of ULB’s Committee constituted for the purpose. Once any code or
standard gets incorporated in GDCR document and is approved by the State Legislature, concerned ULB
directs its Town Development Office to incorporate the provisions of the code or standard judiciously in the
existing building bye laws and enforces its mandatory implementation in real situations.
In the context of ECBC implementation, general institutional arrangement discussed above is also likely to
be adopted by the States, though variations from one state to another can be expected.
2.2.6 Other Building Codes and Rating Programs
Apart from ECBC, there are a few other building codes and building rating systems currently in use in India.
These have been developed by different organizations for promoting energy efficiency and environmentally
sustainable systems in buildings. These are as under:

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2.2.8 National Building Code (NBC)
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) develops the National Building Code of India (BIS 2005). It is a
comprehensive building Code, that provides guidelines for all building construction activities across the
country. NBC serves only as a Model Code and not a mandatory Code for adoption by all organizations and
agencies involved in building construction works. It covers limited guidelines on energy conservation in
building systems. However a few provisions of the NBC have been incorporated in the ECBC.
2.2.9 Environment Clearance of Large Construction Projects
Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF) undertakes the Environment Impact Assessment and Clearance
(EIA) for large building and construction projects (MoEF 2007). Builders and developers need to obtain an
EIA clearance before construction. Per the stipulations, any building and construction project with built up
area between 20,000 to 150,000 m2, require EIA clearance from MoEF. While all township and area
development projects covering more than 50 hectare (500,000 m2) and built up area more than 150,000 m2 in
the states are required to get environment clearance from the State Environment Impact Assessment
Authority.
After the introduction of ECBC by the Government, MoEF has started asking for ECBC compliance while
undertaking EIA for all projects falling under their purview. At present, there are around 300 such projects,
which have been given clearance by MoEF, and are under various stages of development.
2.2.10 Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, LEED-India
Similar to the LEED rating system, developed by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), LEED-India
promotes a whole-building approach to sustainability by addressing performance in the following five areas:
(1) sustainable site development, (2) water savings, (3) energy efficiency, (4) materials selection and (5)
indoor environmental quality.
The LEED India rating system is managed by Indian Green Building Council (IGBC), promoted by
Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) Godrej Green Business Centre. IGBC is comprised of key
stakeholders in the construction industry, including government, companies, architects, product
manufacturers, and research institutions. At present, 73 buildings in India are LEED certified
(http://www.igbc.in).

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2.2.11 Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment
Having recognized that the LEED rating system largely focuses on air-conditioned buildings, while most
Indian buildings are not air-conditioned, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), developed Green
Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA) — a rating system for new commercial, institutional and
residential buildings (http://www.grihaindia.org/).
GRIHA rating system has incorporated the provisions of the NBC 2005, ECBC, and other Indian Standard
codes. In 2008, GRIHA has been launched by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, the Government
of India, The rating criteria includes extent of commercial energy use, renewable energy use, water use and
recycling, waste management, etc. Presently two buildings have been rated under GRIHA.
In summary, ECBC has been developed as India’s first building energy code that focuses specifically on the
compliance of minimum energy efficiency standards for commercial buildings. The National Building Code
of India (2005) had been previously put in place as a comprehensive document to provide guidelines for
regulating building construction activities across the country. However, the content says little about energy
efficiency and focuses mainly on building design to prevent failure in the wake of a natural calamity. It is
expected that both GRIHA and LEED-India voluntary rating systems will incorporate ECBC once it is made
mandatory by the Government of India.
2.2.12 Major Barriers to and Recommendations for Implementing ECBC
Implementation of ECBC is currently in a voluntary compliance phase since May 2007. No specific study so
far has been carried out by BEE or any other organization to establish barriers towards its implementation.

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However while interacting with various stakeholders at various forums, following barriers and challenges
(Table 3) have been identified by the authors of this paper, and corresponding recommendations have been
developed as under:

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2.2.14 ECBC Implementation Strategy
Development of a most suitable implementation strategy by the Government relies on several perceptions
and the prevailing scenario. A few strategic options and focus areas, in the opinion of authors, which need to
be considered by the Government in the development of an implementation strategy are discussed here:
2.2.15 Strengthen Administrative and Institutional Set-Up
The Prime Minister’s National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) assigns the implementation of
ECBC to the Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) under the National Mission of Sustainable Habitat,
which is under development presently. Figure 3 and Figure 4 illustrate the ECBC institutional set up and
compliance process that may be needed at the state level, using state of Gujarat as an example. These have
been developed keeping in mind the existing process for bye laws approval and how ECBC can be integrated
with that process. Following steps are being proposed to implement ECBC at the State Level:
Ministry of Power or BEE notifies MoUD to initiate the process of ECBC implementation in the states
through a Government Notification;

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2. MoUD issues directives to the State Government’s Urban Development Department (UDD, the apex
body for all the ULBs in the state) to adopt ECBC in the existing bye laws of various ULBs in the
state.
3. UDD refers the matter to a state level committee to review and integrate ECBC provisions in existing
General Development Control Regulation (GDCR), which governs the bye laws of ULBs;
4. A Technical Sub-committee provides technical and administrative inputs pertaining to the integration
of the ECBC clauses into GDCR;
5. UDD produces the revised “Model GDCR document” including ECBC integration clauses and
submits the document to the State Legislative Assembly for approval;
6. The approved Model GDCR is circulated to ULBs for appropriate action and modification of bye
laws, if needed.
7. The modified bye laws are kept at the Town Development Office (TDO) which is responsible for
enforcement and compliance of the bye laws;
8. TDO can set up an in-house ECBC Cell with adequate number of specialists and build their capacity
to deal with all issues associated with ECBC compliance;
9. TDO identifies, appoints and authorizes special institutions (as third-parties) within the state to
facilitate periodic inspection and certification of ECBC compliance;
10. UDD monitors the compliance programs at the state level and reports to MoUD, MoP and BEE on a
periodic basis.
2.3 Role of Government and other Stakeholders
Long-term success of the ECBC will depend heavily on the collaborative roles various stakeholders would
play towards the development, adoption, implementation, and updating process of building code. These are
briefly as under;
• BEE: The proposed role for BEE is as a continued facilitator and hub of supporting activities both at
the Central and State Level. BEE may have to review its coordination role once the Ministry of

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Urban Development develops the ‘National Mission on Sustainable Habitat’ and the Mission
becomes operational for implementation.
• States: Without adoption by the states, the ECBC will continue to be implemented in the government
buildings only, and in a small number of additional private buildings through voluntary participation.
Extensive state adoption is crucial for spreading wider acceptance of the ECBC in commercial
buildings in the private sector.
• Design Professionals: Architects and engineers will need to be directly involved in efforts to expand
knowledge and understanding of ECBC and energy-efficient buildings. They will also need to be
consulted on the type of technical assistance that must be developed for them. Documenting and
sharing best practices on ECBC implementation in real situations could be beneficial.
• Academic Institutions: Once architects get involved in professional practice, the time to learn and
develop new skills is scarce, clients dictate project costs and time schedules, and integrating new
approaches becomes difficult. Therefore integrating concepts of energy-efficient design and
technology into architecture and engineering curriculum in professional colleges becomes essential.
If this is taught at university level, along with other basic skills, upcoming professionals can use the
skills as a guiding principle in designing all buildings.
• Technical Consultants: Substantial expertise exists in the international energy efficiency field,
related to building design, technical requirements, education, policy and program
delivery. Drawing on international experience through a collaborative framework can lead to capacity
building and knowledge transfer to Indian energy efficiency professionals leading to a more sustainable
approach where more buildings can benefit from the guidance of building energy efficiency
consultants/experts. Technical consultants can develop specific resources needed for supporting ECBC
implementation, drawing from their international experiences.
• Industry: Manufacturers of building materials, lighting, and MEP systems have the technology that
can facilitate in designing and constructing energy-efficient buildings. It is in their business interest
to provide accurate, reliable, and easy to use information so that their products are operated and
maintained correctly to achieve maximum energy efficiency. Industry can also become a major
player in Public Private Partnerships to develop the infrastructure and R&D facilities (e.g. Building
Energy Performance Laboratory at CEPT University, Ahmedabad) that can benefit the entire sector.

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2.3.1 Introduce Standard & Labeling Program for Building Materials and Systems
After meeting the mandatory requirements of the Code, there are mainly two approaches for complying with
ECBC – one is a Prescriptive Approach that specifies performance requirements while selecting and
installing building materials and equipment (insulation, windows, lighting, HVAC systems, etc.); the other is
the Whole Building Performance Approach that allows flexibility in design but requires specialized energy
simulation expertise. The primary benefit of the prescriptive path is its simplicity. Unfortunately, at present
government or third-party laboratories cannot certify all the products and equipment necessary to comply
with the ECBC. Therefore for the prescriptive path to be effective, a Standards and Labeling program for
building materials and systems, similar to what has been initiated by BEE for home appliances, will be
critical in promoting ECBC compliance.
2.3.2 Provide Technical Support
Energy codes may appear to be complex and difficult to decipher, particularly when these are being adopted
for the first time. However, whether these are existing Code requirements or an update to existing Code,
building professionals and consultants require assistance to ensure that buildings be built in accordance with
the Code. Useful resources can include in-person training, how-to manuals/guides, and case studies, as well
as enforcement checklists and compliance forms. In this context, BEE has organized several awareness
programs nationwide for building professions. ECO-III has supported these initiatives and has developed a
number of ECBC Tip Sheets and ECBC User Guide in association with BEE. Computer based ECBC
Compliance tool is under development to assist designers and enforcement authorities in promoting ECBC
implementation.
2.3.3 Build Capacity of Academic Institutions
Current academic training on energy-efficient design and construction techniques in India appears to be
insufficient to support widespread implementation of ECBC requirements.
A survey on architecture educational curriculum conducted by the ECO-III Project brought forth many
inadequacies of the education structure vis-à-vis the issues of energy efficiency, environment and
sustainability (USAID ECO-III Project 2009b). Most institutes have indicated the lack of professional
expertise to teach such courses as one of the major barriers. Lack of good quality reference material in terms
of books and research publications is also a major hindrance towards generating interest in building science
subjects among students and teachers. It is also observed that adequate infrastructure in the form of
diagnostic equipment, simulation labs and software is not available in most of the institutes.

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It is essential to incorporate the fundamentals of building science, related to energy use, into typical
architecture-related curriculum to build understanding and expertise.
2.3.4 Develop ECBC Network
To ensure a positive impact of ECBC at the national level, it is necessary for each state to adopt it as early as
possible. Determining the best local administrative process for adoption and the most effective infrastructure
for enforcement may not be an easy task, but it is one that can be supported through good networking of
institutions and dissemination of useful information to the stakeholders. In going through the process, states
will uncover effective strategies to support ECBC implementation and be in a position to share their best
practices and lessons learned amongst various States and stakeholders. An ECBC Best Practices Network
can be a web-based resource, but care should be taken to also support the distribution of the information in-
person to assure widespread dissemination and include those who are without internet access. A Best
Practices Network should be specific to the needs and circumstances of the state.
2.3.5 Move the Market towards High Performance Buildings
In a developing economy with improved energy efficiency as a primary goal, the ECBC needs to be
implemented gradually and made increasingly stringent with time. Experience shows that design and
construction techniques, as well as new products, are first implemented in a small handful of buildings as
progressive efficiency measures. As understanding of the process and awareness increases, the cost of
related products falls due to rising demand, and these practices become more widespread. Many measures
become more cost-effective and can be used for improving the stringency of the code. Without programs to
push new developments in building energy efficiency, the code enhancement would progress at a very slow
pace, leading to limited improvement in energy efficiency of the buildings. Therefore it is important that
ECBC implementation plan should encourage and support newer developments, which promote higher
performance in the buildings.
2.3.6 Encourage Partial Compliance as an Intermediate Implementation Strategy
On this note, it may also be worthwhile to consider carrying out Code implementation in a phased manner.
Instead of trying to drive Code implementation in its entirety, which can be daunting, technical support may
be provided in a step-by-step manner. Under this approach, easy-to-understand guidance and training can be
provided for specific systems and components, one at a time. For example, early efforts may focus on
building capacity for professionals, vendors and compliance authorities solely on bringing current building

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practices up to the envelope requirements stated in the ECBC. This may even be broken down into smaller
efforts such as insulation, glazing, etc., that may be carried out either sequentially or concurrently.
Subsequently, the focus can then be shift to, say, lighting systems, HVAC system, etc.
2.4 CONCLUSIONS
Ministry of Power, Government of India and BEE under EC Act has taken major initiatives to improve
energy efficiency in new commercial buildings through the development of ECBC and announcing its
adoption on voluntary basis in the country. Though the adoption and implementation of ECBC lies with the
State Governments, BEE has been promoting awareness on ECBC amongst the building designers and the
concerned state level authorities through nationwide awareness workshops and training programs. Since
2007, USAID supported ECO-III Project has been assisting BEE in this national task and has developed
ECBC User Guide and number of ECBC Tip Sheets to raise capacity of professionals in the building
construction Industry. However implementation of ECBC at the State level and incorporation of ECBC
provisions in real building designs continue to pose several challenges. Though no in-depth study has been
undertaken so far by BEE or any other organization to analyze and document problems associated with the
implementation process, several barriers have been identified through interactions with the stakeholders.
These include the following:
• Lack of clarity in the institutional and administrative set up and compliance mechanism at the state
levels to enforce ECBC;
• Inadequate in-depth knowledge and expertise amongst majority of practicing architects, engineers
and consultants, to incorporate ECBC provisions in the building design;
• High cost of energy efficient building equipment and building materials in the market as a result of
low demand;
• Inadequate products and material testing labs to meet mandatory provisions of ECBC;
• Absence of market forces and lack of awareness among building owners/users on the long term
financial benefits of Energy Efficient/ECBC compliance buildings;
• Inadequacy of faculty and trainers with specialized knowledge and expertise in existing academic
architectural/engineering and professional institutions to educate/train students and professionals on
energy efficiency aspects in buildings.

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Considering that the construction sector will experience rapid growth over the next twenty years, BEE with
support from Ministry of Power and Ministry of Urban Development, need to take the lead in developing an
ECBC Implementation Roadmap, which should include the following components:
• Strengthening of institutional/administrative set up and creation of in-house ECBC compliance cells
in municipal authorities in states;
• Identification and authorization of institutions and organizations to function as third party
certification agencies for ECBC compliance in buildings;
• Selection of institutions to enhance capacity of building designers, consultants, educators, etc.
through nationwide training programs on ECBC and building energy efficiency;
• Enhancement of educational curriculum for upcoming architects and engineers in selected academic
institutions to meet growing needs of energy efficiency in buildings;
• Identification and strengthening of existing labs to meet building products’ testing and certification
requirements of ECBC;
• Creation of forums to interact with building materials and equipment manufacturers to create market
pull for efficient products;
• Introduction of a scheme that promotes compliance of a few specific easy to implement

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CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 INTRODUCTION
The purpose of the research is to perform energy simulation of a fully functional building for identifying the
degree of closeness with which simulation results generated by two different simulation tools match with
actual heat and energy flows. The case of a medium sized office building, in INDIA, Rajasthan, Bhilwara,
(I.T.M. University Lab). has been used for this purpose. Further the analysis has been extended to study the
energy savings for a set of ECMs.
The methodology used in the project has the following steps:
• Explore eQUEST programs.
• Data collection about the Computer/ English Language Lab building
• Preparation of schedules for occupancy, lighting and computers using actual data
• Understand the inputs parameters in the tools
• Develop a detailed building energy simulation model of the case using eQUEST .
• Modification of weather data for KOTA near Bhilwara file required for simulation using on-site
measurements.
• Comparison of results derived from both the simulation programs with the utility data of the building.
 ENERGY MODELING
 Building Description
The case building is located in INDIA, Rajasthan, Bhilwara, (I.T.M. University Lab). It is a North facing
one storied Computer/ English Language Lab building with a total floor area of 1200 sft. Bhilwara is in
Climate Zone 2 and it is in a Hot & Dry (B) location.
 Materials and Construction
The walls are concrete, Plaster, Bricks spaced on 24-inch centers 1 ½” polystyrene 1” stucco
construction and roof is 3/8” built up roof and 1in Stone. The floor height is 12’ with a floor to ceiling
clear space of 9’, 3’ for the plenum that comprises air conditioning ducts and false ceiling.

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Figure :-3.1 -2 D Diagram Of I.T.M., Bhilwara Computer/ Language Lab
Figure :-3.2 -3 D Diagram Of I.T.M., Bhilwara Computer/ Language Lab for North Side
 Building schedules and operations
The schedules and operating hours for the models are very comprehensive. The building has different
schedules for Monday to Thursday and one for Friday and different schedule for weekends and holidays.

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Figure :-3.2 -3 D Diagram Of I.T.M., Bhilwara Computer/ Language Lab for South Side
 Energy modeling in eQUEST
The eQUEST model of the office building used in this study was previously developed by a group for
studying the performance of the building. It was calibrated against the utility data for a period of one year
i.e. August 1st 2013 to July 31st 2014. A custom weather file was created by collecting the onsite weather
data for that period of time.
 Zoning and HVAC
This Collage/University basically has Computer/Language room,. The building has several small zones
including the Plenum spaces. The building is conditioned with a rooftop packaged VAV system.

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CHAPTER 4
RESULT ANALYSIS
4.1 Simulation Program Outputs
All the major programs offer the following output includes:
The input data: The report usually repeats the input data for ease of review. This includes data drawn from
the program’s data libraries. For example, the output may indicate the outside air temperature and humidity
that were assumed for each hour.
Building loads: Loads are divided into heating, cooling, lighting, process, etc. Some programs may report
the components of these loads. For example, cooling load may be divided into solar gain, conduction load,
internal heat gain, and latent load. The loads for individual hours may be displayed.
Equipment Sizing data: Normally equipment capacities are selected by using the calculations of peak
equipment load. For example, the program may report the peak air flow of air handling units, the peak steam
flow from boilers, the peak energy input to individual chillers, etc.
eQUEST
eQUEST is an easy to use building energy analysis tool which provides high quality results by combining a
building creation wizard, an energy efficiency measure wizard and a graphical results display module with
an enhanced DOE-2.2 derived building energy simulation program. The building creation wizard walks a
user through the process of creating a building model. Within eQUEST, DOE-2.2 performs an hourly
simulation
of the building based on walls, windows, glass, people, plug loads, and ventilation. DOE-2.2 also simulates
the performance of fans, pumps, chillers, boilers, and other energy-consuming devices. eQUEST allows
users to create multiple simulations and view the alternative results in side-by side graphics. It offers energy
cost estimating, daylighting and lighting system control, and automatic implementation of energy efficiency
measures (eQUEST, 2008).
Integrated Energy Design
While DOE-2 has long been available for designers to evaluate the energy performance of their building
designs, it has been too difficult and expensive to use for most projects. eQUEST is a building energy
simulation tool so comprehensive that it would be useful to all design team members, yet so intuitive any
design team member could use it, in any or all design phases, including schematic design. eQUEST is well
named because it provides something the buildings industry has been looking for, but has been unable to
find a sophisticated, yet easy-to-use building energy analysis tool powerful enough to address every design
team member's domain (e.g., architectural, lighting, mechanical) but simple enough to permit a collaborative
effort by all design team members in all design phases. eQUEST was designed to allow to perform detailed
analysis of today’s state-of-the-art building technologies using today’s most sophisticated building energy
use simulation techniques without requiring extensive experience in the "art" of building performance
modeling. This is possible because eQUEST's DOE-2-derived engine is combined with a building creation

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wizard, an energy efficiency measure wizard, industry standard input defaults, and a graphical results display
module. eQUEST will step through the creation of a detailed building model, allow to automatically perform
parametric simulations of design alternatives and provide with intuitive graphics that compare the
performance of design alternatives. Reliable detailed simulation was made easier by eQUEST.
Engine in eQUEST
DOE-2 is the most widely recognized and respected building energy analysis program. Although DOE-2 was
first released in the late 1970's, it used as starting points earlier simulation tools and methods developed and
funded by ASHRAE, NASA, the U.S. Postal Service, and the electric and gas utility industries. During the
first half of the 1980's, it continued under DOE support, but decreasing national concern about energy
created the need for industry support, which became its principal source of support through much of the
1990's. Through this long and collaborative history, DOE-2 has been widely reviewed and validated in the
public domain. The simulation "engine" within eQUEST is derived from the latest official version of DOE-
2, however, eQUEST's engine extends and expands DOE-2's capabilities in several important ways,
including: interactive operation, dynamic/intelligent defaults, and improvements to numerous long-standing
shortcomings in DOE-2 that have limited its use by mainstream designers.
Overview of the Process
eQUEST calculates hour-by-hour building energy consumption over an entire year (8760 hours) using
hourly weather data for the location under consideration. Input to the program consists of a detailed
description of the building being analyzed, including hourly scheduling of occupants, lighting, equipment,
and thermostat settings. eQUEST provides very accurate simulation of such building features as shading,
fenestration, interior building mass, envelope building mass, and the dynamic response of differing heating
and air conditioning system types and controls. eQUEST also contains a dynamic daylighting model to
assess the effect of natural lighting on thermal and lighting demands. The simulation process begins by
developing a "model" of the building based on building plans and specifications. A base line building model
that assumes a minimum level of efficiency (e.g., ASHRAE 90.1) is then developed to provide the base from
which energy savings are estimated. Alternative analyses are made by making changes to the model that
correspond to efficiency measures that could be implemented in the building. These alternative analyses
result in annual utility consumption and cost savings for the efficiency measure that can then be used to
determine simple payback, life-cycle cost, etc. for the measure and, ultimately, to determine the best
combination of alternatives.
Building Blocks of Simulation
Building simulation requires that a model of the proposed building be created not a physical model but a
virtual model capable of simulating the important thermodynamics of the proposed building. Toward that
end, the following list summarizes essential components, steps, or building blocks, in a how-to description of

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the process of simulation modeling. Before "building" anything, including simulation model, first considers
and collects the following
Analysis Objectives
Approach for simulation model with a clear understanding of the design questions wish to answer must be
clear. It has to focus on the important issues and at the same time, limit the questions with use of model to
answer. Experience will teach how best to strike this important balance for each new project.
Building Site Information and Weather Data
Important building site characteristics include latitude, longitude and elevation, plus information about
adjacent structure or landscape capable of casting significant shadows on proposed
(or existing) building.
Building Shell, Structure, Materials, and Shades
eQUEST is interested in the walls, roof, and floor of proposed building only in so far as they transfer or store
heat. Geometry (dimensions) and construction materials of each of the heat transfer surfaces of proposed
building. This will include glass properties of windows and the dimensions of any window shades
(e.g., overhangs and fins). eQUEST provides users with simple, user-friendly, choices for each of these.
Building Operations and Scheduling
This includes information about when building occupancy begins and ends (times, days of the week, and
seasonal variations such as for schools), occupied indoor thermostat set points, and
HVAC and internal equipment operations schedules. eQUEST defaults operations schedule information
based on building type.
Internal Loads
Heat gain from internal loads (e.g., people, lights, and equipment) can constitute a significant portion of the
utility requirements in large buildings, both from their direct power requirements and the indirect effect they
have on cooling and heating requirements. In fact, internal loads can frequently make large buildings
relatively insensitive to weather. More importantly, the performance of almost all energy-efficient design
alternatives will be impacted either directly or indirectly by the amount of internal load within a building.

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HVAC Zoning
HVAC zoning recognizes that load profiles seen by different spaces in a building differ. Identifying those
areas with similar load profiles and grouping them under the same thermostat control improves comfort and
may reduce energy. For example, imagine measuring indoor air temperatures at many locations throughout a
building during hours when the HVAC fans are turned off. Internal gains, solar gains, and envelope
gains/losses would cause the temperatures to vary with time. If, after some number of hours or days,
carefully examined the temperature histories, grouping together those that shared similar profiles, have
effectively grouped together those areas of the building that share similar load characteristics. Each such
area or "zone" could, therefore, be adequately controlled by a single thermostat. In other words, HVAC
thermal zoning seeks to group together those areas (rooms) in a building that share similar load and usage
characteristics, for purposes of control. Of course, this imagined procedure is not how HVAC engineers
actually zone any building.
Rather, the rules listed below are followed.
• The same rules apply when zoning a simulation model when modeling existing buildings, refer to the
actual zoning indicated by the HVAC plans
• magnitude and schedule of internal loads
• magnitude and schedule of solar gains
• schedule of fan system operations
• outside air requirements
• intended efficiency measures
• location of thermostats called out on the HVAC plans
Currently, eQUEST provides the user with two automatic
zoning schemes, one zone per- floor, and simple core-vs.-perimeter zoning. Based on this user selection,
eQUEST will automatically zone model for us.
Computational Steps in eQUEST
To better understand the results and limitations of eQUEST DOE-2-derived engine; it is helpful to be
familiar with the generic computational steps DOE-2 has always gone through in its simulation.
Understanding this sequence is important to understanding the detailed reports produced by eQUEST DOE-
2-derived engine. See the Detailed Reports section of this tutorial fo a brief overview of the available

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detailed reports eQUEST produces intuitive graphical summary results reports. See the Graphical Reports
section for more information about eQUEST's summary reports.

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CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK
As different simulation programs may have different software architecture, different algorithms to model
building and energy systems, and require different user inputs even to describe the same building envelope
or HVAC system component; it is an enigmatic task to develop an identical energy model with two
simulation programs. To get as close as possible for an apple-to-apple comparison of both the simulation
programs, they will be run on a common basis with:
 The same building and energy systems and their control strategies
 Studied for the same simulation run period
 The same or as close as possible simulation settings: time step, calculation algorithm.
 The same computer with same hardware and software configurations Evaluation of the two programs
in question will be based on the following:
Usability - Import/export capabilities; the user interface; how much time is spent for learning and training;
effort required in updating model / conducting parametric studies and the simulation run time.
Functionality - The detail of comprehensiveness of geometric and system modeling;
Reliability - Consistency and accuracy of results
Prevalence - Available documentation, user support and pricing and licensing
The analysis in this project is limited to the study of the results. In depth analysis of the reasons for deviation
based on the structure/algorithms of the programs are not done in this project.The degree of instrumentation
in this project is also limited.
Computer configuration
The simulation runs are done on a personal laptop computer with Intel Core 2 Duo processor of 3 GHZ and
2 GB of RAM on Microsoft Windows 7 operating system with SP2.

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APPENDIX B
MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTIONS
 Comparisonof electricity consumption with the utility data.
Month Actual kWh eQUEST kWh
Jan 20,136 22436
Feb 19,397 20641
Mar 21,921 23926
Apr 23,734 24270
May 28,780 27686
Jun 33,516 32641
Jul 39,480 39889
Aug 36,877 37857
Sep 30,989 29336
Oct 24,464 24232
Nov 21,118 22417
Dec 20,489 20873

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 Construction Layers
Ins Film
Material1
Thkne Material
2
thkn
Material 3
thk
ne
Material 4
thkne
Layer name Resis ss1 ess2 ss3 ss 4
Clg Tile
0.76
AcousTile
3/4in
0.063 - n/a - n/a - n/a
Layer (AC03)
EWall Cons
0.68
Stucco 1in
(SC01) 0.083
EIFS R-
Value
n/a
EWall
Cavity
n/a
GypBd
1/2in
0.042
Layers Mat R-value (GP01)
IFlr Cons
0.68
Conc HW
140lb 2in
0.167
Carpet &
No
n/a n/a - n/a
Layers (HF-C12) Pad
IWall Cons
0.68
GypBd
1/2in
(GP01) 0.042
IWall
Cons Mat
n/a
GypBd 1/2in 0.0
42 - n/a
Layers 2 (5.5) (GP01)
Roof Cons
0.68
Blt-Up
Roof 3/8in
0.031
Roof R-
Value
n/a
Plywd 5/8in 0.0
52 - n/a
Layers (BR01) (R30) (PW04)
 Glass properties
Glass Type Name
Spec
Library Selection
Shading Glass Visible Outside
Method
Coefficien
t
Conductanc
e
transmittanc
e
Emissivit
y
AFG Gray+Low- Glass
AFG
Gray+LoweClr-
n/a 1.47 0.9 0.84
eClr2inAlFrmNoBrk Library NoBrk
AFG Gray+Low-
eClr2inAlFrm Glass
AFG
Gray+LoweClr-
n/a 1.47 0.9 0.84
wBrk Library wBrk
Non-North Glass Type Simplifie n/a 0.44 0.36 0.45 0.84

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d
North Glass Type
Simplifie
d n/a 0.44 0.36 0.45 0.84
2Dome Acrylc White,
Alum no Brk
Simplifie
d n/a 0.54 1.27 0.5 0.84

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REFERENCE
 Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC)
 Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, LEED-India
 National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)
 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHARE)
 National Building Code of India (BIS 2005)