PNT threats are at an all-time high, creating unprecedented operational risk to defense information systems and more. Learn how to combat these threats from our GPS World Webinar slides.

1. Addressing PNT threats in critical defense infrastructure
Nino De Falcis, senior director, sync business development, Americas, Oscilloquartz, ADVA
Dec 1, 2022 | 1-2 p.m. ET (30min) | 60-Min Sync Webinar Series

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2
Who we are?
73-year-old Swiss-based timing
and synchronization company
owned by ADVA
(since 1949)
28 year-old German-based optical
networking company
(since 1994)
37-year-old US-based optical networking company in
Huntsville, AL | Nasdaq: ADTN
(since 1985)
Acquired in 2021 by

3. PNT* threats are at an all-time high everywhere and are
growing in sophistication
DISA/DISN
Army
Air Force
Navy
*Positioning, Navigation and Timing. Timing enables P and N
Space Force
GPS/LEO PNT
land
sea
air
Data Centers
space
PNT threats
network
GPS
USNO/
NIST

4. C5ISR - Command, control, communications, computers,
cyber, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance
DISA/DISN
Army
Air Force
Navy
Space Force
C5ISR
land
sea
air
Data Centers
space
Current C5ISR center is the concept of supporting the army’s combat capabilities with reliable and real-time
information for tactical battlefield decisions. Secure, resilient and synchronized datacomms support critical land,
sea, air and space missions
network
Centralized

5. JADC2 – Joint all-domain command and control
DoD/DISN
Army
Air Force
Navy
Space Force
land
sea
air
Neural Data
Centers
space
Future JADC2 is the concept to connect sensors/weapons from all branches of the armed forces into a unified
network powered by AI. Tactical networks will utilize 5G/5G ORAN capabilities for ubiquitous high-speed connectivity,
to move massive data to connect distant sensors into a dense and resilient battlefield network. Low-latency and
synchronized datacomms will enable next-gen connected unmanned/autonomous weapons systems across all domains
5G
network
Core
Backhaul
Mid/Fronthaul
Edge/Mobile
C5ISR
JADC2
Decentralized
AI

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*Time- + GPS-Backup- “as-a-Service” concept needs to be deployed at all domain branches
Requirements
• DoD zero-trust strategy “never
trust, always verify”
• GPS cannot be a single point of
failure in PNT capability
• Secure, resilient and assured
PNT with six 9’s reliability
• DHS resilient PNT guideline “use
multiple sources”
• End-to-end “defense-in
-depth” PNT capability
Applications
• Resilient and assured PNT for all combat domains (land, sea, air, space)
• Secure and synchronized multidomain tactical datacomms
• Accurate timing for real-time DISN/C5ISR information network
• Synchronized JADC2 network powered with AI and 5G/5G ORAN
• Precise timing for connected sensors/radars (event trigger/timestamp)
• TaaS+GBaaS* concept enabling resilient and assured PNT
Defense network timing requirements and applications
Mcode GPS/GNSS
Diversified/Encrypted LEO PNT
Surveillance
DISN
AI
Intelligent connected sensors/weapons JADC2 network ecosystem

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Massive data needs to move into battlefield network in fractions of second
• Hypersonic weapons - guiding Mach 5-speed missiles/dodging interceptor missiles
• Hypersonic missile defense - detecting/tracking/launching air defense measures
• Intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) - Live streaming real-time 4K videos
• Drones and AI - unmanned/autonomous with facial recognition to select targets
• Smart military base - improved C2 (Command and Control) systems
• Battle networks - interconnected soldiers/vehicles/etc. with high-speed multimedia capability
• Battlefield wearables - enable MMTC* technology (1M devices operating within 1 sq km)
• Augmented reality and virtual reality (AR and VR) - for simulation, training and mission
rehearsal
*massive machine type communication
Source: DEFENCEXP
JADC2 applications requiring 5G technology

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8
Are PNT threats real?
Oct 27, 2022
Jan 21, 2022
Disruption “lasted for 33.5 hours. Wireline and cellular providers had timing backup
systems and were unaffected. A radio system with no backups suffered, as did a
simulcast radio system that used rubidium backup clocks”
March19, 2022
Oct 19, 2022

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• PNT stands for Positioning, Navigation and Timing. Timing enables P and N
• Protect defense/industry critical infrastructure (CI) against PNT service disruptions from frequent
GPS/GNSS and NTP/PTP timing attacks – GPS, commercial or Mcode, is a single point of failure
and can no longer be considered the sole reliable source for CI
• Deploy resilient, multisource and survivable PNT systems (OSA’s assured PNT+ technology)
• Target critical infrastructure under national security threats
• Use published resilient PNT guidelines and standard in progress
• DHS Resilient PNT Conformance Framework
• NIST Cybersecurity Framework for PNT Profile
• IEEE P1952 Resilient PNT for User Equipment Standard working group
Driven by US Federal Executive Order 13905
What is the new resilient PNT mandate/standard?
Power grids Finance Transportation Communications Data centers

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What are the DHS Resilient PNT guidelines
Core functions PNT Resiliency levels
DHS Resilient PNT Conformance Framework driving the IEEE P1952 Standard working group
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Level 4
1 source 2 sources 3 sources multisource
next-gen
system
End goal vs. risk profile

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UNDER REVIEW
What are the PNT cyber threats and GNSS vulnerabilities?
jamming
environmental
satellite
attacks
adjacent-band transmitters
spoofing
External GPS/GNSS level
RARE
PNT threats
COMMON
GPS/GNSS
degradation
causes
sat ground
station
space
debris
Figure 4.1 – Known GPS vulnerabilities to telecom (updated)

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What are the PNT cyber threats and GNSS vulnerabilities?
RARE
Cyberattacks
Internal network level
COMMON
NTP
PTP
PNT threats
/ /
client clock
boundary
clock
network
interference
GPS/GNSS
receiver

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How our trusted aPNT+ technology works?
control + visibility+ assurance + scalability + redundancy
detection + verification + backup + mitigation
multisource
neural
monitoring and
management
1
2
assured PNT+

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14
How our trusted aPNT+ technology works?
control + visibility+ assurance + scalability + redundancy
detection + verification + backup + mitigation
multisource
neural
monitoring and
management
1
2
assured PNT+

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How our trusted aPNT+ technology works?
control + visibility+ assurance + scalability + redundancy
detection + verification + backup + mitigation
multisource
neural
monitoring and
management
zero-trust multisource™
backup framework
1
2
3
assured PNT+

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16
aPNT+ technology at work
Zero-trust multisource™
PNT backup
PNT multilayer attack
detection
GPS/GNSS
source
Neural multilevel fault-
tolerant PNT mitigation
PNT attacks
PNT resiliency and assurance components
smart grandmaster clock
3
4
2
1
Oct 27, 2022
OSA 5422
device
receiver
antenna
network

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17
PNT backup with innovative GBaaS*
Zero-trust multisource™ PNT backup solution
Autonomous optical
cesium atomic clock
OSA 3350
GPS/GNSS
source
1
Zero-trust multisource™
PNT backup
3
4
2
PNT multilayer attack
detection
*GPS/GNSS-Backup-as-a-Service
Neural multilevel fault-
tolerant PNT mitigation
+
Other sources (NIST,
eLoran, LEO, etc.)
OSA 5422
+
Network PTP/
NTP timing feeds

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18
PNT mitigation with innovative AI Syncjack/Sync Director
Neural multilevel fault-tolerant PNT mitigation solution
GPS/GNSS
source
1
Zero-trust multisource™
PNT backup
3
4
2
PNT multilayer attack
detection
•AI SyncJack monitor
•AI Ensemble Sync
Director management
Neural multilevel fault-
tolerant PNT mitigation
device/network
Monitor
OSA 5422
✓ Trusted aPNT+™ platform technology
✓ Intelligentdefense-in-depth capability
✓ 10G ultrahigh-speedclock
✓ Enhanced level 4 PNT resiliency
✓ PNT assurance/compliance
✓ 99.9999% uptime

19. *Time-as-a-Service+**GPS/GNSS-backup-as-a-service concept
Enabling TaaS*+GBaaS** for resilient and assured PNT in
5G DISN/C5ISR/JADC2 network
Mcode GPS/GNSS
Diversified/Encrypted LEO PNT
Surveillance

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20
Best practice timing architecture for 5G MIL networks
eCPRI
Backhaul
Middlehaul
Fronthaul
Ethernet
+/-100ns (+/-300ns)
+/-1100ns
Access
Unit
Distribution
Unit
Central
Unit
5G Core
Network
AU DU
CU
CU
CU
G.8275.1 or G.8275.2
(L2/L3)
G.8275.1 (L2)
RRU
Remote Radio
Unit
Timing budget
PTP
timing chain
OSA AI Ensemble Sync
Director management
OSA 5430
OSA 3350
TaaS+GBaaS
(ePRTC* standard)
*enhanced Primary Reference Time Clock
BC
Other sources
(NIST, eLoran,
LEO PNT, etc.)
GNSS/GPS
Mcode
1
4
2
5
3
class A-D
PTP
PTP
PTP

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21
Best practice timing architecture for 5G MIL networks
eCPRI
Backhaul
Middlehaul
Fronthaul
Ethernet
+/-100ns (+/-300ns)
+/-1100ns
Access
Unit
Distribution
Unit
Central
Unit
AU DU
CU
CU
CU
G.8275.1 or G.8275.2
(L2/L3)
G.8275.1 (L2)
RRU
Remote Radio
Unit
Timing budget
PTP
timing chain
OSA AI Ensemble Sync
Director management
OSA 5422
OSA 5430
OSA 3350
TaaS+GBaaS
(ePRTC* standard)
OSA 5405
OSA 5401
*enhanced Primary Reference Time Clock
BC
Other sources
(NIST, eLoran,
LEO PNT, etc.)
GNSS/GPS
Mcode
1
6
7
8
4
2
5
class A-D
PTP
PTP
PTP 3
5G Core
Network

22. Enabling TaaS* with GBaaS** for resilient and assured PNT in neural data
centers supporting secure, reliable 5G DISN/C5ISR/JADC2 network
*Time-as-a-Service+**GPS/GNSS-backup-as-a-service concept
Mcode GPS/GNSS
Diversified/Encrypted LEO PNT
Surveillance

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23
Networkwide Sync
Mgmt
WAN network
Packet LAN network
Best practice redundant timing architecture for 5G MIL data centers
MIL Neural Data Center
(DC-1)
MIL Neural Data Center
(DC-2)
PTP failover backup
cross reference monitoring
1
2
GM-2*
NTP
1
*GPS/GNSS NTP/PTP
grandmaster time server
GM-1*
PNT backup
sources
Cesium, NIST, WR,
eLORAN, LEO, etc.
OSA 5422
OSA 3350
+/-30ns
GNSS/GPS
Mcode
3 OSA AI Ensemble Sync
Director management

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24
Networkwide Sync
Mgmt
WAN network
Packet LAN network
Best practice redundant timing architecture for 5G MIL data centers
MIL Neural Data Center
(DC-1)
MIL Neural Data Center
(DC-2)
PTP failover backup
cross reference monitoring
1
2
3
GM-2*
PTP
Server running critical AI-
based JADC2 applications
PTP
4
NTP 5 6
Client software sync
monitor
OSA TimeCard
5400
OSA SoftSync
PTP Client
1
*GPS/GNSS NTP/PTP
grandmaster time server
GM-1*
PNT backup
sources
Cesium, NIST, WR,
eLORAN, LEO, etc.
OSA 5422
OSA 3350
+/-30ns
ms accuracy µs accuracy ns accuracy
OSA AI Ensemble Sync
Director management GNSS/GPS
Mcode

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25
Neural timing management for 5G MIL networks/data centers
Neural AI/ML intelligence with multilevel fault-tolerance for
end-to-end control, visibility and self-survivability
Geolocation DC-1 and DC-2
PTP backup assurance
from core GM-1
Timing chain alert with cesium/
PTP backup rearrangements
Core GM-1 alert with cesium backup + PTP backup to GM-2
Timing topology with
cesium/PTP backup
GNSS
attack
Vendor-
agnostic
analytics for
GPS/GNSS
assurance
trusted PTP
backup
Cesium backup
GM-2 alert with PTP
backup from GM-1
DC-2
DC-1
DC-2
DC-1
GM-2
GM-2 GM-1
trusted
PTP
ePRTC
DC-1/
GM-1
DC-2/
GM-2
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Networkwide Sync
Mgmt
OSA AI Ensemble Sync
Director management

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MIL timing product range by best-fit/cost application
AI Ensemble Sync DirectorTM
OSA 5422
OSA 541x
OSA 5430 NG GM/SSU
OSA 5420/21
OSA 5412
accessSyncTM
edgeSyncTM
edgeSync+TM coreSyncTM
OSA 5401
OSA 5405-I/O/MB/P
SFP SyncPlug
OSA 5440 NG GM/SSU
coreSyncTM
device/network
AI Monitor
Front/backhaul
network*
Core network*
O-RAN/ edge DC*
TV
studio
Defense
comms*
Aviation
radars
Data
center
Financial
trading
911 center
Smart power
grids
OSA SoftSync
Linux
OSAinsideTM
SyncModule
OSA 5400
GPS/LEO/SATCOM
ground station*
TimeCard
*DISN/C5SR/JADC2
OSA 3350 optical Cs ePRC+
3230B Cs magnetic PRC/ePRC
coreSyncTM
OSA 3300-HP optical Cs

27. Thank you
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