1. EOR (Enhance Oil Recovery):
Feasibility-Implementation-Evaluation
Production Geologist (Development Geologist)
Practical use and Reference
2. EOR ACTIVITY
Feasibility Study
Screening of EOR Method
Laboratory Study
Review and Update GGRPFE/GGRP
Process facility study
Full Scale Economic Evaluation
Feasibility Study Result
Implementation Trial/ Pilot EOR
Implementation Trial/ Pilot EOR Proposal
Preparation Trial/ Pilot EOR
Execution Trial/ Pilot EOR
Data gathering, Monitoring & Surveillance
Evaluation Trial/ Pilot EOR
Production gain method
Operation technical method
Reporting of Implementation Trial/ Pilot EOR
3. Feasibility Study
The purposes of EOR (Enhance Oil Recovery) Feasibility Study is to
understand fully of the fields in the first place, whether the fields
economic/ feasible to be developed by EOR method implementation.
The feasibility study consist of screening of EOR method, Laboratory
Study, Review and Update GGRPFE, Process facility study, then Full
Scale Economic Evaluation. If categorized feasible, then need to be
tested by field trial / pilot about 1-2 pattern
4. Screening of EOR (Enhance Oil Recovery) Method should conduct each
layer / zone due to may have different reservoir characteristic.
Reservoir parameters are necessary for EOR Screening , consist of:
1. Oil API gravity
2. Oil viscosity
3. Rocks Porosity
4. Oil Saturation
5. Lithology
6. Permeability
7. Reservoir Depth & temperature
8. Hydrocarbon composition etc.
Screening of EOR Method
5. Screening of EOR Method
There are 16 type of EOR (Enhance Oil Recovery) method (Aladasani
frn.2010) such: Miscible CO2, Miscible Hydrocarbon, Miscible WAG,
Miscible Nitrogen, immiscible Nitrogen, immiscible CO2, immiscible
Hydrocarbon, immiscible Hydrocarbon + WAG, Polymer, Alkaline-
Surfactan-polymer (ASP), Surfactant +P/A, Combustion, Hot water,
Steam, Surface mining, microbial.
6. Laboratory test consist of fluids characteristic, native core/ Rocks, and
media EOR as follows:
1. Rocks / native core; routine core & SCAL, Porosity and
permeability, SEM, XRD, Rocks chemical analysis, rocks
wettability.
2. Water Formation and injection test: pH, salinity, density,
viscosity, complete water analysis, bacterial, scaling tendency
3. Oil characteristic: density, viscosity, melting point, acid number,
composition, oil type
4. Chemical test: ASP if necessary add cosurfactan & solvent where
each can mixed/ formulated as flow diagram (next Slide).
Laboratory Study
7. Flow Diagram
Formulated/ Selection
of surfactant
If all surfactant parameters
fulfilled , then may conduct
another test adjusted as core
flood simulation test. Need to
consider synthetic core whether
native core very limited.
Sometime surfactant liquid need
to take compatibility test,
behavior phase test, IFT stability
test, Filtration test, and
adsorption test.
8. Polymer test
Polymer evaluation purposes is to
get polymer material that may
improve water viscosity in
reservoir, therefore mobility oil-
water ratio smaller than 1 (one).
See The flow diagram of polymer
study
9. Gas / solvent
(miscible and
immiscible) test
The parameters are as follows:
1. PVT analysis, current
reservoir pressure;
(hydrocarbon composition
analysis, constant
composition expansion,
Differential liberation,
separator test, asphaltic
content)
2. Solvent-crude oil properties
(viscosity, density)
3. Slim tube test for define
MMP (minimum Miscible
Pressure)
4. Swelling and extraction test
5. Coreflood.
10. Thermal media
test
Thermal method use heat energy as the
media, with assume that increasing the
temperature made oil viscosity goes down in
reservoir, the media may steam, hot water,
etc. The parameters are as follows:
1. PVT analysis, current reservoir
pressure; (hydrocarbon composition
analysis, constant composition
expansion, Differential liberation,
separator test)
2. Viscosity and density of fluid and
thermal media
3. Rocks structure break @ temp.
4. Oil swelling due to thermal expansion
5. Heat capacity from rocks and reservoir
fluid
6. Bottom water
7. Loss heat/ thermal
8. Coreflood (recovery test)
11. Another media
test
Another media method such MEOR (Microbial
enhance oil recovery), its amount of microbe in
reservoir where the population improved by
giving enough nutrition in reservoir condition.
Microbe activity to be expected give surfactant
effect and also break HC chain and decrease the
oil viscosity. The parameters are as follows:
1. Define the amount and microbe type
2. Selection/ formulation of nutrition to
improve the acceleration of microbe
growth @ (time function, nutrition
concentrate and reservoir temp.)
3. Filtration test @ microbe and nutrition
concentrate
4. Viscosity test and reservoir density fluid @
incubation time
5. IFT test @ reservoir temp.
6. Imbibition as time function
13. Review and Update GGRPFE
The main purposes of reservoir simulation are to make oil
production forecast in field scale using chosen EOR
method and input data of laboratory test also update
G&G model. Then evaluate the necessity of production
and injection facility also the economic as the final
feasibility study. If the field feasible, the continue to field
trial / pilot.
The field trial / pilot is better use pattern that has good
connectivity between injection and production wells,
good oil saturation, area pattern about 4-5 acre with 4-5
spot, and distance injection-production wells max 100m
as for surveillance will be fast.
Input data for EOR reservoir simulation consist of:
Static 3D model reservoir geology model (Porosity
distribution, facies distribution, permeability
distribution)
Dynamic reservoir data (SCAL, PVT {Pb, Bob, Gas
solution, Specific gas}, and Production data with
pressure)
Laboratory study as EOR type e.g. ASP
Legend:
Injector
Producer
Monitor
confining
14. Injection facility study
Making sure the water fulfill criteria and compatible with reservoir therefore
need treatments. It has to through filtering, free oil & plug from microbe, water
softener, neutral pH. The water composition must adjusted with condition
from laboratory test therefore the chemical has property as formulated.
Injection facility that necessary for each EOR method can be explain as follows:
1. Chemical method (ASP), the facility consist of: Tank(for chemical), mixer
tank (main solvent), mixer tank ( for solvent as formulated lab.), filter,
storage tank/ surge tank, transfer pump & pipe between equipment,
injection pump to the well.
2. Gas/ solvent method, the facility consist of: separator (for absorption,
distillation, gas dryer etc.), Surge tank, pipe for surface facility to well
head and compressors (transfer & injection.)
3. Thermal method, the facility consist of: heat exchanger and boiler, water
treatment, pipe (with insulation for steam transport), and pump.
4. Microbe method, the facility consist of: mixer tank (nutrition), Pipe and
transfer pump. Injection pump.
15. Production Facility study
Production test in Collector station, should separate
with existing facility therefore the measurement will
more accurate and the handling will be easier
particularly with emulsion.
16. Economic evaluation comprises: ROI (Return on
investment), NPV (Net present value), and IRR
(Internal rate of return) as company standard.
Economic sensitivity need to be done for giving the
success criteria picture of field trial/ pilot. If the
evaluation result assume gain profit, then it can
recommend for field trial/pilot implementation.
Full Scale Economic Evaluation
17. Feasibility study result that can be used as guidance field trial/
pilot implementation consist of:
1. Quantity and quality water injection data and water
process that needed as field necessity
2. Quantity, quality, and operation condition EOR media that
needed (such chemical material: IFT, FR, concentration
etc.)
3. The best Pattern location include area and pattern type
that recommended
4. Surface facility that needed
5. Oil and gas reserves on pilot scale and full field scale
6. Forecast production for pilot scale
Feasibility Study Result
18. Implementation Trial/ Pilot EOR
Implementation Trial/ Pilot EOR is proving or confirmation step
from feasibility study. According to the result of EOR feasibility
study, the party have to prepare work plan and budget also
activity step that necessary as regulator guidance, and then
after get approval from any related parties the Implementation
Trial/ Pilot EOR need to be prepared (Subsurface, surface and
procurement to monitoring & surveillance).
The next Implementation Trial/ Pilot EOR step is Execution,
consist of: EPCI and production wells, injector, also monitoring
as necessary. Mitigation risk also needed for avoid any
unwanted disturbance or other factor may delay the
Implementation Trial/ Pilot EOR project.
19. The proposal usually consist of:
1. Candidate Trial/ Pilot EOR area process selection
2. Reservoir performance (Primary and secondary recovery)
3. Screening process EOR method
4. Uncertainty factor and GGRP model
5. Additional gain reserve forecast and production profile full field
6. Full field EOR economic
7. Existing operational condition (facility, wells etc.)
8. Simulation pattern design for pilot and full field EOR
9. Trial/ Pilot EOR plan (Purposes, pattern type , wells & facility
Trial/ Pilot EOR necessity, injectant EOR defined, parameter EOR,
baseline, monitoring success criteria, schedule, budget etc.)
10. Project schedule for full scale EOR usually in POD or POFD
Implementation Trial/ Pilot EOR
Proposal
20. The Preparation Trial/ Pilot EOR usually consist of:
1. Team executor (total support from top management, operational
decision making, independent in handling area trial/ pilot,
dedicated and experienced etc.)
2. Budgeting (allocation particular budget for Trial/ Pilot EOR
obvious)
3. Procurements of EOR bulk material (volume nd specification,
estimation budget)
4. Surface facility (FEED{Front end engineering design} for Trial/ Pilot
EOR, EPCI (Engineering Procurement Installation) phase
5. Make sure laboratory Available for monitoring & surveillance
Preparation Trial/ Pilot EOR
21. Execution Trial/ Pilot EOR comprises Monitoring & surveillance program and
Quality assurance QA / Quality control QC. And the Monitoring & surveillance
program consist of:
1. Monitoring production wells (Daily-production test Gross/net, WC.
Weekly-WHP{well head pressure}, Dynamic fluid level, sonolog/
dynagraph. Monthly-SBHP{static bottom hole pressure})
2. Monitoring Injection well (daily-rate injection, injectant concentration,
BHP. Weekly- WHP. Oxygen activate logging min twice in Pilot. Fall off test
as necessary)
3. Monitoring EOR Plant (chemical/ Polymer/ Miscible and immiscible gas
etc.)
4. Surveillance program (tracer test, pulse test, pressure build up, and skin
factor min twice in Pilot time. Pattern balancing, fluid drift, pattern
realignment for gaining comprehensive data in building confident level
from field trial/ pilot result)
Execution Trial/ Pilot EOR
22. Execution Trial/ Pilot EOR
Quality assurance QA / Quality control QC depends on Injectant such:
1. Chemical: chemical material must calculate bulk volume as
requested, then sampling with randomly, after that conduct
laboratory test to know the quality as specification, and finally
put in the right place.
2. Polymer: Same as chemical step
3. Miscible and immiscible gas (solvent): Same as chemical step but
usually put in compressor
4. Thermal: Same as chemical step but different supporting
equipment
5. Another (microbe): Same as chemical step
23. Data gathering, Monitoring & Surveillance consist of:
1. Performance of mixing plant, WTP, and WIP as target
2. Quality from EOR parameter (SI, IFT, pH etc.)
3. Analyze Injection Well performance, such: Hall-Plot analysis
4. Process improvement from monitor Area(Production wells
Injections and Surface facility) from evaluation result.
5. Plotting daily actual oil production to simulation result.
Data gathering, Monitoring &
Surveillance
24. Evaluation Trial/ Pilot EOR
The success evaluation field trial/ pilot EOR is based on two method
they are Production gain method & Operation technical method. The
Production gain method conducted with plotting production realization
as long as field trial/ pilot using daily basis and compare it with forecast
field trial/ pilot that from simulation result. Success criteria in
Production gain method based on economic sensitivity from feasibility
study.
The Operation technical method conducted by using the scoring on
influenced parameters.
25. Evaluation Trial/ Pilot EOR
The parameters success criteria of Operation technical method
consist of:
1. Health, safety, security, & environment (HSSE)
2. Fluid handling & facilities performance
3. Monitoring & surveillance reliability
4. Production performance
5. Injectan performance
6. Operation reliability
7. Design matching (Laboratory, Reservoir simulation-forecast
production, and production facilities)
26. Reporting of Implementation
Trial/ Pilot EOR
The reporting of Implementation Trial/ Pilot EOR containing the documentation that
describe the process, performance results, prediction and actual comparison,
recommendations and conclusions from all Implementation Trial/ Pilot EOR events. The
document comprises:
1. Summary data (Trial/ Pilot EOR Material, budget)
2. Recovery factor (Oil saturation before and after flooding such: coring, RST, CHFR,
tracer test)
3. Production performance (Production profile Forecast vs actual, Rate production)
4. Injection Performance (Rate Injection, Pressure performance, Volume)
5. Operation Performance (Mixing, QA/QC, Injection, Production, Laboratory test)
6. Pressure Performance (Pressure distribution, anomaly, down time)
7. Update/ Fixing chance (EOR quality material, Slug design, operation improvement,
Facility design, well design, pattern design, etc.)
8. Success evaluation
9. Recommendation and future plan (full scale economic based on implementation
Trial/ Pilot EOR with comparing sensitivity on feasibility study result, justification
for full scale EOR)
27. Screening EOR Method with nitrogen and flue gas
Injection (according to Taber and friends - 1997)
28. Screening EOR Method with miscible hydrocarbon
injection (according to Taber and friends - 1997)
35. area of zone :420.6 sq km oil-bearing area :3.8 sq km
geological reserves : million barrels The oil gravity :35-50°API
geological stratification; 14 small layers reservoir thickness :1-12m
reservoir depth:30-460m the average pressure coefficient :0.49 the
average porosity :0.29 the average permeability :122.7md
OMG regional geological characteristics
CASE: OMG Field in SE Asia
36. Because OMG oilfield rely on natural depletion long-term, recovery
degree is 20.65%, at present the Formation energy shortfall is serious, the
energy yield is low, it is necessary to combine the factors such as structure,
sandstone development condition, drilling horizon of the wells, the
condition of oil well output and so on to optimize well group in water
injection site testing to analyze the feasibility of waterflooding, which can
provide the basis for the field of large-scale water flooding adjustment
Test area selection and structural
characteristics
CASE: OMG Field in SE Asia
37. Test area selection is mainly based on the following principles:
① located in the oil production center, closer to the terminal, convenient
for management, and convenient for tracking the effect;
② there is no floor production equipment on well site and it is
advantageous for the construction;
③ the connecting condition with oil well is relatively good;
④ has the water injection conditions;
⑤. Consider the utilization condition of 3 Wells which were drilled in 2016;
⑥. Select OM-1, OM-3, OM-5 layer to inject.
CASE: OMG Field in SE Asia
39. Injection - Production history, Oil reserve at Area Pilot & Forecast
Production Pilot
Distribution of injection wells
Injection - Production history
OMG-107
Oil reserve at Area Pilot
Forecast Production Pilot
CASE: OMG Field in SE Asia
40. Design basis: the reservoir engineering design of improving oil recovery
by water flooding in KM oilfield
Design principle: on the basis of reservoir engineering plan, combine
with the reservoir characteristics and oil field technological conditions,
chose the economic and practical production technology to ensure the
requirements of reservoir development; Pay attention to the whole
process of reservoir protection, environment protection and
construction safety during the oilfield development; Chose a complete
set of mature production technology in order to reduce investment and
operation cost and optimize machine mining equipment.
Production engineering
design
CASE: OMG Field in SE Asia
41. Injection process design
1. Water injection design
Based on reservoir engineering design requirements, OMG107 Well injection
allocation 400 BBL/day, OMG 606 well injection allocation 600 BBL/day.
2. Water injection string design
Tubing: 2 7/8 "EUE tubing;
General injection string: 2 7/8 "EUE tubing + bell guide;
Separate injection string: eccentric injection mandrel and constant pressure valve.
3. Wellhead selection
Design water injection wellhead pressure 10 MPa, and have test, blowout, wash well,
and other functions.
Lifting scheme design process
1. Lifting way choice
Choose lifting way follows the principle: the election rise way can ensure the
development plan forecast capacity index, at the same time consider lifting way of
reliability, economy.
At present more mature lifting method for pumping unit, and its advantages for fluid
volume adaptation range, and large scope, matching technology is mature, workers
skilled operation. Therefore determination by way of pumping unit lifting.
CASE: OMG Field in SE Asia
42. 2. Pumping unit, sucker rod, pump
(1) Determine the pump depth
Under the pump depth is determined according to the single well perforation, and
ensure reasonable flowing pressure. This plan according to the geological
requirements, depth of pump depth more than 20 m in the reservoir.
(2) Pump diameter
According to the geological forecast production, at 25% of the pump efficiency
calculation, considering water cut rising problem in the process of mining, selected
pump should be set aside room for maneuver. Choose pump is 50.8 mm in diameter.
(3) Sucker rod design
Oil well pump under different depth, stroke, Circulation per minute, pump diameter,
on the basis of equal strength principle, the use of software for dynamic simulation,
the calculation of the various parameters.
Selects the c-class 19 mm rod can meet the requirements.
(4) Lifting way model and power distribution equipment selection
Lifting mode choice models:
Underground pumping unit model mainly depends on the rod string and liquid
column load. When put into production early design utilization is 65% ~ 95%, can
press load torque utilization is 55% ~ 90% range to choose pumping unit.
CASE: OMG Field in SE Asia
43. Pumping
unit model
stroke
Pump
diameter
Circulation
per minute
theoretical
displacement
pump efficiency
of 25% forecast output
(m) (mm) (1/min) (bbl/d) (bbl/d)
25-67-36 0.914
50.8
12 201.3 50.3
10 167.7 41.9
9 150.9 37.7
38.1
12 113.2 28.3
10 94.3 23.6
9 84.9 21.2
40-76-48 1.21
50.8
12 266.4 66.6
10 222 55.5
9 199.8 50.0
38.1
12 149.9 37.5
10 124.9 31.2
9 112.4 28.1
Estimation pump drainage quantity under 25% the pump efficiency
CASE: OMG Field in SE Asia
44. Pumping unit model
rated torque
(KN.m)
rated load
(KN)
Max stroke
(m)
25-67-36 2.82 29.8 0.914
40-76-48 4.52 33.78 1.21
57-76-54 6.44 33.78 1.37
On the basis of pump diameter 50.8 mm,sucker rod 19 mm, 12 times/min calculation
pumping parameters calculation
Pumping
unit model
stroke
Depth of
the pump
Calculating
the torque
Torque
utilization
Calculation of
maximum load
Utilization
rate of load
The motor
(m) (m) (KN.m) (%) (KN) (%) (kw) (HP)
25-67-36 0.914 370 2.26 80.1 15.7 52.7 4.7 6.31
40-76-48 1.21 430 3.61 79.9 18.7 55.4 7.6 10.08
57-76-54 1.37 540 5.17 80.3 23.8 70.5 10.8 14.44
current model under the maximum depth of the pump
CASE: OMG Field in SE Asia
45. The choice of motor:
Motor selection to meet the installed power and under the premise of
stable operation, convenient for later production management.
(5) Wellhead design
Meet the admissions materials, pressure, casing connections, tubing
suspended load, operation convenient.
3. the tubing design
On the basis of joint connection strength, collapsing strength and internal
pressure strength requirement. Choose 2 7/8 "N80 EUE tubing.
CASE: OMG Field in SE Asia
46. NO. NAME Specification Unit Quantity
1 Pumping unit 40-76-48 set 7
2 Pumping unit 25-67-36 set 3
3 Electric motor 20HP set 7
4 Electric motor 10HP set 3
5 Christmas tree oil well set 10
6 Christmas tree injection well set 2
7 POLISHED ROD 1 1/8", 22 FT joint 10
8 Polished rod clamps 1 1/8" unit 10
9 POLISHED ROD coupling 1 1/8"-3/4" unit 10
10 SUCKER ROD 3/4"X 25 ft GRADE D CW, SR COUPLING m 2970
11 PONY ROD 3/4"X 4 FT, CW, SR COUPLING joint 20
12 PONY ROD 3/4"X 6 FT, CW, SR COUPLING joint 10
13 Sucker rod centralizer FGKC19-58WR unit 70
14 Oil pump RWMA 25×200×12ft set 10
15 Tubing 2 7/8 ", J55, 6.5 PPF, EU, R2 m 3680
16 Pup Joint of Tubing 2 7/8", 2ft joint 2
17 Pup Joint of Tubing 2 7/8", 6ft joint 1
18 Screen SG-1.5 joint 10
19 Plug 2 7/8"EU unit 10
The material list for petroleum engineering
CASE: OMG Field in SE Asia
48. Design basis: the reservoir and production engineering design of improving oil
recovery by water flooding in KM oilfield.
Design principles: strictly carrying out the relevant national laws, regulations and
the relevant national and industry standards and norms; To protect environment,
reduce pollution, oil, gas, water gathering and processing should satisfy the
standard of environmental protection, do not discharge oil, waste gas, waste water.
The ground engineering design
Oil gathering system
The production Wells located in OMG station, new production fluid on mechanical
production Wells are relying on the existing station remaining capable of handling.
According to the situation of oil collecting system has been built, this project adopts
the concentrated tank, multiwell concatenated set oil, oil transfer pump transmission
oil gathering process regularly. Total construction 10 wells, new oil pipes 1.48 km, 2
tank and 1 pump (Q = 120 BBL/h, h = 160 m; P = 40 HP)
CASE: OMG Field in SE Asia