This document discusses key success factors for developing an effective strategic heating/cooling plan. It identifies three main factors: 1) defining the scope and purpose by identifying stakeholders and drivers, 2) developing technical scenarios by quantifying demands, resources, and savings potentials, and establishing supply scenarios, and 3) evaluating framework conditions like ownership, financing, pricing and regulation. It provides examples of how to approach each factor, including identifying relevant stakeholders, balancing demands and supplies in scenarios, and overcoming barriers to investment. The document concludes by emphasizing strategic planning is an iterative process and provides further resources on heating and cooling planning.
2. Agenda
• Introduction
• Strategic heat planning:
- Identify stakeholders and project drivers
- Constructing technical scenarios
- Framework conditions, financing and business models
• Conclusions and summary
3. Introduction
Heating is the largest end-use in Europe
District heating allows access to many
supply sources
Smart energy systems and sector coupling
exploits important synergies
Lund et. al. 2014
4. Types of heating infrastructures
Djørup et. al. 2019: Definition & Experiences of Strategic Heat Planning
5. Heat planning and governance
Heating is a local demand
• Unlike electricity and gas, heating is situated locally
• Often overlooked in national energy policy
• Often covered by different regulation: buildings, energy efficiency, fuels etc.
If not treated systematically in energy policy and governance:
• Significant sector coupling and synergies are missed
• Many renewable or efficient heat sources are not considered
6. Strategic energy planning
• The purpose of Strategic Energy Planning is to address issues with current energy
supply and to formulate strategies and plans for transitions.
• Strategic heat and cooling planning does differ from planning for other energy carriers
due to the local nature of heating and cooling supply.
• Interdisciplinary: available resources, energy demands, technical potentials, current
legislation, the organisation of the energy sector and the related actors, political
drivers and barriers should be considered
7. The context of Strategic heat planning
Building sector Energy sector
Heating project
Local government
Regional government
National government
EU, international authorities
8. Key success factors in a Strategic Planning Process
1. Scope and purpose
- Identify main stakeholders
- Identify drivers for district heating
projects
2. Technical scenarios
- Measure heat demand
- Identify potential heat sources
- Balance heat savings and supply
- Establish scenarios
3. Evaluate Framework conditions and
business models
- Ownership
- Financing
- Pricing
- Regulation
9. 1. Scope, Purpose and Stakeholders in Strategic Heat Planning
Scope, Purpose and Stakeholders
• Important to identify drivers of the strategic energy planning process:
• Climate change, energy security, air pollution, energy poverty etc..
• Multiple drivers are likely to exist: important to figure out which ones align
Identification and coordination of stakeholders
• Who are the main actors engaged in the process
• Industry, high demand consumers, consumers with special needs
• Identifying opportunities to involve stakeholders that can play a constructive role in realizing heat
plans
• Identifying synergies and opportunities for cost-effective district energy systems
10. 1. Scope, Purpose and Stakeholders in Strategic Heat Planning
Some Stakeholders to Consider:
- National Authorities
- Local Authorities
- Utility Companies
- Investors
- Researcher / Academia
- Developers
- Technology developers: geothermal, solar
thermal, PV, wind etc.
- Excess heat suppliers: industry
- Customers and Citizens
11. 2. Technical scenario building for strategic heat planning
1. Quantify and locate heat demand
2. Quantify and locate heat resources
3. Quantify and assess heat-saving potentials
4. Establish scenarios for heat supply
12. 2. Technical scenario building for strategic heat planning
1. Quantify and locate demands
• Measurements of actual demands allow for actual knowledge of distribution of
consumption.
• Modelling or estimating demands can be a way forward to provide inputs for
decision making – see for example Peta4 and Hotmaps.
Heating demand Budapest Cooling demand Budapest
From Hotmaps
13. 2. Technical scenario building for strategic heat planning
2. Quantify and locate heat resources
• Strategic heat sources are typically either excess heat or renewable sources
• Low district heating supply temperature enables the use of low temperature geothermal resources
• Strategic heat sources can thus be low-temperature decentralised renewable such as solar thermal,
geothermal heat, or excess heat recovered from compressor machines
Geothermal
ressources
Heat demand
Excess heat
Geothermal
potentials
From Peta4
14. 2. Technical scenario building for strategic heat planning
3. Quantify and assess heat-saving potentials
Input:
Primary energy
Production
Transmission and
distribution
Building conversion Building distribution
Output:
Useful energy
15. 2. Technical scenario building for strategic heat planning
4. Establish scenarios for heat supply
• When establishing these scenarios, keep in mind the i)scope, ii) perspective and iii) timeframe of
energy systems analysis
• Do not make them too detailed at first! Easy to get lost in technical or legal details. It is important
to keep the process moving. Include the level of detail needed to make decisions and move further.
16. 2. Technical scenario building for strategic heat planning
Methodological points for scenario building:
- Energy system scope:
- Include entire energy system to identify synergies
- Data is important:
- Good quality heating data is vital
- Timeframe:
- Ensure that scenarios are in line with long-term targets
- Differentiate between socio-economic and business economic prices:
- Taxation, subsidies, externalities etc. influence the result. Use costs
that are relevant to society and not supporting status quo.
- Important to remember that strategic heat planning is not business as
usual
17. 3. Enabling Framework Conditions, Financing and Business Models
Ownership structure
Interests and monopoly
Who owns the distribution infrastructure?
Pricing
What heat pricing mechanisms are being used?
Regulation
Is there specific district heating regulation?
Financing
Is it possible to ensure a long timeframe for the
return on investment?
District
Heating
Governance
Ownership
Pricing Regulation
Financing
18. 3. Enabling Framework Conditions, Financing and Business Models
Three typical barriers:
Challenge 1: Level playing field
Recommendations:
• Fiscal levers
• Specific district heating legislation
• Consider district heating grids as infrastructure
• Consider externalities: decarbonisation, supply security, air quality
Challenge 2: Lack of governance tools to implement district heating
Recommendations:
• Feed back needs and ideas to national authorities and legislature. Create awareness of lacking tools.
• Identify what is possible within current regulatory framework
Challenge 3: Overcoming barriers to investment
Recommendations:
• Picking low-hanging fruits: start with high-demand consumers,
• Government intervention through economic and financial instrument
• Capacity building for authorities and heat market stakeholders
19. Case study - Zhengzhou Municipality
Zhengzhou Municipality included urban planners, architects, construction
contractor, future building owners (mainly financial companies), distributor
company and the heat supplier (water treatment factory) for planning new
district heating systems
Zhengzhou
Scope and purpose:
1. Replace all coal-fired energy production
2. Increase energy efficiency in buildings by 15%
3. Reduce air pollution levels
Framework and financing:
Public endowment fund – to recirculate
funds for new district heating investments
Technical scenarios:
- Interaction with buildings to
achieve energy savings
- Use the wastewater heat
20. Key success factors in a Strategic Planning Process
1. Scope and purpose
- Identify main stakeholders
- Identify drivers for district heating
projects
2. Technical scenarios
- Measure heat demand
- Identify potential heat sources
- Balance heat savings and supply
- Establish scenarios
3. Evaluate Framework conditions and
business models
- Ownership
- Financing
- Pricing
- Regulation
More on
these topics
in the next
webinars
21. Strategic heat planning and the integration of low-temperature
renewable energy sources in DHC
Strategic Heat Planning is an iterative, multidisciplinary and continuous process
Scope and
purpose
Technical
scenarios
Framework
conditions and
business
models
Key Success Factors:
Scope and purpose
- Identify main stakeholders
- Identify drivers for district heating projects
Technical scenarios
- Measure heat demand
- Identify potential heat sources
- Balance heat savings and supply
- Establish scenarios
Evaluate Framework conditions and business models
- Ownership
- Financing
- Pricing
- Regulation
22. Further Heating and Cooling Planning Ressources
Heat Roadmap Europe studies: link
- Heat Roadmap Scenarios for 14 European countries: link
- Heating and cooling demands: link
- Interactive heat demand and ressource map: link
HotMaps Research Project: link
- HotMaps toolbox (still under development – more features to be added): link
- HotMaps report: Definition & Experiences of Strategic Heat Planning: link
- HotMaps report: Guidance for the comprehensive assessment of efficient heating and cooling: link
- HOW TO FINANCE GEOTHERMAL DISTRICT HEATING? SEMINAR, BRUSSELS 13 DECEMBER: link
- WEBINAR: HEATING AND COOLING PLANNING MADE EASIER: link
Other heat planning research projects:
- THERMOS – district heating network planning tool: link
- ReUseHeat – exploiting urban excess heat: link
- KeepWarm – Renewing district heating: link
- IRENA & AAU – Guidebook: Facilitating the integration of low-temperature renewable energy in district
heating and cooling – Soon published
23. Thank you for your attention!
Contact:
Nis Bertelsen
nis@plan.aau.dk
www.linkedin.com/in/nisbertelsen
Notas do Editor
Heating is the largest end-use in Europe
Heating accounts for around 50% of total energy consumption
High potential for energy savings and district heating. In Europe around 50% district heating and 30% heat savings
District heating allows access to many supply sources
Geothermal ressources, large-scale heat pumps, excess heat, solar thermal
Thermal storage
Smart energy systems (sector coupling)
District energy can contribute to the transition towards an energy system that integrates smart electric, thermal, gas grids and larger amounts of fluctuating renewable resources
The policy scale – several interest and needs must be aligned. Local/strategic heat planning is carried out in the context of regulation ”from above”
The energy system – important to avoid suboptimisation or over use of certain ressources. Therefore SEP must take the broader energy system into context – both to exploit synergies but also avoid suboptimisation
IRENA have a comment on the graph
Challenge 1: Difficulties in governance due to different stakeholders with divergent objectives and functions
solution/tools to challenges 1: Identify the stakeholders and their interest in a project, identification of a suitable stakeholder to lead the heat planning process who in most cases is the local authority.
case study (if applicable): Zhengzhou Municipality
Challenge 2: Resistance from communities due to perceived environmental and social risks of RE technologies e.g. induced micro-seismicity with geothermal
solution/tools to challenges 2 -): promoting transparency and raising awareness on benefits of geothermal technologies, harmonizing methodologies for assessing geothermal environmental impact as well as environmental legislation/database for geothermal environmental impact assessments and mitigation measure as being implemented by the GEOENVI project to enhance transparency in geothermal development and create awareness about the risks an
Challenge 1: Difficulties in governance due to different stakeholders with divergent objectives and functions
solution/tools to challenges 1: Identify the stakeholders and their interest in a project, identification of a suitable stakeholder to lead the heat planning process who in most cases is the local authority.
case study (if applicable): Zhengzhou Municipality
Challenge 2: Resistance from communities due to perceived environmental and social risks of RE technologies e.g. induced micro-seismicity with geothermal
solution/tools to challenges 2 -): promoting transparency and raising awareness on benefits of geothermal technologies, harmonizing methodologies for assessing geothermal environmental impact as well as environmental legislation/database for geothermal environmental impact assessments and mitigation measure as being implemented by the GEOENVI project to enhance transparency in geothermal development and create awareness about the risks an
Technical heat mapping
Quantify and locate heat demand
Quantify and locate heat resources
Quantify and assess heat-saving potentials
Establish scenarios for heat supply
Challenge 1: establishing the demand for heating requires the acquisition of data on energy consumption from buildings as well as the dynamics of the demand e.g. how demand changes over time. This data is not readily available, especially in relation to space heating and cooling.
Solution/tools to challenges 1 – Expand energy metering and measurement to gain knowledge of energy demand, mapping of current building stock to enable estimations of potential energy savings and feasibility of low-temperature supply, modelling or estimating the heat demand using available tools /PETA 4 and Hotmaps toolbox
Technical heat mapping
Quantify and locate heat demand
Quantify and locate heat resources
Quantify and assess heat-saving potentials
Establish scenarios for heat supply
Challenge 1: establishing the demand for heating requires the acquisition of data on energy consumption from buildings as well as the dynamics of the demand e.g. how demand changes over time. This data is not readily available, especially in relation to space heating and cooling.
Solution/tools to challenges 1 – Expand energy metering and measurement to gain knowledge of energy demand, mapping of current building stock to enable estimations of potential energy savings and feasibility of low-temperature supply, modelling or estimating the heat demand using available tools /PETA 4 and Hotmaps toolbox
Budapest, Hungary
The Energy efficiency first principle
Assess the costs of different energy-saving measures and implement the ones that are cheaper than the cost of energy supply.
Energy efficiency measures have a supply chain effect
Building renovation measures usually implemented with very long time frames, thus not always feasible to postpone a district energy project until certain energy efficiency potentials have been realised.
Existing district heating system
New network supplying an existing neighbourhood
Adapting existing building stock to low-temperature supply (heating system and DHW preparation system)
Design the network to decrease return temperature
New urban areas
High-efficient buildings prepared for low-temperature
Design the network to operate with low-temperature
Existing district heating system
New network supplying an existing neighbourhood
Adapting existing building stock to low-temperature supply (heating system and DHW preparation system)
Design the network to decrease return temperature
New urban areas
High-efficient buildings prepared for low-temperature
Design the network to operate with low-temperature
Ownership structure
Challenge: Interests and monopoly
Public or private?
Who owns the grid?
Who owns the production
Recommendations/solutions
Identify where competition can be introduced
Production through tenders
Publicly-owned infrastructure
Pricing
Challenge: How to ensure competitive prices in heat market?
Recommendations/solutions
True costs
Price cap
No price regulation
Challenge 1: Off-take motivation of the consumers
Solutions/tools to challenge 1:
Selection of the ownership model
Price regulation
Price regulation
Challenge 2: Ensuring a level playing field
Solutions/tools to challenge 2:
Developing specific district heating legislation
Dealing with major externalities such as clean air, decarbonisation, supply security…
For geothermal: developing geothermal licensing regimes
JINAN
In recent years, China has attached great importance to clean heating and has introduced a series of policies to promote, support and accelerate the promotion of clean heating.
Jinan, as one of the national pilot cities of "winter clean heating", has received ¥700 million of special financial support from the central government annually, or ¥2.1 billion for 3 years in total.
Under the impetus of the national clean heating policy, Jinan has formulated a relatively perfect clean heating policy system by 2020. The development of district energy in Jinan is inseparable from the promotion of policies.
BELGRADECase study: the City of Belgrade created Energy efficiency Fund as a financing pool for buildings renovation and district heating. Public buildings are scheduled first as demo projects. Capacity building for the municipality and involved stakeholders.
Belgrade formed an Energy Efficiency Fund for renovation of public and residential building, but also in order to expand their district heating network.
With high levels of energy demand savings on the building side through renovation, it can become more cost-effective to pursue sustainable energy supply options, like district energy based on renewable energy or excess heat, for the remaining energy demand. This means the opportunity to expand the district heating network without increasing installed heat capacity.