1. Chinese AAT Update
Sophy Chen, Shi Lin*, Chiao-Chen Kuo, Ya-Pei Yang, and DT Lee
Research Center for IT Innovation
*Computing Centre
Academia Sinica, Taiwan
TELDAP AAT-Taiwan team
Multilingual Vocabulary Project Workshop
Getty Research Institute
Los Angeles, California
11/06~11/10/2010

2. AGENDA
 From English to Chinese
 From Chinese to English
 Daily Update

3. From English to Chinese:
A Summery of AAT Translation

4. Progress Update
Terms in AAT 34,000
Translation 31,933
Scope note proofreading 17,612
Term verification
2788
Expert review
1,013
Value –added
application
1,115

5. Six Modules of AAT-Taiwan
Chinese
Translation Translation
Scope Note Term
Proofreading Proofreading Verification
disambiguation
Translation Scope Note
Expert Review Accuracy Accuracy
Revision
Value-Added Application Pinyin Picture
Contribution

6. The Framework of AAT-Taiwan
Translation
Scope Note Term
Proofreading Verification
Expert Review

7. The Procedures of Scope Note Proofreading
Pre-
procedures
Assign Re-assign
Feedback More
than 3
Inform the times Termination of
Proofread
original employment
proofreader
Feedback Poor quality
Translators Check
Proofreaders
Term translation without reference
Questionable scope note
Term
verification
expert another
proofreader
(professional (general
content) content))
Expert review
Update the
information
著錄

8. Proofreading
P-0： Pre-procedures
P-0-1：Recruitment Procedures :
Profile review> Written test > Interview >Recruit>Training
P-1：Assign
Proofreading Translation documents. Term verification form.
Chinese-English term list .Proofreading checklist
Unify term P-2：Proofread by proofreaders
translation and P-2-1: Check Chinese-English term list and term
format verification form
英翻中 P-2-2: Check the fluency and accuracy of scope notes and the
uncertain part.
P-2-3: Check the proper terms in scope notes.
Qualify control
P-3 ：Proofread by editors
P-3-1: Check the content of proofreading checklist.
P-3-2: Sample check
P-3-3: Check term verification form
P-3-4: Check Chinese-English term list. If the term does
not match, update it.
P-3-5: File translation problems and questions raised by
proofreaders to working platform。

9. Proofreading
P-1：Assign
Translation documents. Term verification form.
Chinese-English term list .Proofreading checklist
Proofreading checklist
Proofreading Translation document
Term verification from
Unify term
Chinese-English term list
translation and
format
英翻中
Qualify control

10. Proofreading
P-2：Proofread
P-2-3Confirm proper terms in scope notes
Searching reference
for verifying proper
nouns
Proofreading
Unify term
translation
and format
英翻中
Searching reference
for revising proper
Quality nouns
control

11. Framework of Term Verification
1 Term translation
GETTY Specialized
TELDAP
AAT AAT-Taiwan 2 references
Database
3
11

12. The Procedure of Term Verification
Translated
Terms
TELDAP Specialized
AAT-Taiwan references
Chinese
database dictionary
Textbooks General Google
Catalogues Search
Expert Review
TELDAP
AAT-Taiwan

13. Term verification
Translation(T)
T-1: Term translation and online
reference search
Translation
T-2: Fill in the term verification form
Translation (T)
1 Proofread (P) P-1: Online reference search with
English terms
P-2: Online reference search with
Chinese terms
P-3: Online reference search with
English and Chinese terms
P-4:Review by editors

14. Term translation- Orders of recommended references
Specialized database
and dictionary
Common online
dictionary
Online search tool
Online search tool

15. Term verification within the process of translation
Most term translations are
based on references.

16. Term verification in the process of translation ---
using Chinese terms

17. Term verification in the process of translation –
using Chinese and English terms at the same time

18. Term verification
Specialized reference(S)
S-1: Locate the hierarchy of translated
terms and search for relevant
Specialized reference resources
specialized reference resources.
Reference resources
S-2: Try to map the terms from specialized
search
2 Scope note and
hierarchy mapping books to AAT-Taiwan database
(according to term, scope note and
Editor review hierarchy)
S-3: Editors double check the accuracy of
terms

19. Term verification－Specialized reference
The types of resources
Specialized Online
reference books databases
AAT-Taiwan
Journals NPM metadata
19

20. The Proportion of different category references

21. Term verification
How to verify preferred terms ?
 The method of verification for preferred
terms：
the specialized reference books published by
prestigious entities
online databases

22. The procedures of term verification with specialized
references
Specialized
References
The Same Different Cannot find
Check its Consult another
TELDAP hierarchy and specialized book.
term definition
Verify preferred
terms

23. Check scope notes and hierarchies of the
selected terms
Check if the term can match
with the descriptions of scope
note and hierarchy
23

24. The translation is different from the
term on the book
Select preferred term
according to the most
prestigious reference
Prefer Term

25. Term verification
Database(D)
D-1：Sort out terms have not been
database verified
Collect terms
without reference D-2： Match the terms according to
their scope notes and hierarchies
3 Scope note and
hierarchy mapping in AAT-Taiwan to the selected
Editor review database
D-3：Editors double check the accuracy
of terms

26. Sort out terms have not been verified
AAT-Taiwan
technical personnel
Team

27. The procedures of term verification with database
database
The same Different Cannot find
Match Do not match Textbooks Google search
catalogues
Chinese
dictionary
TELDAP
AAT-Taiwan

28. Examination
E-0：Pre-procedures
E-0-1：Collect documents and file terms in relevant
and specialized fields
E-0-2：Search for experts in relevant fields and ask
if they would like to join our expert group
E-1：Assign
E-1-1：Mail the documents, the term verification
翻譯準確性 form, the guideline for revision and the expert review
form
E-2：Feedback
範圍註準確性 E-2-1：File those questions and feedback to
translators and proofreaders
For the
For quickly
convenience of
專家修訂
experts, so they understand the
can review quality and
the file in both problems in
Chinese and each category
English

29. Transfer into Chinese Pinyin System
Click tool for transliteration
29

30. Transfer into Chinese Pinyin System
 Create tree types of Chinese Pinyin
Check The Online Chinese Dictionary made by
The Ministry of Education Taiwan to make sure the
pronunciation of the term
transliterated transliterated
Pinyin without Hanyu Pinyin
tones
Wade-
Gils
30

31. Value-adding(pictures)
Scope note translation
and proofreading
Term verification
Pinyin System
Reference (including pages)

32. Translation
Revision with references
Disambiguation
Synchronization
Proofreading by Experts
Value addition
Contribution

33. Disambiguation
• Object
• What is disambiguation? Qualifier
• Executive Procedure

34. D-1 Demand Analysis
• Why does AAT-Taiwan need
disambiguation?
– To prevent distortion
• What kind of terms need to be Non-
disambiguated? Chinese
Term 1
Non- Same Non-
Chinese Chinese Chinese
Term … Term Term 2
Non-
Chinese
Term 3

35. D-1 Demand Analysis
199 Where do they appear?
200
172
180
160
V.PJ Components
140
112 M.MT Materials
120
88 86 85 F.FL Styles and Periods
100
80 V.TH Tools and Equipment
60 V.VW Information Forms
40
V.RK Single Built Works
20
0
The Number of disambiguation-
needing Chinese Terms

36. D-1 Demand Analysis
Five most frequently used
qualifiers
in AAT
81 Color D.DL
188 Order X
87 Pigment M.MT
Genus X
93 Family X
97

37. D-2 Method Design
• Background
• Method: Localized qualifier
– AAT existing qualifier rules
• Translation (localized qualifier)：
– Thymeles＝ 祭壇（希臘劇場Greek theater）
– Bomoi＝祭壇（古希臘Ancient Greek）
– Arae ＝祭壇（古羅馬Ancient Roman）
– Compromised handling
• nearest translation (the original term)
– <球場運動 （field sports ）>
– <球場運動 （course sports）>
• Teldap Note

38. D-3 Disambiguation
• Benefits
– usable to Ethnic Chinese
– future expansion of Chinese terms
• Issues
– The non-existent-in-Chinese concepts
• Compromised handling: nearest translation (the original
term)
– The disambiguation automatically done through
translating
• gold (metal) →金gold（金屬metal）
• gold (color) →金色golden color（色彩color）

39. Parlors
Drawing Living
rooms Distortion rooms
客廳

40. Contribution (C)
Scope Note
• Object
Term
• Pinyin
Sources and Contributors
• Executive Procedure
C-1 C-2 C-3
• Selection • Production • Contribution

41. C-1 Selection
1,013 Expert
Checked
Over 3,000
records for
contribution
2,361 both
Term Checked
and Scope
Note Checked

42. The information analysis of term verification
2500 2274
2000
1500
1180
1000 850
500 310 305 378
212
0
Associated Physical Styles and Agents Activities Materials Objects
concepts attributes periods
42
The amount

43. The estimated schedule
Terms in AAT 34,000 1,580
Translation 31,933 3,407 1,340
Scope note proofreading 17,612 1,000 8,000 8,000
Term verification
2,000 15,000 15,000
2788
Disambiguation
1000 2,361
Expert review
1,013
Value –added Current statue Dec. 2011 Jun. 2012 Dec. 2012
application
1,115
3,000 5,000 5,000

44. From Chinese to English:
A Summary of NPM English Mapping
Western Art Accessible to Chinese Users
v.s.
Chinese Art Accessible to Western Users

45. Technique: axe stroke

46. NPM （2,000 concepts） AAT （35,000 concepts）
Antiquities Top of the AAT hierarchies
Associated Concepts Facet
－考古學文化 (Archaeological Culture) Associated Concepts
河姆渡文化（Hemudu） Physical Attributes Facet
Attributes and Properties
仰韶文化 （Yangshao） Conditions and Effects
馬家窯文化（Majiayao） Design Elements
大汶口文化（Dawenkou） Color (Facet)
紅山文化（Hongshan） Styles and Periods Facet
Styles and Periods
－質材 (Material) Agents Facet
玫瑰水晶（芙蓉石）（rose quartz） People
珍珠（pearl） Organizations (Hierarchy Name)
Living Organisms
琥珀（amber）
Activities Facet
Disciplines (facet)
Paintings and Calligraphy Functions (Facet)
Events
－書體 (Chinese script) Physical and Mental Activities
楷書（standard script） Processes and Techniques
行書（running script） Materials Facet
Materials (Hierarchy Name)
隸書（clerical script ） Objects Facet
－技法 (Technique) Built Environment (Hierarchy Name)
白描（Bai miao ） Components (Hierarchy Name)
Furnishings and Equipment (Hierarchy Name)
工筆（Fine brushwork painting）
Object Genres (Hierarchy Name)
沒骨（boneless） Object Groupings and Systems (Hierarchy Name)
指畫（finger painting） Visual and Verbal Communication (Hierarchy Name)
46

47. How vocabularies in Chinese art are
mapped into current thesaurus
based on Western art?
47

48. To what extent are vocabularies between Chinese
and Western arts semantically interoperable?
Voc. Mapping Type
Mapping Types % Samples Images
BM 60% A03013 龍泉窯系(Longquan)
Hierarchical mapping BM <Chinese ceramics styles>
(narrower to broader)
=EQ 25% P01002 繪畫(Painting)
（Exact, simple =EQ
equivalence）
EQ〡 `8% A05008 手飾(Jewelry worn on hands)
（Cumulative compound EQ bracelets (jewelry) l rings (jewelry)
equivalence）
EQ+ 3% P04005 孝子(filial sons)
（Intersecting EQ sons + social ethics
compound equivalence）
~EQ 2% P04003 后妃(empresses, female imperial )
（Inexact simple ~EQ empresses or (iperial concubines)
equivalence）
NM 1% 面 NM surfaces (object portions)
（Hierarchical mapping 月 NM crescents (shapes)
(broader to narrower)）
RM 1% P19002 包子(Bun)
（Associative mapping） RM bread
48

49. To what extent are vocabularies between Chinese
and Western arts semantically interoperable? Voc.
Facets Distribution
FACETS % Samples Images
OBJECT 60% P14008 寺廟（Temple）
=EQ temples (buildings)
AGENT 25% P04001 帝王（a monarch; an emperor）
=EQ emperors
PHYSICAL 8% A11192 鳳凰（Phoenix）
ATTRIBUTES BM <figure- and animal-derived motifs>
MATERIALS 3% A08029 青花（Blue-and-white）
=EQ blue-and-white (ceramic glaze)
ACTIVITIES 2% P02002 工筆（Fine brushwork painting）
=EQ gongbi
STYLES AND 1% A03003 汝窯（Ru）
PERIODS =EQ Ru
ASSOCIATE 1% P05002 菩薩（enlightening being
D (Webster's Online Dictionary),
CONCEPTS Bodhisattva）
=EQ bodhisattva
49

50. How well the semantic interoperability can
work smoothly?
Cross Analysis of Voc. Mapping Types & Facet/Hierarchy
Distribution
BM（60%）
Facets Hierarchies Vocs Samples Images
AGENTS Living 342 A11198靈芝（Lin Zhi(an herb of immortality),
Organisms glossy ganoderma）
BM Fungi (kingdom)
OBJECTS Components 275 A10009龜鈕（Turtle buttons）
BM knobs (handles)
PHYSICAL Design 271 A11467雲紋（cloud pattern）
ATTRIBUTE Elements BM cloud bands
S
=EQ（25%）
Facets Hierarchies Vocs Samples Images
OBJECTS Components 275 A10040蓋（Cover, Top）
=EQ covers (closures)
MATERIALS Materials 97 A06048金（Gold）
=EQ gold (metal)
STYLES AND Styles and 75 A03003汝窯（Ru）
PERIODS Periods =EQ Ru
50

51. What are the critical problems
for bilingual semantic mapping
between Chinese and English?
51

52. Problems of Structure and
vocabulary Differences
Structures
Specific category in AAT No specific category in AAT
A02 考古學文化Archaeological
Complete Culture
（13 Vocabularies）
in AAT A17時代 Chinese Periods
Vocabularies
（66 Vocabularies）
A08釉色 Chinese Ceramic Glazes
Incomplete A03窯系 （69 Vocabularies）
Chinese Ceramic Style P02 書畫技法 Techniques of Chinese
in AAT （19 Vocabularies） Painting
（34 Vocabularies）
52

53. No specific category in AAT, and the vocabularies from NPM can
be only incompletely mapped into different categories
MATERIALS FACET AAT
NPM Materials(Hierarchy Name)
materials(matter)
A08 Chinese Ceramic Glaze by color <materials by function>
coating(material)
單色釉(single color) <coating by location or context>
青瓷釉(=EQ) glaze
ceramic glaze
透明釉(=EQ) <ceramic glaze by composition or origin>
紅釉 (=EQ) blue-and-white(ceramic glaze)
celadon(glaze)
釉下彩繪(underslaze enamels) <ceramic glaze by form>
青花 (=EQ) clear glaze
<ceramic glaze by technique>
墨彩 (=EQ) sang de boeuf
鐵繪 (BM)
STYLES AND PERIODS FACET
釉裡紅(BM) Styles and Periods
彩瓷(painted china) <styles and periods by region>
Asian
粉彩 (=EQ) East Asian
綠彩 (=EQ) Chinese
黃彩 (=EQ) <Chinese styles (style)>
<Chinese ceramics styles>
五彩 (=EQ) Chinese export
famille (keramiekstijl)
NPM famille rose
A03 Chinese Ceramic Style famille verte
famille jaune
定窯系 (=EQ) famille noire
汝窯系 (=EQ) Wucai
Ding(Chinese ceramics style)
樞府窯系(=EQ) Ru
邢窯系 (=EQ) Shufu 53
Xing

54. Subject: 春景（spring scene）

55. Generic problems in mapping process
 Compound Concepts
P03001 EQ+ ID: 300264666
春景 scenes (depictions)
spring scene(C) (depictions (visual works), <visual works by form: image form>, ... Visual and
Verbal Communication (Hierarchy Name))
ID: 300133097
spring (season)
(seasons, <earth sciences concepts>, ... Associated Concepts)
Objects Facet Objects Facet
NPM Visual and Verbal Communication (Hierarchy Name) Visual and Verbal Communication (Hierarchy Name)
landscapes Visual Works (Hierarchy Name) Visual Works (Hierarchy Name)
<visual works (Guide Term)> <visual works (Guide Term)>
<visual works by form> <visual works by subject type>
春景 (EQ+) <visual works by form: image form> landscapes (representations)
夏景 (EQ+) views (visual works) <landscapes by seasons or whether>
depictions (visual works) spring scenes
scenes (depictions) summer scenes
landscapes (representations) rain scenes
animal paintings
drapery (representations)
figures (representations)
Associated Concepts Facet
Associated Concepts
<scientific concepts>
<physical sciences concepts>
<earth sciences concepts>
seasons
autumn
spring (season)
55
summer (season)
winter

56. Construct the methodological framework of mapping
Chinese-English lexical semantics, thus to make the
resources of Chinese art and culture more accessible to
Western users
Collecting 蒐集詞彙
Verification 對譯查證
Mapping 對應關係
Semanticization 建立語意
Reconciliation 調和結構
Creation 新增概念與結構 56

58. Objectives of AAT-Taiwan
Western Art Chinese Art
Western Getty’s AAT AAT-Taiwan
users
TELDAP Mapping AAT terms
Make Western Art Make Chinese Art Accessible
Accessible to Western Users to Western Users
Chinese AAT-Taiwan AAT-Taiwan
users
AAT Chinese Translation TELDAP Mapping AAT terms
Make Western Art Accessible Make Chinese Art Accessible
to Chinese Users to Chinese Users

59. Issues
 Term verification issues
 The AAT Hierarchy issue
 The hierarchical position issues- Color

60. Q2:Could Chinese terms in adjective form become
non-preferred terms?
Noun
Adj.

61. What are the principles for AAT to choose terms in other
forms as substitutive terms
 The terms selected are supposed to be only in noun
form, but sometimes terms in adjective form can be
substitutive terms
(e.g., Buddhist can substitute Buddhism; existentialist can
substitute existentialism; humorous can substitute humor)

62. Ｑ1：Can a non-preferred term in English become a preferred term in Chinese
according to popularity?
Cellular telephones (Prefer term)
Xing dong dian hua
Cell phone (non-preferred term)
shou ji
 If it is a professional term, it is better to make preferred term support by
academic references; however, if it is a common term for daily usage, the
most popular term could be preferred.

63.  Note: Scientific study of the material remains of past human life and
activities, including human artifacts from the very earliest stone tools to the
man-made objects that are buried or thrown away in the present day.
Archaeological investigations are a principal source of knowledge of
prehistoric, ancient, and extinct cultures.
Archaeology
There are many different
kinds of archaeologies
below this hierarchy position
Exceptions:
Archaeometallurgy
Archaeobotany
Zooarchaeology

64.  Could almonries(institution) be
arranged under the hierarchy of
health and welfare institution?

65. The scope note content error – Yellow color
Additive color model Subtractive
color model
•Associate Professor,
Department of Information The color expert in AAT Taiwan reminds
and Communication,
Chinese Culture University
(Expertise：Image
that the tree primary additive colors are
Duplicate Technology, red/green /blue. However, yellow is one of
Electronic Publishing,
Digital Image Processing, the primary color in subtractive color
Color Science)
model.
Hsu, Ming-ching
徐明景

66. How to define colors in AAT
ISCC：Hue, value and chroma
AAT：Hue, tone,intensity
Kennedy, L.K.(1965) A universal color language. Color engineering 3(2),2-
7.http://altenser.com/SRM2106AUniversalColorLanguage.pdf