01 Programming for Problem Solving.pdf

GLOBAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLGY JAIPUR PROGRAMMING FOR PROBLEM SOLVING Ist Year
PROGRAMMING FOR PROBLEM SOLVING 1FY3-
06
Fundamentals of Computer
By
SANTOSH KUMAR
ASST. PROF
CSE/IT, GIT Jaipur
Contents
Syllabus
Marks distribution
Objective of course
Book

Computer
Data Processing

Objective of the Course:
The course is designed to understand the concept of programming language, to know
about memory unit and understanding various binary codes and to enhance the
programming skills of the students by giving practical assignments to be done in labs.
Books Recommended for Reading and Reference:
1. Ritchie & Kernighan, The C Programming language, 2nd Ed., PHI.
2. Yashwant Kanetkar, Let us C, 7edition. BPB Publication, 2009.
3. Dey & Ghosh, Computer Fundamentals and programming in C, Oxford.
4. Balaguruswamy, Programming in ANSI C, 5th Ed., TMH.
5. Rajaraman, Fundamentals of Computers, 5th Ed. PHI, 2011.
6. P. K. Sinha & P. Sinha, Computer fundamentals
Learning Outcomes:
After the completion of the course, the students will
•To bridge the gap between the knowhow of Fundamental of Computer Programming and
its actual application and implementation in the field of computer science & engineering.

•To make students able to understand the concepts of Programming and its mechanism
so that he/she is able to define the solution of different problems via algorithms
Computer
•The word computer comes from the word “compute” , which means, “to
calculate”
•Thereby, a computer is an electronic device that can perform arithmetic
operations at high speed
•A computer is also called a data processor because it can store, process, and
retrieve data whenever desired
Data Processing
•The activity of processing data using a computer is called data processing

•Data is raw material used as input and information is processed data obtained
as output of data processing.
The Five Basic Operations of a Computer System
•Inputting. The process of entering data and instructions into the computer
system

•Storing. Saving data and instructions to make them readily available for initial
or additional processing whenever required
•Processing. Performing arithmetic operations (add, subtract, multiply,
divide, etc.) or logical operations (comparisons like equal to, less than,
greater than, etc.) on data to convert them into useful information
•Outputting. The process of producing useful information or results for the user
such as a printed report or visual display
•Controlling. Directing the manner and sequence in which all of the above
operations are performed
The Five Basic Operations of a Computer System
•Inputting. The process of entering data and instructions into the computer
system

•Storing. Saving data and instructions to make them readily available for initial
or additional processing whenever required
•Processing. Performing arithmetic operations (add, subtract, multiply,
divide, etc.) or logical operations (comparisons like equal to, less than,
greater than, etc.) on data to convert them into useful information
•Outputting. The process of producing useful information or results for the user
such as a printed report or visual display
•Controlling. Directing the manner and sequence in which all of the above
operations are performed

Basic Organization of a Computer System

Input Unit
An input unit of a computer system performs the following functions:
1. It accepts (or reads) instructions and data from outside world
2. It converts these instructions and data in computer acceptable form
3. It supplies the converted instructions and data to the computer system for
further processing

Output Unit
An output unit of a computer system performs the following functions:
1. It accepts the results produced by the computer, which are in coded form
and hence, cannot be easily understood by us
2. It converts these coded results to human acceptable (readable) form
3. It supplies the converted results to outside world

Storage Unit
The storage unit of a computer system holds (or stores) the following :
1. Data and instructions required for processing (received from input devices)
2. Intermediate results of processing
3. Final results of processing, before they are released to an output device
Two Types of Storage
Primary storage
•Used to hold running program instructions
•Used to hold data, intermediate results, and results of ongoing processing of
job(s)
•Fast in operation
•Small Capacity

•Expensive
•Volatile (looses data on power dissipation)
Two Types of Storage
Secondary storage
•Used to hold stored program instructions
•Used to hold data and information of stored jobs
•Slower than primary storage
•Large Capacity
•Lot cheaper that primary storage
•Retains data even without power
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Arithmetic Logic Unit of a computer system is the place where the actual
executions of instructions takes place during processing operation

Control Unit (CU)
Control Unit of a computer system manages and coordinates the operations of
all other components of the computer system
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
•It is the brain of a computer system
•It is responsible for controlling the operations of all other units of a computer
system

A computer is a system as it comprises of integrated components (input
unit, output unit, storage unit, and CPU) that work together to perform
the steps called for in the executing program
Main Memory
•Every computer has a temporary storage built into the computer
hardware
•It stores instructions and data of a program mainly when the program
is being executed by the CPU.
•This temporary storage is known as main memory, primary storage, or
simply memory.
•Physically, it consists of some chips either on the motherboard or on a
small circuit board attached to the motherboard of a computer.

•It has random access property.
•It is volatile.
Random Access Memory (RAM)
•Primary storage of a computer is often
referred to as RAM because of its
random access capability
•RAM chips are volatile memory
•A computer’s motherboard is designed in a manner that the
memory capacity can be enhanced by adding more memory
chips

•The additional RAM chips, which plug into special sockets on the
motherboard, are known as single-in-line memory modules
(SIMMs)
Read Only Memory (ROM)
•ROM a non-volatile memory chip
•Data stored in a ROM can only be read and
used – they cannot be changed
•ROMs are mainly used to store programs and
data, which do not change and are frequently
used. For example, system boot program

Types of ROMs
Type Usage
Manufacturer-programmed ROM Data is burnt by the manufacturer of the
electronic equipment in which it is used.
User-programmed ROM
or
Programmable ROM (PROM)
The user can load and store “read-only”
programs and data in it
Erasable PROM (EPROM) The user can erase information stored in it and
the chip can be reprogrammed to store new
information
Ultra Violet EPROM (UVEPROM) A type of EPROM chip in which the stored
information is erased by exposing the chip for
some time to ultra-violet light

Electrically EPROM (EEPROM)
or
Flash memory
A type of EPROM chip in which the stored
information is erased by using high voltage
electric pulses
Cache Memory
•It is commonly used for minimizing the memory processor speed
mismatch.
•It is an extremely fast, small memory between CPU and main
memory whose access time is closer to the processing speed of
the CPU.
•It is used to temporarily store very active data and instructions
during processing.

Cache is pronounced as “cash”
Limitations of Primary Storage
•Limited capacity because the cost per bit of storage is high
•Volatile - data stored in it is lost when the electric power is
turned off or interrupted

Secondary Storage
•Used in a computer system to overcome the limitations of
primary storage
•Has virtually unlimited capacity because the cost per bit of
storage is very low
•Has an operating speed far slower than that of the primary
storage
•Used to store large volumes of data on a permanent basis
•Also known as auxiliary memory

Classification of Commonly Used Secondary Storage
Devices

Floppy Disk
• The most common secondary storage device
• 3.5” disk – 1.44MB

Hard Disk Drive or Hard Disk
• Made of rigid materials unlike floppy disks
• Holds a greater amount of data

Optical Discs
• A standard part of modern desktop machines, especially used
for multimedia purposes and preferred in loading
applications.

Kinds
• Blue Ray Disk – 40G
• Digital Versatile Disk
– DVD-R – write once, 3.95G
– DVD RW – rewritable, 3G
– Single Layer and Double Layer
• Compact Disk
– CD-R – write once, 650MB
– CD-RW – rewritable, 700MB Optical Drives

• CD-ROM read CDs
• CD-Writer read/write CDs
• DVD-Combo read/write CDs, read DVD
• DVD Writer read/write CDs
read/write DVDs
Other Secondary Storage
• Solid-State Storage

– No moving parts
– Flash memory cards
– USB flash drives

Storage Evaluation Criteria
Property Desirable
Primary
storage
Secondary
storage
Storage
capacity
Large storage capacity Small Large
Access Time Fast access time Fast Slow
Cost per bit of
storage Lower cost per bit High Low
Volatility Non-volatile Volatile Non-volatile

Access Random access
Random
access
Pseudorandom
access or
sequential
access
ACCESSMETHODS
•When we design a file, the important issue is how we will retrieve
information (a specific record) from the file.
•Sometimes we need to process records one after another, whereas
sometimes we need to access a specific record quickly without retrieving
the preceding records.

•The access method determines how records can be retrieved:
sequentially, randomly and direct.
ACCESSMETHODS
Sequential access
If we need to access a file sequentially—that is, one record after another, from
beginning to end —we use a sequential file structure.
Random access
If we need to access a specific record without having to retrieve all records before
it, we use a file structure that allows random access. Direct access direct access
is the ability to obtain data from a storage device by going directly to where it is

physically located on the device rather than by having to sequentially look for the
data at one physical location after another.
COMPUTER LANGUAGES
•To communicate with the computers, we need some languages. These
are computer languages.
•There are mainly three different languages with the help of which we
can develop computer programs.
•And they are –
1. Machine Level language

2. Assembly Level Language and
3. High Level Language
Machine Level Language
•Computer can understand only the language of Digital Electronics. Digital
Electronics deals with presence and absence of voltages. Within the
computer there are two logics can play their role.
•These logics are –
1. Positive Logic – Here presence of voltage will be denoted by 1 and
absence of voltage will be denoted by 0

2. Negative Logic – Here presence of voltage will be denoted by 0
and absence of voltage will be denoted by 1
Assembly Level Language
•After machine level language, the next level of development in the evolution of
computer languages was the Assembly Language.
•Machine level language uses only the binary language. But on the other hand,
assembly language uses mnemonics or symbolic instructions in place of a
sequence of 0s and 1s.
•Example : - we can consider that, to add register A and B in a particular computer,
assembly language uses the mnemonic ‘ADD B’ in place of 10001111. In assembly
language, we use symbolic names to denote addresses and data.

•Thus writing a program in assembly language has advantages over writing the
same in a machine language.
High Level Language
•High level language is the next development in the evolution of computer
languages.
•Examples of some high-level languages are given below –
•C/C++
•JAVA
•Pascal (named after the French scientist Blaise Pascal)
•High-level languages are like English-like language, with less words also known
as keywords and fewer ambiguities.

•Each high level language will have its own syntax and keywords. The meaning of
the word syntax is grammar.

Algorithm & Flowchart
ALGORITHM:
•An algorithm is a sequence of steps to solve a particular problem or algorithm is
an ordered set of unambiguous steps that produces a result and terminates in a
finite time
•Algorithm has the following characteristics
1. Input: An algorithm may or may not require input
2. Output: Each algorithm is expected to produce at least one result
3. Definiteness: Each instruction must be clear and unambiguous.

4. Finiteness: If the instructions of an algorithm are executed, the
algorithm should terminate after finite number of steps
Advantages of algorithm:
•It is a step-wise representation of a solution to a given problem, which makes it
easy to understand.
• An algorithm uses a definite procedure.
• It is not dependent on any programming language, so it is easy to understand
for anyone even without programming knowledge.
•Every step in an algorithm has its own logical sequence so it is easy to debug.

Flowchart:
•Flowchart is diagrammatic /Graphical representation of sequence of steps to
solve a problem.
•Flowchart uses different symbols to design a solution to a problem. It is another
commonly used programming tool.
•By looking at a Flowchart one can understand the operations and sequence of
operations performed in a system.
•Flowchart is often considered as a blueprint of a design used for solving a specific
problem.

Advantages of Flowchart :
•Flowchart is an excellent way of communicating the logic of a program.
•Easy and efficient to analyze problem using flowchart.
• During program development cycle, the flowchart plays the role of a blueprint,
which makes program development process easier.
• After successful development of a program, it needs continuous timely
maintenance during the course of its operation. The flowchart makes program
or system maintenance easier.
• It is easy to convert the flowchart into any programming language code.

To draw a flowchart following standard symbols are use

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