INTRODUCTION HISTORY WHAT IS BIOINFORMATICS APPLICATIONS DNA AND RNA LEVELS CONCLUSION REFRENCES "Bioinformatics" to refer to the study of information processes in biotic systems. This definition placed bioinformatics as a field parallel to biophysics or biochemistry (biochemistry is the study of chemical processes in biological systems). the field of bioinformatics has evolved such that the most pressing task now involves the analysis and interpretation of various types of data. This includes nucleotide and amino acid sequences, protein domains, and protein structures.

1. APPLICATION OF BIOINFORMATIC
By
KAUSHAL KUMAR SAHU
Assistant Professor (Ad Hoc)
Department of Biotechnology
Govt. Digvijay Autonomous P. G. College
Raj-Nandgaon ( C. G. )

2.  INTRODUCTION
 HISTORY
 WHAT IS BIOINFORMATICS
 APPLICATIONS
 DNA AND RNA LEVELS
 CONCLUSION
 REFRENCES

3.  "Bioinformatics" to refer to the study of
information processes in biotic systems. This
definition placed bioinformatics as a field parallel
to biophysics or biochemistry (biochemistry is the
study of chemical processes in biological systems).
 the field of bioinformatics has evolved such that
the most pressing task now involves the analysis
and interpretation of various types of data. This
includes nucleotide and amino acid sequences,
protein domains, and protein structures.

4.  Bioinformatics is a newly emerged scientific
discipline for the computational analysis and
the storage of biological data .
 Bioinformatics deals with algorithms,
databases and information systems, web
technologies, artificial intelligence and soft
computing, information and computation
theory, software engineering, data mining,
image processing, modeling , discrete
mathematics, , and statistics.

5.  It was Paulien Hogeweg who invented the term
Bioinformatics in 1979 to study the processes of
information technology into biological systems.
 1969- ARPANET was created by linking computers
 1972- 1st recombinant DNA was created by
paulberg
 1988- NCBI is established
 1991- creation of protocol which make up WWW
 1955- Haemoplilus influenzae genome seq. crested
 2001- human genome project is published.

6.  SEQUENCE ANALYSIS
 The application of sequence analysis
determines those genes which encode
regulatory sequences or peptides by using the
information of sequencing. For sequence
analysis, there are many powerful tools and
computers which perform the duty of
analyzing the genome of various organisms.

7.  It is easy to determine the primary structure of
proteins in the form of amino acids which are
present on the DNA molecule but it is difficult
to determine the secondary, tertiary or
quaternary structures of proteins. For this tools
of bioinformatics can also be used to determine
the complex protein structures.

8.  In genome annotation, genomes are marked to
know the regulatory sequences and protein
coding.
 Comparative genomics is the branch of
bioinformatics which determines the genomic
structure and function relation between
different biological species.
 For this purpose, intergenomic maps are
constructed which enable the scientists to trace
the processes of evolution that occur in
genomes of different species.

9.  Historically, drugs were discovered through
identifying the active ingredient from
traditional remedies or by serendipitous
discovery. Later chemical libraries of synthetic
small molecules, natural products or extracts
were screened in intact cells or whole
organisms to identify substances that have a
desirable therapeutic effect in a process known
as classical pharmacology.

10.  Rapid sequencing of other organisms:
Comparative whole genome analysis can
provide clues about molecular evolution. While
a conserved sequence provides information
about motifs; the sequence differences provide
information about diversity of form and
function.

11.  The problem with given DNA sequence
fragments of 200-700 base pairs length from a
sequence project, the objectives is to assemble
them into the original DNA sequences from
which the fragments are derived.
 one has to determine how similar the two
sequences are and show where the two
sequences match.

12.  Repetitive sequences in DNA: In a DNA
domain, a motivation for multiple sequence
alignment arises in the study of repetitive
sequences. These are the sequences of DNA,
often without clearly understood biological
functions, that are repeated many times
throughout the genome. The repetitions are
generally no exact, but differ from each other in
a small number of insertion, deletion,
duplications and substitution.

13.  Simultaneous monitoring of expression of all
genes:- mRNA levels define state of the cell.
The approach is to monitor all mRNA at
quantitative level of 1 molecule per cell and a
qualitative sensitivity level sufficient to
distinguish alternative splicing. Use of DNA
microarrays can help in this. This information
can be used for:
 DESCIPTION
 CLASSIFICATION
 CIRCUITRY

14.  MONITORING LEVEL AND MODIFICATION
STATE OF ALL PROTEINS
 It is important to monitor post translational
proteins and genetic networks modification,
e.g. phosphorylation state. It is possible to do a
2D protein gel analysis of protein, followed by
mass spectroscopy analysis.

15.  Most probably, there are limited no. Of
proteins shapes and hence a limited no. of
proteins families. One can analyse amino acid
sequences against database of protein shapes.
Some of the bioinformatics databases are being
used :-
 Pfam- protein multiple sequence alignment
and common protein domains.
 SCOP- Structural classification of proteins.
 CATH- Protein classification by class,
architecture, topology, and Homology.

16.  A protein family is a collection of proteins with
similar structure, similar function, or similar
evolutionary history. When we have a newly
sequenced protein, we would like to know to
which family it belongs, as this provides
hypothesis about its structure, function, or
evolutionary history.

17.  Find genes in a genome
 Predict the gene product
 Predict the gene function

18.  So, we can conclude that bioinformatics has
emerged as a very promising and important
discipline for academics, research, and
industrial application for the data storage, data
warehousing and analysing the sequences etc.,
which has influenced scientific, engineering
and economic development of the world.

19.  So, we can conclude that bioinformatics has
emerged as a very promising and important
discipline for academics, research, and
industrial application for the data storage, data
warehousing and analysing the sequences etc.,
which has influenced scientific, engineering
and economic development of the world.

20.  Bioinformatics- concept skills and application
by S.C. Rastogi , Namita Mendiratta, Parag
Rastogi
 U. satyanarayan(2005)
 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/bioinformatics