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1
By
KAUSHAL KUMAR SAHU
Assistant Professor (Ad Hoc)
Department of Biotechnology
Govt. Digvijay Autonomous P. G. College
Raj-Nandgaon ( C. G. )
 Introduction
 Goals of Bioinformatics
 Bioinformatics & Human Genome
Project
 What can we do using bioinformatics ?
 Applications of bioinformatics in various fields
1) Medicine
2) Evolutionary studies
3) Agriculture
4) Microbiology
5) Biotechnology
 Conclusion
 References
2
 Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field that
develops & improves upon methods for storing ,
retrieving , organizing & analyzing biological
data .
3
 Term “Bioinformatics” was coined by Paulien
Hogweg and Ben Hesper in 1970, referring to the
use of information technology for studying
biological systems .
 Bioinformatics is essential for management of
data in modern biology and medicine.
 It is the combination of various other disciplines
like biology , mathematics , computer science &
statistics .
4
 The science of
bioinformatics actually
develops algorithms and
biological software of
computer to analyze &
record the data related to
biology for example the
data of genes,
proteins,drug ingredients
and metabolic pathways.
5
 Biological software and database provide the
scientists this opportunity so that the data can be
extracted from these databases easily and can be
used by scientists .
 As biological data is always in raw form and
there is a need of certain storage house in which
the data can be stored, organized and
manipulated .
6
 The Human Genome Project had begun in 1990 &
the final sequencing mapping of whole human
genome was declared to be completed on April 14,
2003 .
 The goal of the Human Genome Project was to list
all of them in order.
 In all, human DNA contains approx 3 billion base
pairs .
7
 Thus , an unprecedented wealth of biological
data has been generated by the human genome
project & sequencing projects in other organisms
.
 The huge demand for analysis & interpretation of
these data is being managed by the evolving
science of bioinformatics .
8
9
 Sequence analysis refer to the understanding of
different features of a biomolecule like nucleic
acids or protein which give its unique functions
.
 The application of sequence analysis determines
those genes which encode regulatory sequences
or peptides by using the information of
sequencing .
 For sequence analysis , there are many powerful
tools & computers which perform the duty of
analyzing the genome of various organisms .
10
11
 Protein molecules begin their life as shapeless
amino acid strings , which ultimately fold up into a
3D - structure to become biologically active .
 Usually , 3D – structures are determined by X- ray
crystallography or related techniques like NMR
which are submitted to NCBI.
 A protein’s 3D – structure can be predicted using
various bioinformatics tools .
 Bioinformatics approaches can easily identify
secondary structure elements in a protein sequence
such as helices , sheets , domains , strands & coils.
12
13
 In genome annotation , genomes are marked to
know the regulatory sequences & protein coding
sequences .
 It is a very important part of the human genome
project as it determines the regulatory sequences.
14
15
 Protein seldom perform their functions in
isolation & therefore often interact with other
molecules to execute a certain process .
 Understanding of molecular interactions is also
essential to elucidate the biological functions of
a molecule .
 For example , protein – protein interactions play
a key role in cellular activities such as signaling
, transportation , cellular metabolism & various
biochemical processes .
16
 Apart from prediction of protein structures
molecular modelling can also assist in choosing
one unique conformations , which governs the
activity of a biomolecule .
 Other applications include spotting residues at
‘hot – spot’ of protein interfaces by docking a
protein into a small molecule called ligand .
17
 As we know , biological activities are the result
of molecular interactions that occur in a time
dependent manner .
 This time dependent behaviour of a molecule
could be studied using another set of
bioinformatics tools collectively referred to as
Molecular Dynamics Simulations (MDS) .
 The MDS techniques aim to provide detailed
information on the fluctuations , dynamic
processes such as ion transport & small & large
– scale conformational changes of proteins ,
nucleic acids & their complexes occuring in
biological systems .
18
19
In the field of medicine applications of bioinformatics
is used for following areas :-
 Drug Discovery
 Drug discovery is a process by which new drug
molecules are discovered or designed to cure
different diseases.
 Before the advent bioinformatics tools, scientists
used chemistry, pharmacology and clinical sciences
to discover new compounds.
20
 Bioinformatics has greatly facilitated this complex process
and is playing a vital role in advancing the process of
drug discovery/ designing, since it is faster to analyze
molecules on computer as compared to experiment
approaches.
 In fact, a completely new and dedicated field known as
Computer Aided Drug Design (CADD) has come into
existence to discover novel drug molecules.
21
22
 Evolutionary studies are procedures used to
construct the evolutionary relationship among a
group of related molecules or organisms, to
predict certain features of a molecules with
unknown function, to track gene flow, and to
determine genetic relatedness.
 The comparison of genomes either the close or
distant species is a very useful approach to
unravel the evolutionary processes that occur in
the genome .
23
 The underlying principle of phylogeny is to
group living organisms according to the degree
of similarity greater the similarity, closer the
organisms would appear.
 For this purpose , intergenomic maps are
constructed which enable the scientists to trace
the processes of evolution that occur in genomes
of different species .
24
 The sequencing of the genomes of plants should have
enormous benefit for the agricultural community .
 Bioinformatics tools can be used to search for the
genes within these genomes & to elucidate their
functions .
 This specific genetic knowledge could then be used to
produce stronger , more drought , disease & insect
resistant crops & improve the quality of livestock
making them healthier , more disease resistant &
more productive .
25
 At present the complete genome of Arabidopsis
thaliana (water cress) & Oryza sativa (rice) are
available .
 These findings suggest that information obtained
from the model crop systems can be used :-
26
For crop improvement
To produce insect
resistant plants
For improving nutritional
quality
 By studying the genetic material of these
organisms , scientists can begin to understand
these microbes at a very fundamental level &
isolate the genes that give them their unique
abilities to survive under extreme conditions .
 For these reasons in 1994 , the US Department
Of Energy (DOE) initiated the MGP (Microbial
Genome Project) to sequence genomes of
bacteria useful in energy production ,
environmental clean up , industrial processing &
toxic waste reduction .
27
 Deinococcus radiodurans
is known as the world’s
toughest bacteria & it is
the most radiation
resistant organism .
 Scientists are interested in
this organism because of
its potential usefulness in
cleaning up waste sites
that contain radiation &
toxic chemicals .
28
 Scientists are studying the genome of the microbe
Chlorobium tepidum which has an unusual capacity
for generating energy from light .
29
 Industrially useful microbes include ,
Corynebacterium glutamicum which is of high
industrial interest as a research object because it is
used by the chemical industry for the
biotechnological production of amino acid lysine .
 Lactococcus lactis is one of the most important
microorganism involved in the dairy industry .
 Researchers anticipate that understanding the
physiology & genetic make – up of this bacterium
will prove invaluable for food manufacturers as
well as the pharmaceutical industry , which is
exploring the capacity of L . lactis to serve as a
vehicle for delivering drugs .
30
 Bioinformatics is a comparatively young
discipline & has progressed very fast in the
last few years .
 It has made it possible to test our hypothesis
virtually & therefore allows to take a better
& informed decision before launching costly
experimentations .
 Thus , bioinformatics have to move hand in
hand to flourish for the welfare of humanity .
31
 Applications of bioinformatics in various fields
- https://www.scribd.com>mobile>doc
 Applications of bioinformatics in various fields –
BioTechFYI Center
- biotech.fyicenter.com>resource>Appli…
 Journal of Data mining in Genomics &
Proteomics
- www.omicsonline.org/open-access/use-of-
bioinformatics-tools...
 Bioinformatics & its applications –
Biotechnology Forums
- https://www.biotechnologyforums.com>...
32

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Applications of bioinformatics, main by kk sahu

  • 1. 1 By KAUSHAL KUMAR SAHU Assistant Professor (Ad Hoc) Department of Biotechnology Govt. Digvijay Autonomous P. G. College Raj-Nandgaon ( C. G. )
  • 2.  Introduction  Goals of Bioinformatics  Bioinformatics & Human Genome Project  What can we do using bioinformatics ?  Applications of bioinformatics in various fields 1) Medicine 2) Evolutionary studies 3) Agriculture 4) Microbiology 5) Biotechnology  Conclusion  References 2
  • 3.  Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field that develops & improves upon methods for storing , retrieving , organizing & analyzing biological data . 3
  • 4.  Term “Bioinformatics” was coined by Paulien Hogweg and Ben Hesper in 1970, referring to the use of information technology for studying biological systems .  Bioinformatics is essential for management of data in modern biology and medicine.  It is the combination of various other disciplines like biology , mathematics , computer science & statistics . 4
  • 5.  The science of bioinformatics actually develops algorithms and biological software of computer to analyze & record the data related to biology for example the data of genes, proteins,drug ingredients and metabolic pathways. 5
  • 6.  Biological software and database provide the scientists this opportunity so that the data can be extracted from these databases easily and can be used by scientists .  As biological data is always in raw form and there is a need of certain storage house in which the data can be stored, organized and manipulated . 6
  • 7.  The Human Genome Project had begun in 1990 & the final sequencing mapping of whole human genome was declared to be completed on April 14, 2003 .  The goal of the Human Genome Project was to list all of them in order.  In all, human DNA contains approx 3 billion base pairs . 7
  • 8.  Thus , an unprecedented wealth of biological data has been generated by the human genome project & sequencing projects in other organisms .  The huge demand for analysis & interpretation of these data is being managed by the evolving science of bioinformatics . 8
  • 9. 9
  • 10.  Sequence analysis refer to the understanding of different features of a biomolecule like nucleic acids or protein which give its unique functions .  The application of sequence analysis determines those genes which encode regulatory sequences or peptides by using the information of sequencing .  For sequence analysis , there are many powerful tools & computers which perform the duty of analyzing the genome of various organisms . 10
  • 11. 11
  • 12.  Protein molecules begin their life as shapeless amino acid strings , which ultimately fold up into a 3D - structure to become biologically active .  Usually , 3D – structures are determined by X- ray crystallography or related techniques like NMR which are submitted to NCBI.  A protein’s 3D – structure can be predicted using various bioinformatics tools .  Bioinformatics approaches can easily identify secondary structure elements in a protein sequence such as helices , sheets , domains , strands & coils. 12
  • 13. 13
  • 14.  In genome annotation , genomes are marked to know the regulatory sequences & protein coding sequences .  It is a very important part of the human genome project as it determines the regulatory sequences. 14
  • 15. 15
  • 16.  Protein seldom perform their functions in isolation & therefore often interact with other molecules to execute a certain process .  Understanding of molecular interactions is also essential to elucidate the biological functions of a molecule .  For example , protein – protein interactions play a key role in cellular activities such as signaling , transportation , cellular metabolism & various biochemical processes . 16
  • 17.  Apart from prediction of protein structures molecular modelling can also assist in choosing one unique conformations , which governs the activity of a biomolecule .  Other applications include spotting residues at ‘hot – spot’ of protein interfaces by docking a protein into a small molecule called ligand . 17
  • 18.  As we know , biological activities are the result of molecular interactions that occur in a time dependent manner .  This time dependent behaviour of a molecule could be studied using another set of bioinformatics tools collectively referred to as Molecular Dynamics Simulations (MDS) .  The MDS techniques aim to provide detailed information on the fluctuations , dynamic processes such as ion transport & small & large – scale conformational changes of proteins , nucleic acids & their complexes occuring in biological systems . 18
  • 19. 19
  • 20. In the field of medicine applications of bioinformatics is used for following areas :-  Drug Discovery  Drug discovery is a process by which new drug molecules are discovered or designed to cure different diseases.  Before the advent bioinformatics tools, scientists used chemistry, pharmacology and clinical sciences to discover new compounds. 20
  • 21.  Bioinformatics has greatly facilitated this complex process and is playing a vital role in advancing the process of drug discovery/ designing, since it is faster to analyze molecules on computer as compared to experiment approaches.  In fact, a completely new and dedicated field known as Computer Aided Drug Design (CADD) has come into existence to discover novel drug molecules. 21
  • 22. 22
  • 23.  Evolutionary studies are procedures used to construct the evolutionary relationship among a group of related molecules or organisms, to predict certain features of a molecules with unknown function, to track gene flow, and to determine genetic relatedness.  The comparison of genomes either the close or distant species is a very useful approach to unravel the evolutionary processes that occur in the genome . 23
  • 24.  The underlying principle of phylogeny is to group living organisms according to the degree of similarity greater the similarity, closer the organisms would appear.  For this purpose , intergenomic maps are constructed which enable the scientists to trace the processes of evolution that occur in genomes of different species . 24
  • 25.  The sequencing of the genomes of plants should have enormous benefit for the agricultural community .  Bioinformatics tools can be used to search for the genes within these genomes & to elucidate their functions .  This specific genetic knowledge could then be used to produce stronger , more drought , disease & insect resistant crops & improve the quality of livestock making them healthier , more disease resistant & more productive . 25
  • 26.  At present the complete genome of Arabidopsis thaliana (water cress) & Oryza sativa (rice) are available .  These findings suggest that information obtained from the model crop systems can be used :- 26 For crop improvement To produce insect resistant plants For improving nutritional quality
  • 27.  By studying the genetic material of these organisms , scientists can begin to understand these microbes at a very fundamental level & isolate the genes that give them their unique abilities to survive under extreme conditions .  For these reasons in 1994 , the US Department Of Energy (DOE) initiated the MGP (Microbial Genome Project) to sequence genomes of bacteria useful in energy production , environmental clean up , industrial processing & toxic waste reduction . 27
  • 28.  Deinococcus radiodurans is known as the world’s toughest bacteria & it is the most radiation resistant organism .  Scientists are interested in this organism because of its potential usefulness in cleaning up waste sites that contain radiation & toxic chemicals . 28
  • 29.  Scientists are studying the genome of the microbe Chlorobium tepidum which has an unusual capacity for generating energy from light . 29
  • 30.  Industrially useful microbes include , Corynebacterium glutamicum which is of high industrial interest as a research object because it is used by the chemical industry for the biotechnological production of amino acid lysine .  Lactococcus lactis is one of the most important microorganism involved in the dairy industry .  Researchers anticipate that understanding the physiology & genetic make – up of this bacterium will prove invaluable for food manufacturers as well as the pharmaceutical industry , which is exploring the capacity of L . lactis to serve as a vehicle for delivering drugs . 30
  • 31.  Bioinformatics is a comparatively young discipline & has progressed very fast in the last few years .  It has made it possible to test our hypothesis virtually & therefore allows to take a better & informed decision before launching costly experimentations .  Thus , bioinformatics have to move hand in hand to flourish for the welfare of humanity . 31
  • 32.  Applications of bioinformatics in various fields - https://www.scribd.com>mobile>doc  Applications of bioinformatics in various fields – BioTechFYI Center - biotech.fyicenter.com>resource>Appli…  Journal of Data mining in Genomics & Proteomics - www.omicsonline.org/open-access/use-of- bioinformatics-tools...  Bioinformatics & its applications – Biotechnology Forums - https://www.biotechnologyforums.com>... 32