Tools or techniques of sustainability

1. Tools and Strategies
for Sustainable Cleaner Production
Presented by : Muhmmad Shahid
Muhammad Umar Mushtaq

2. Brief Outline
• Sustainability
• Overall strategies
• Concepts
• Tools
- analytical
- procedural
- communication
• Policies and Instruments
• What now?

3. Sustainable Development
Sustainable development is understood as satisfying the
needs of the present generation without compromising the
needs of future generations.
Sustainability includes taking into account three aspects:
1. Economic: we need economic growth; to assure our
material welfare.
2. Environmental: we need to minimize environmental
damage, pollution, and exhaustion of resources.
3. Social: this is equity; the world's resources should be
better shared between the rich and the poor.

4. Sustainability can be seen as a triangle, each of its
cornerstones being environmental, economic and social
elements
SUSTAINABILITY
SOCIAL
ACCEPTANCE
ECONOMICAL
FEASIBILITY
ENVIRONMENTAL
EFFICIENCY
The three elements of sustainability (Nilsson-Djerf y McDougall, 2000).

5. Policy Principles
• Transparency
• Precaution
• Continuous Improvement
• Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
• Pollution Prevention
• Life Cycle Thinking/ Extended Producer
Responsibility (EPR)

6. Policy Principles
Pollution Prevention
• Avoiding the creation of pollutants, before they are emitted through the
stack or in a rubbish bin.
• Better prevent than cure.
• Related to other terms such as:
- waste reduction and minimasation,
- reduction at the source, etc.
• Developed before the overall goal of Sustainable Development.

7. Policy Principles
Life Cycle Thinking/ EPR
Life cycle thinking provides a holistic framework
taking the entire system of a product, process or
service into account, enabling us to make
realistic choices for the longer term taking
multiple factors into account.
– Every actor in the life cycle has a role to play
and a responsibility to cope with (EPR)
Recy-
cling
Refining
Manufac-
turing
Exploration
Consumption/
Use
Extraction
Return to the
environment
Re-Use
Society’s Need
for Products and
Services
Obsolescence

8. Overall Strategies
• Dematerialization
• Life Cycle Management
• Product Service Systems
• Investment and insurance
• Reporting
• Education and training

9. Overall Strategies
Dematerialization
• Addressing needs and functionality rather than the product alone
• Tracking throughput of materials and energy in industrial and
consumption processes
• Major increase in resource productivity

10. Overall Strategies
Life Cycle Management
Life Cycle Management (LCM) is an integrated concept for
managing the total life cycle of goods and services towards more
sustainable production and consumption.
– uses various procedural and analytical tools taken from the
Product Sustainability Toolbox
– different applications and integrates economic, social and
environmental aspects into an institutional context.

11. Overall Strategies
Product Service Systems
Product Service Systems (PSS): Strategy to develop a marketable
mix of products and services that are jointly capable of fulfilling a
client's need - with less environmental impact.
- a need rather than a product
- win-win solutions
- de-coupling economic growth and environmental degradation.

12. Important Concepts in Sustainable Cleaner
Production
• Waste hierarchy
• Eco-efficiency
• Green Chemistry
• Industrial Ecology
• Polluter pays

13. 1. Prevention or reduction at the source
2. Recycling
3. Treatment
4. Landfill or other form of emission into the environment (as latest
measure and in the
most safe way possible).
Waste Hierarchy

14. Eco-efficiency
• Reachable by putting in the market place highly competitive products
and services that
- fulfil the human needs and
- bring quality of life
• And at the same time
- reducing progressively their environmental impacts and their resource
consumption over the life cycle
- contained within the capacity of the eco-system.

15. • Reduce the material intensity of goods and services
• Reduce the energy intensity of goods and services
• Reduce the dispersion of toxic substances
• Improve the recyclability of materials
• Maximize the sustainable use of renewable resources.
• Expand the durability of materials
• Increase the use intensity of good and services
Success Factors for Eco-Efficiency

16. Green Chemistry
• Use of Chemistry for pollution prevention.
• Designing chemical substances that respect the environment.
• At the same time making that the production processes are designed
in the same way.
• This includes the reduction or abundance of using hazardous
materials.

17. Industrial Ecology
• Approach to industrial system similar as to natural systems
• Network of industrial systems that cooperate reusing residual
materials and energy in the same network
• Systematic analysis of the material and energy flows in the industrial
systems
• Minimization of the generation of waste and environmental impacts

18. Tools for Sustainable Cleaner Production
• Business Perspective
• Analytical Tools
• Procedural Tools
• Communication Tools
• Toolbox

19. Tools
Business Perspective
Companies can act in two very different ways to Society´s
demand for sustainable development:
1. Reactive: Fulfilling existing laws, directives and perhaps
standards
2. Proactive: Go beyond existing regulation to become leader
and use sustainability aspects as business opportunities

20. Tools
Companies Potential Areas of Improvement
 Processes: Eco-efficiency, Total Quality Management, CPA, EnTA,
environmental risk assessment.
 Products/ Services: Dematerialization, LCA, PSS, Eco-design,
Function Based Approach.
 Consumer communication: Consumer opportunities, Advertising
and Marketing, Eco-labels.
 Systems: Life Cycle Management, Material Flow Accounting,
Environmental Management Systems, Multi-stakeholder dialogues,
supply chain management.

21. Analytical Tools
• Environmental Audit Check List
• Life Cycle Assessment
• Environmental Risk Assessment
• Industrial Accident Risk Evaluation
• Material Flow Accounting/ Substance Flow Analysis
• Cost Effectiveness Analysis
• Cost Benefit Analysis
• Impact Pathway Analysis
• Input-Output Analysis

22. • Qualitative tool that serves as a guide for the orientation of
the environmental management of a company.
• Use for concrete application and specific development for
each company/ sector
• Consideration of various aspects such as recyclability
minimization of dangerous substances, etc.
Analytical Tools
Environmental Audit Check List

23. Analytical Tools
Life Cycle Assessment
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a tool for the systematic
evaluation of the environmental aspects of a product or service
system through all stages of its life cycle.
– provides an adequate instrument for environmental decision
support.
– reliable LCA performance is crucial to achieve a life-cycle
economy.
– The International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO), has
standardised this framework within the series ISO 14040 on
LCA.

24. Analytical Tools
Life Cycle Assessment
One practical example (detergents)
Higher materials and transport efficiency by compact detergents
• After LCA they foster compact detergents
• Savings of 30 % of raw materials
• Savings of 75 % of transportation space
• Savings of 40 % of energy used
• 815,000 tones of raw material per year
• 40,700 tours of trucks per year
• 53 million MJ of energy per year

25. A second practical example (TVs)
A basic LCA shows that the major part of a TV’s environmental
impact is caused by energy consumption in the use phase.
• Remarkably, up to 60% of the total energy consumed is used
when the TV is in the stand-by-mode.
• Introduction of an alternative, non-energy consuming stand-by
system can result in important environmental and economic
benefits (more than 25%).
• Other options for improvement are the use of recyclable
materials for printed circuit boards as well as glass and plastics
parts.

26. A third practical example (natural gas)
In the transport of natural gas through pipelines, small leaks
occur at pumping stations.
• It is possible to recompress this methane (CH4), but this
requires energy, which is delivered by burning methane
• Resulting in an emission of 14kg CO2 for 10kg of CH4.
• Global Warming Potential (GWP) of CH4 is 25 times that of CO2
per unit of weight.
• Without recompression, the emission of 10kg CH4 leads to a
GWP of 250kg CO2 equivalents
• With recompression, there is only an emission of 14kg CO2
equivalents

27. Predicted Exposure
Concentration
Prediction of Emission rate
EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
Extrapolation
Dose-response tests
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
- Risk Characterisation
- Uncertainty Analysis
EFFECT ASSESSMENT
Exposure prediction
Predicted No-Effect
Concentration
Acceptable Daily
Intake
Predicted
Exposure Dose
Analytical Tools
Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA)
Environment
Environment Human Health

28.  Determination of the (environmental) risk due to the
installation or the operation of industrial processes
 Undesired events are accidents that cause (environmental)
damage in various means
 Use of ‘event’ and ‘fault’ trees
Analytical Tools
Industrial Accident Risk Evaluation

29. Analytical Tools
Material Flow Accounting (MFA)/
Substance Flow Analysis (SFA)
Material Flow Accounting (MFA) refers to accounting in physical units
(usually in tons); the life cycle of materials in a given location (i.e.,
substances, raw materials, products, wastes).
Examples of flow accountings are:
• Eco-toxic substances that may cause environmental problems
• Nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphates due to their critical
influence over eutrophication
• Aluminium, the economic use, recycling and reuse of which are to be
improved

30. • Consideration of abatement costs
• Comparison of this cost with the abatement results
that are obtained with a certain amount of money
• When investing this money in environmental
improvement the option is chosen that shows the best
effectiveness
Analytical Tools
Cost Effectiveness Analysis

31. • Economic assessment tool from social or societal point of
view in contrast to the company view
• Consideration of in particular the external effects so that
accounting for as external costs
• The conversion of the damages in costs based generally on
the theory of well being where individuals confronted with
the effects judge its relevance (Contingent Valuation).
Analytical Tools
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

32. Health Effect Analysis
Emission
Fate
Exposure
Risk due to
accumulation
Physical
impact
Exposure-
Response function
Potential cancer
risk factor
Dose-
Response function
Correlation
Bioassays/
Animal tests
Empirical studies
Prevision
Prevision
Toxicological
approach
Epidemiological
approach

33. • Developed as part of the national statistics accounts
• Indication of all the flows of goods and services in an
economy as principal application
• Illustrating the connection between producers and
consumers, as well as the interrelationship of the various
industry sectors
• Frequently applied to environmental analysis
Analytical Tools
Impact Output Analysis (IO-LCA)

34. Example: Use of IO-LCA for consumption
patterns
Need area or function
Shelter
Food
Mobility
Personal care
Leisure
Clothing
Education
Total
Direct and indirect energy use
per person*
39%
18%
18%
9%
8%
6%
2%
100%
*Average for Groningen/ the Netherlands as reported by Tukker (2003)

35. Procedural Tools
• Environmental Impact Assessment
• Environmental Management Systems
• Environmental Audit
• Eco-design
• Supply chain management

36. Procedural Tools
Environmental Management Systems
• An environmental management system (EMS) is a means of
ensuring effective implementation of an EM plan or procedures in
compliance with environmental policy objectives.
• A key feature on any effective EMS is the preparation of
documented system procedures and to ensure effective
communication and continuity of implementation.
• There are certification systems for EMS as the ISO 14001 and
EC EMAS scheme.
• Ongoing development towards product-orientated management
systems (POEMS).

37. Procedural Tools
Eco-design/ Design for Environment (DfE)
Looks at the relation between a product and the environment. Some
common propositions include:
• captures the environmental impacts of the whole production-
consumption chain;
• 60% to 80% of life-cycle impacts from products are determined at the
design stage;
• DfE is to develop generic, company and product independent
standards (under ISO TC207)
• way to engage business interest and action because it focuses on the
products' market vulnerability.

38. Category 1: Highly recommended to carry out in short term.
Category 2: Can be incorporated: the more the better.
Category 3: Need further improvements.
Category 4: Will be sorted out.
Technical and Economic feasibility
Environmental
Advantages
+
+
-
-
Category 3:
Environmental benefits
Technical and economic problems
Category 4:
Few environmental improvements
Technical and economic problems
Category 2:
Few environmental improvements
Technical and economic feasibility
Category 1:
Environmental benefits
Technical and economic feasibility
Eco-design: Prioritisation Matrix

39. Eco-design: Example 1
- Humidity catchers

40. Eco-design: Example 2
– Clothes from recycled material

41. Procedural Tools
Supply chain management
• Companies as customers can influence their suppliers to
respect certain sustainability requirements with regard to the
product they procure
• Greening the supply chain
• CSR questionnaires with audits and training

42. • According to ISO 14010, a systematic process of verification and
objective evaluation to define if the activities, facts, conditions and
systems in place for environmental management are in line with the
audit criteria and the communication of the result of this process to the
client
• Required after the installation of an environmental management
system set-up or filling in a supplier questionnaire
• Verification that the activities and results of an organisation are carried
out according to defined standards for the environment, labour
conditions and other sustainability issues
Procedural Tools
Sustainability Audit

43. Communication tools
• Consumer Communication and Marketing
• Eco-labelling
• Multi-stakeholder dialogue

44. Communication tools
Consumer Communication
Opportunities for the consumer to make a change:
• Conscious purchasing
• Consumer´s power (voting with the pocket, activism)
• Waste separation, water, energy, etc.
• Buy eco-efficient products (saving)
• Quality of life versus consumerism
• Sustainable life styles
Crucial role of retail sector

45. Communication tools
Eco-labelling
Type I (ISO 14024) - third party certification labels: claims are based
on criteria set by a third part. Examples include the EC Eco-Label, Nordic
Swan and the German Blue Angel;
Type II (ISO 14021) – self certified labels claims are based on specific
declarations by manufacturers or retailers. Numerous examples e.g.
‘made from X% recycled material’;
Type III (ISO /TR 1425) – Environmental Product Declarations or LCA
based labels are claims consist of quantified products information base on
life cycle impacts.
 Single issue labelling schemes such as the private Forest
Stewardship Council (FSC) and organic food labels do not fall within any
of the categories but are partially converted by ISO 14020 – General
Guidelines for Environmental Claims and Declarations.

46. Eco-labelling II: Examples

47. Communication tools
Multi-stakeholder dialogue
• Changes of the supply chain need often multi-
stakeholder dialogue to allow that several players
act together with the same aim.

48. Example of the electronics industry
Science, Technology Governments
Suppliers
Financial community
ELECTRONICS
INDUSTRY
Voters
Customers
Members
Customers Unions
NGO’s

49. Product Sustainability Toolbox
Data
Tools
Applications
Change

50. Product Sustainability Toolbox
Applications
 Material, Process and Product Comparison
 Investment Decision Support
 Strategic Planning
 Marketing, Customer and Regulatory Compliance
 Weak Point Analysis
 Benchmarking

51. Product Sustainability Toolbox
Tools
 ERA, LCA, MFA/ SFA
 Eco-design/ DfE
 Eco-labelling
 Supply Chain Management
 Multi-stakeholder dialogue
 Consumer Communication
 and more...

52. in very populated and acidification-sensitive area
next to the mining site
in pure populated & and no acidif.-sensitive area
far away from mining site
Two products produced in the same way but in different regions
• Electricity generated from coal
• Combustion of coal as an important part of the life cycle
 Minimal total emissions and energy demand
- Specific region not considered
 Minimal risk for the environment
- Extra transport not considered
Which tool to choose? An example
Case 1
Case 2
Case 1
Case 2
LCA:
ERA:

53. Policies and instruments
• Integrated Product Policy
• Sustainable Procurement
• Policy instruments to encourage SCP

54. Traditional life cycle view of policy
Resource
Inputs
Use/
Consumption
End of life/
disposal
Production
Traditional
focus of
governments
Traditional
focus of
governments
Maximise
efficiency
Minimise
waste

55. Integrated Product Policy (IPP)
• Life-Cycle Thinking – cumulative environmental impacts - from
the “cradle to the grave”.
• Working with the market – setting incentives so that the market
moves in a more sustainable direction by encouraging the supply
and demand of greener products.
• Stakeholder Involvement – it aims to encourage all those who
come into contact with the product
• Continuous Improvement – improvements can often be made to
decrease a product’s environmental impacts
• A Variety of Policy Instruments – the IPP approach requires a
number of different instruments because there are such a variety
of products and different stakeholders.

56. Sustainable Procurement
Sustainable procurement is the process in which organisations buy
supplies or services by taking into account:
– the best value for money considerations such as, price, quality,
availability, functionality, etc.;
– environmental aspects ("green procurement": the effects on the
environment that the product and/or service has over its whole
lifecycle, from cradle to the crave);
– the entire Life Cycle of products;
– social aspects: effects on issues such as poverty eradication,
international equity in the distribution of resources, labour
conditions, human rights.

57. Policy instruments to encourage SCP
 Regulatory: standards, norms, EPR, labelling, (enforcement)
 Economic instruments: taxes, subsidies,credits, financial
incentives, etc.
 Social: awareness raising, education, information, voluntary
initiatives
 Others: indicators, green accounting...

58. Government Policy Instruments for Waste Prevention and Management
Economic Tools
* Tax on packaging
* Economic
incentives for cleaner
production and waste
prevention.
Regulatory Tools
* Environmental
Standards.
* Eco-labelling
Voluntary
Approaches and
Technological
Innovation
* Triple bottom line
* Eco-design
* De-materialisation
* Shift from products
to services.
Economic Tools
*Deposit-refund
schemes
* Taxes on
disposable products
and packaging.
Regulatory tools
*Eco-labelling
Social Tools
* Environmental
Education
* Information on
green purchasing
* Support to
voluntary initiatives.
Economic Tools
* Waste fees & taxes
* Pays as you throw
Regulatory tools
* Extended Producer
Responsibility
* Regulation on
waste collection and
recycling schemes
* Provision of
infrastructure for
recycling
Social Tools
* Information on
recycling schemes
*. Support to
voluntary initiatives
Production
Patterns
Household
Consumption Patterns
Waste generation
and collection
Waste Management
Systems
Economic Tools
* Taxes on
landfilling and
incineration.
Regulatory tools
* Framework based
on waste hierarchy
* Environmental
regulation on waste
management
* Bans on landfilling
* Target for reducing
landfilling and
incineration of waste
* Targets to increase
recycling rates
Technology
innovation
* Energy recovery
incinerators.
* Cleaner technology
for waste
Policies and Instruments for SCP
*Source: OECD, 2002.

59. What now?
• What does SCP mean in your day to day work?
• What is needed to include a life cycle perspective in current
work?
• How can you take advantage of existing (analytical) tools and
how much have you thought of addressing the consumer needs?
• Who will you need to work with to achieve your integrated target
objectives?

60. Take away message
“Human needs should be met by
products and services that are aimed
at specific ‘functions’ such as food,
shelter and mobility, and that are
provided through optimized
consumption and production
systems that do not exceed the
capacity of the ecosystem.”
Life Cycle Initiative Brochure,
UNEP / SETAC, ‘International
Partnership’, 2003.

61. Questions?
Thank you