1. SOLUTIONS &SOLUTIONS &
SOLUBILITIESSOLUBILITIES

2. SOLUTION AND SOLUBILITIESSOLUTION AND SOLUBILITIES 22
TERMSTERMS
• Solution:Solution: a homogeneous mixture containing particlesa homogeneous mixture containing particles
the size of a typical ion or covalent molecule. (0.1–2.0the size of a typical ion or covalent molecule. (0.1–2.0
nm in diameter)nm in diameter)
• Colloid:Colloid: a homogeneous mixture containing particlesa homogeneous mixture containing particles
with diameters in the range 2–500 nmwith diameters in the range 2–500 nm
• SuspensionsSuspensions are mixtures with even larger particles,are mixtures with even larger particles,
but they are not considered true solutions because theybut they are not considered true solutions because they
separate upon standing.separate upon standing.
• Solute:Solute: the dissolved substance in a solutionthe dissolved substance in a solution
• Solvent:Solvent: the major component in a solutionthe major component in a solution

3. SOLUTION AND SOLUBILITIESSOLUTION AND SOLUBILITIES 33
• A solution isA solution is saturatedsaturated when no additionalwhen no additional
solute can be dissolved at a particularsolute can be dissolved at a particular
temperaturetemperature
• AA SupersaturatedSupersaturated solution can form whensolution can form when
more than the equilibrium amount of solute ismore than the equilibrium amount of solute is
dissolved at an elevated temperature, anddissolved at an elevated temperature, and
then the supersaturated solution is slowlythen the supersaturated solution is slowly
cooled.cooled.
• AnAn UnsaturatedUnsaturated solution is formed whensolution is formed when
more of the solute can dissolve in it at amore of the solute can dissolve in it at a
particular temperature.particular temperature.

4. SOLUTION AND SOLUBILITIESSOLUTION AND SOLUBILITIES 44
KINDS OF SOLUTIONSKINDS OF SOLUTIONS

5. SOLUTION AND SOLUBILITIESSOLUTION AND SOLUBILITIES 55

6. SOLUTION AND SOLUBILITIESSOLUTION AND SOLUBILITIES 66
SOLUBILITYSOLUBILITY
• The amount of solute per unit solventThe amount of solute per unit solvent
required to form a saturated solution isrequired to form a saturated solution is
called the solute'scalled the solute's Solubility.Solubility.
• When two liquids are completely soluble inWhen two liquids are completely soluble in
each other they are said to beeach other they are said to be MiscibleMiscible..
• Solubility is effected by Temperature. WithSolubility is effected by Temperature. With
increase in temperature solubility of mostincrease in temperature solubility of most
of the substances increases.of the substances increases.
• Most gases become less soluble in waterMost gases become less soluble in water
as the temperature increases.as the temperature increases.

7. SOLUTION AND SOLUBILITIESSOLUTION AND SOLUBILITIES 77
SOLUBILITY GRAPH OF SALTS INSOLUBILITY GRAPH OF SALTS IN
WATERWATER

8. SOLUTION AND SOLUBILITIESSOLUTION AND SOLUBILITIES 88
SOLUBILITY GRAPH OF GASES INSOLUBILITY GRAPH OF GASES IN
WATERWATER
Pressure has little effect on the solubility of liquids and solids. The solubility of gases is
strongly influenced by pressure. Gases dissolve more at high pressure.

9. SOLUTION AND SOLUBILITIESSOLUTION AND SOLUBILITIES 99
SOLUBILITY OF COMMON IONS IN WATERSOLUBILITY OF COMMON IONS IN WATER

10. SOLUTION AND SOLUBILITIESSOLUTION AND SOLUBILITIES 1010
DISSOLUTION OF SODIUM CHLORIDE INDISSOLUTION OF SODIUM CHLORIDE IN
WATERWATER

11. SOLUTION AND SOLUBILITIESSOLUTION AND SOLUBILITIES 1111
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