Introduction to Chemistry Laboratory

05/21/07 LESTARI CHEMISTRY LABORATORY 1
INTRODUCTION TOINTRODUCTION TO
CHEMISTRYCHEMISTRY
BYBY
AHMAD NASIR SAJIAHMAD NASIR SAJI
LESTARI CHEMISTRY LABORATORYLESTARI CHEMISTRY LABORATORY

05/21/07 2LESTARI CHEMISTRY LABORATORY
UNDERSTANDING CHEMISTRYUNDERSTANDING CHEMISTRY
 SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF THE PROPERTIES, COMPOSITIONSCIENTIFIC STUDY OF THE PROPERTIES, COMPOSITION
AND STRUCTURE OF SUBTANCES FOUND AROUND US.AND STRUCTURE OF SUBTANCES FOUND AROUND US.
 EGYPTIAN – MEANS TO EXTRACT (PROCESS) GOLD, SILVEREGYPTIAN – MEANS TO EXTRACT (PROCESS) GOLD, SILVER
AND COPPER FROM EARTH.AND COPPER FROM EARTH.
 GREEKS – ALCHEMY, BORROWED FROM EGYPTIAN.GREEKS – ALCHEMY, BORROWED FROM EGYPTIAN.
 ARABIAN – AL-KIMI-YA, WHICH MEANS “BLACK SOIL FROMARABIAN – AL-KIMI-YA, WHICH MEANS “BLACK SOIL FROM
THE NILE” – “THE KNOWLEDGE OF MATTER”THE NILE” – “THE KNOWLEDGE OF MATTER”
 ENGLISH – MODIFIED ALCHEMY TO CHEMISTRY.ENGLISH – MODIFIED ALCHEMY TO CHEMISTRY.
 ENGLISH SCIENTIST (ROBERT BOYLE, 1627-1691), WASENGLISH SCIENTIST (ROBERT BOYLE, 1627-1691), WAS
FOUNDER OF MODERN CHEMISTRY WHEN HE PUBLISHED AFOUNDER OF MODERN CHEMISTRY WHEN HE PUBLISHED A
BOOK “THE SCEPTICAL CHEMISTS”.BOOK “THE SCEPTICAL CHEMISTS”.
 HE DESCRIBED THE PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS,HE DESCRIBED THE PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS,
COMPOUND AND MIXTURES CLEARLY.COMPOUND AND MIXTURES CLEARLY.

 THE WORLD AROUND US MADE UP OF MATTER.THE WORLD AROUND US MADE UP OF MATTER.
 THE SIMPLEST OF WHICH IS TERMED ELEMENT.THE SIMPLEST OF WHICH IS TERMED ELEMENT.
 116 ELEMENTS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED BY116 ELEMENTS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED BY
CHEMIST. SOME BEEN CREATED BY MANCHEMIST. SOME BEEN CREATED BY MAN
THROUGH TRANSMUTATIONTHROUGH TRANSMUTATION
 EXAMPLE :EXAMPLE :
 THE HUMAN BODY, FOOD, AIR, MEDICINES ANDTHE HUMAN BODY, FOOD, AIR, MEDICINES AND
CLOTHES ARE MADE UP OF CHEMICAL SUBTANCESCLOTHES ARE MADE UP OF CHEMICAL SUBTANCES
 MANY SUBTANCES ARE PRODUCED BY MANMANY SUBTANCES ARE PRODUCED BY MAN
CHEMICALLY.CHEMICALLY.

1.1. NITRIC ACID – TO MAKE FERTILISERS ANDNITRIC ACID – TO MAKE FERTILISERS AND
EXPLOSIVES.EXPLOSIVES.
2.2. SULPHURIC ACID – AS ELECTROLYTE IN ACID-LEADSULPHURIC ACID – AS ELECTROLYTE IN ACID-LEAD
ACCUMULATORS AND TO MAKE DETERGENTS.ACCUMULATORS AND TO MAKE DETERGENTS.
3.3. SOAPS AND DETERGENTS – AS CLEANING AGENTS.SOAPS AND DETERGENTS – AS CLEANING AGENTS.
4.4. UREA – AS NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS.UREA – AS NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS.
5.5. POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC) – TO MAKE PIPES,POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC) – TO MAKE PIPES,
PLASTIC BAGS AND CHILDREN’S TOYS.PLASTIC BAGS AND CHILDREN’S TOYS.
6.6. SODIUM CHLORIDE – TO PRESERVE FOODSODIUM CHLORIDE – TO PRESERVE FOOD
7.7. ACETIC ACID (VINEGAR) – TO ADD FLAVOUR TO FOODACETIC ACID (VINEGAR) – TO ADD FLAVOUR TO FOOD
AND TO PRESERVE FOODAND TO PRESERVE FOOD

1.1. ETHANOL – TO MANUFACTUREETHANOL – TO MANUFACTURE
ALCOHOLS,DRINKS,COSMETICS AND FOODALCOHOLS,DRINKS,COSMETICS AND FOOD
SEASONING.SEASONING.
2.2. PAINTS AND SHELLAC – TO PROTECTPAINTS AND SHELLAC – TO PROTECT
SURFACES.SURFACES.
3.3. SILVER CHLORIDE – TO MAKESILVER CHLORIDE – TO MAKE
PHOTOCHROMIC GLASS.PHOTOCHROMIC GLASS.
4.4. SILVER BROMIDE – IN PHOTOGRAPHYSILVER BROMIDE – IN PHOTOGRAPHY
5.5. FORMALDEHYDE – TO PRESERVE SPECIMENSFORMALDEHYDE – TO PRESERVE SPECIMENS
IN THE LABORATORYIN THE LABORATORY
6.6. SODIUM HYDROXIDE – TO MAKE SOAP ANDSODIUM HYDROXIDE – TO MAKE SOAP AND
PAPERPAPER

THE IMPORTANCE CHEMISTRYTHE IMPORTANCE CHEMISTRY
1.1. OCCUPATIONOCCUPATION
2.2. INDUSTRYINDUSTRY
3.3. EDUCATIONEDUCATION

OCCUPATIONOCCUPATION
SOME OF THE OCCUPATION THATSOME OF THE OCCUPATION THAT
NEED THE KNOWLEDGE OF CHEMISTRY INCLUDE :NEED THE KNOWLEDGE OF CHEMISTRY INCLUDE :
1.1. DOCTORSDOCTORS
2.2. HEALTH OFFICERSHEALTH OFFICERS
3.3. DENTISTSDENTISTS
4.4. BIOCHEMISTSBIOCHEMISTS
5.5. PHARMACISTSPHARMACISTS
6.6. NUTRIONISTSNUTRIONISTS
7.7. FORENSIC SCIENTISTSFORENSIC SCIENTISTS
8.8. GEOLOGISTSGEOLOGISTS
9.9. LABORATORY TECHNOLOGISTSLABORATORY TECHNOLOGISTS
10.10. PHYSIOTHERAPISTSPHYSIOTHERAPISTS
11.11. CHEMISTSCHEMISTS

1.1. METALLURGISTSMETALLURGISTS
2.2. AGRICULTURISTSAGRICULTURISTS
3.3. GENETIC ENGINEERSGENETIC ENGINEERS
4.4. PHARMACOLOGISTSPHARMACOLOGISTS
5.5. TOXICOLOGISTSTOXICOLOGISTS
6.6. CHEMICAL ENGINEERSCHEMICAL ENGINEERS
7.7. BIOTECHNOLOGISTSBIOTECHNOLOGISTS
8.8. POLYMER SCIENTISTSPOLYMER SCIENTISTS
9.9. FOOD TECHNOLOGISTSFOOD TECHNOLOGISTS
10.10. MICROBIOLOGISTSMICROBIOLOGISTS
11.11. HAEMATOLOGISTSHAEMATOLOGISTS

A FEW EXAMPLE OF OCCUPATION ANDA FEW EXAMPLE OF OCCUPATION AND
THEIR APPLICATION OF CHEMISTRY :THEIR APPLICATION OF CHEMISTRY :
1.1. ECOLOGISTS – TO STUDY THE NATURE OF CHEMICALECOLOGISTS – TO STUDY THE NATURE OF CHEMICAL
SUBSTANCES IN SURROUNDING AND THEIR AFFECTS ON THESUBSTANCES IN SURROUNDING AND THEIR AFFECTS ON THE
ENVIRONMENT.ENVIRONMENT.
2.2. GEOCHEMIST – TO STUDY THE NATURE OF CHEMICALGEOCHEMIST – TO STUDY THE NATURE OF CHEMICAL
SUBSTANCES ON EARTH.SUBSTANCES ON EARTH.
3.3. GENETIC ENGINEERS – THE STUDY YHE GENETIC ANDGENETIC ENGINEERS – THE STUDY YHE GENETIC AND
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CHROMOSOMES AND THECHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CHROMOSOMES AND THE
EFFECTS OF ENGINEERING ON THEIR COMPOSITION.EFFECTS OF ENGINEERING ON THEIR COMPOSITION.
4.4. PHARMACOLOGISTS – TO STUDY AND SYNTHESISE NEWPHARMACOLOGISTS – TO STUDY AND SYNTHESISE NEW
MEDICINES AND DRUGS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON VARIOUSMEDICINES AND DRUGS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON VARIOUS
DISEASES.DISEASES.
5.5. BIOCHEMISTS – TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF CHEMICALBIOCHEMISTS – TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF CHEMICAL
REACTIONS IN THE HUMAN BODY.REACTIONS IN THE HUMAN BODY.
6.6. DOCTORS – TO TREAT DISEASES IN HUMAN BEINGS.DOCTORS – TO TREAT DISEASES IN HUMAN BEINGS.

CHEMISTS ARE ALSO NEEDED :CHEMISTS ARE ALSO NEEDED :
1.1. TO STUDY THE PROCESS OFTO STUDY THE PROCESS OF
MANUFACTURING DRUGS AND MEDICINES.MANUFACTURING DRUGS AND MEDICINES.
2.2. TO UNDERSTANDING THE CHEMICALTO UNDERSTANDING THE CHEMICAL
STRUCTURE AND EFFECTS OF DRUGS.STRUCTURE AND EFFECTS OF DRUGS.
3.3. TO CONDUCT STUDIES AND RESEARCH ONTO CONDUCT STUDIES AND RESEARCH ON
FERTILISERS AND PESTICIDES INFERTILISERS AND PESTICIDES IN
FERTILISERS AND PESTICIDES INDUSTRIES.FERTILISERS AND PESTICIDES INDUSTRIES.
4.4. TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF FOOD ADDITIVESTO STUDY THE EFFECT OF FOOD ADDITIVES
AND THEIR COMPOSITIONS IN THE FOODAND THEIR COMPOSITIONS IN THE FOOD
INDUSTRIESINDUSTRIES

CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES IN MALAYSIACHEMICAL INDUSTRIES IN MALAYSIA
THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES IN MALAYSIATHE CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES IN MALAYSIA
INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING :INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING :
1.1. IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRYIRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY
2.2. OLEOCHEMICAL, WHICH PRODUCES VARIOUSOLEOCHEMICAL, WHICH PRODUCES VARIOUS
PRODUCTS FROM PALM OIL INCLUDING SOAPS ANDPRODUCTS FROM PALM OIL INCLUDING SOAPS AND
DETERGENTS.DETERGENTS.
3.3. DISTILLATE SYNTHESIS – WHICH CONVERT NATURALDISTILLATE SYNTHESIS – WHICH CONVERT NATURAL
GAS TO KEROSENE AND WAX.GAS TO KEROSENE AND WAX.
4.4. RECYLING FACTORIES WHICH RECYLE PAPER,RECYLING FACTORIES WHICH RECYLE PAPER,
ALUMINUM CANS AND OTHERS INTO REUSABLEALUMINUM CANS AND OTHERS INTO REUSABLE
PRODUCTS.PRODUCTS.

CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES IN MALAYSIACHEMICAL INDUSTRIES IN MALAYSIA
THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES IN MALAYSIATHE CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES IN MALAYSIA
INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING :INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING :
1.1. PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS – WHICH SUPPLIESPETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS – WHICH SUPPLIES
FUEL FOR HOME, VEHICLES AND INDUSTRIES.FUEL FOR HOME, VEHICLES AND INDUSTRIES.
3.3. PLASTIC INDUSTRY – WHICH PRODUCES EQUIQMENTPLASTIC INDUSTRY – WHICH PRODUCES EQUIQMENT
FOR HOME NEEDS AND PARTS FOR ELECTRICALFOR HOME NEEDS AND PARTS FOR ELECTRICAL
DEVICES.DEVICES.
5.5. AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY, WHICHAGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY, WHICH
PRODUCES FERTILISERS AND PESTICIDES FORPRODUCES FERTILISERS AND PESTICIDES FOR
AGRICULTURAL SECTOR.AGRICULTURAL SECTOR.
8.8. PHARMACEUTICAL – WHICH PRODUCES BOTHPHARMACEUTICAL – WHICH PRODUCES BOTH
MODERN AND TRADITIONAL MEDICINES AND DRUGS.MODERN AND TRADITIONAL MEDICINES AND DRUGS.

CONTRIBUTION OF CHEMICAL-BASEDCONTRIBUTION OF CHEMICAL-BASED
1.1. HAVE IMPROVED OUR ECONOMYHAVE IMPROVED OUR ECONOMY
THROUGH THE EXPORT OF VARIOUSTHROUGH THE EXPORT OF VARIOUS
PRODUCTS, SUCH AS CHEMICALS, SOAPS,PRODUCTS, SUCH AS CHEMICALS, SOAPS,
DETERGENTS, ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS,DETERGENTS, ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS,
FERTILISERS,PESTICIDES, RUBBER, OILFERTILISERS,PESTICIDES, RUBBER, OIL
PALM, PETROLEUM, NATURAL GAS ANDPALM, PETROLEUM, NATURAL GAS AND
PETROCHEMICALS.PETROCHEMICALS.
2.2. HEPLS TO REDUCE IMPORTS, THEREBYHEPLS TO REDUCE IMPORTS, THEREBY
SAVING FOREIGN EXCHANGESAVING FOREIGN EXCHANGE

THE VARIOUS PRODUCTS OF THE CHEMICAL-BASEDTHE VARIOUS PRODUCTS OF THE CHEMICAL-BASED
INDUSTRIES :INDUSTRIES :
1.1. FOOD AND BEVERAGES – FLAVOURS, ESSENCES, FOODFOOD AND BEVERAGES – FLAVOURS, ESSENCES, FOOD
STABILISERS, PRESERVATIVES, SWEERENERS AND ANTI-STABILISERS, PRESERVATIVES, SWEERENERS AND ANTI-
OXIDANTS.OXIDANTS.
3.3. DRUG AND MEDICINES – ANTIBIOTICS, ANALGESICS,DRUG AND MEDICINES – ANTIBIOTICS, ANALGESICS,
HORMONES, VITAMINS, VACCINES AND TRADIOTIONALHORMONES, VITAMINS, VACCINES AND TRADIOTIONAL
MEDICINES.MEDICINES.
5.5. AGRICULTURE – FERTILISERS, PESTICIDES, GROWTHAGRICULTURE – FERTILISERS, PESTICIDES, GROWTH
HORMONES AND HERBICIDES.HORMONES AND HERBICIDES.
4.4. TELECOMMUNICATIONS – CHEMICAL CELLS, COMPOSITETELECOMMUNICATIONS – CHEMICAL CELLS, COMPOSITE
MATERIAL FOR CELLPHONE, RADIO AND TELEVISIONMATERIAL FOR CELLPHONE, RADIO AND TELEVISION

THE VARIOUS PRODUCTS OF THETHE VARIOUS PRODUCTS OF THE
CHEMICAL-BASED INDUSTRIES :CHEMICAL-BASED INDUSTRIES :
5.5. TRANSPORT – FUEL FOR VEHICLES, ALLOYS FORTRANSPORT – FUEL FOR VEHICLES, ALLOYS FOR
VEHICLE PARTS, GLASS, PLASTICS, RUBBERS ANDVEHICLE PARTS, GLASS, PLASTICS, RUBBERS AND
COMPOSITE MATERIALSCOMPOSITE MATERIALS
6.6. TEXTILE – NYLON AND POLYESTER MATERIALSTEXTILE – NYLON AND POLYESTER MATERIALS
7.7. MANUFACTURE/SYNTHESIS – RAW MATERIALS SUCHMANUFACTURE/SYNTHESIS – RAW MATERIALS SUCH
AS CHLORINE, SULPHURIC ACID, UREA ANDAS CHLORINE, SULPHURIC ACID, UREA AND
CATALYSTS FOR VARIOUS INDUSTRIESCATALYSTS FOR VARIOUS INDUSTRIES

IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING CHEMISTRYIMPORTANCE OF STUDYING CHEMISTRY
1.1. THE KNOWLODGE IS IMPORTANT IN MANY FIELDS OF RESEARCH SUCHTHE KNOWLODGE IS IMPORTANT IN MANY FIELDS OF RESEARCH SUCH
AS MEDICINE, ENGINEERING, BIOCHEMISTRY, BOTANY,AS MEDICINE, ENGINEERING, BIOCHEMISTRY, BOTANY,
PHARMACEUTICALS, GENETICA AND FORENSICS SCIENCE.PHARMACEUTICALS, GENETICA AND FORENSICS SCIENCE.
2.2. CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES OF SURROUNDING. THE AIR THAT WE BREATHECHEMICAL SUBSTANCES OF SURROUNDING. THE AIR THAT WE BREATHE
IN IS COMPOSED OF OXYGEN, NITROGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE. THEIN IS COMPOSED OF OXYGEN, NITROGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE. THE
CEMENTS, CONCRETE,IRON, STEEL, WOOD, GLASS AND TILES WHICHCEMENTS, CONCRETE,IRON, STEEL, WOOD, GLASS AND TILES WHICH
ARE USED TO BUILD OUR HOME AND SCHOOL.ARE USED TO BUILD OUR HOME AND SCHOOL.
3.3. THE KNOWLEDGE IS NEEDED TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF FOOD ANDTHE KNOWLEDGE IS NEEDED TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF FOOD AND
MEDICAL DRUGS TO MORE BETTER THE QUALITY OF LIFE. FERTILISER,MEDICAL DRUGS TO MORE BETTER THE QUALITY OF LIFE. FERTILISER,
PESTICIDES AND GROWTH HORMONES TO IMPROVE AGRICULTURALPESTICIDES AND GROWTH HORMONES TO IMPROVE AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTS. PRESERVATIVES PREVENT PROCESSED FOOFSTUFF FROMPRODUCTS. PRESERVATIVES PREVENT PROCESSED FOOFSTUFF FROM
DECOMPOSITION. MODERN DRUGS USED TO TREAT DISEASES.DECOMPOSITION. MODERN DRUGS USED TO TREAT DISEASES.
4.4. TO HELPFUL IN THE CONVERSATION OF OUR ENVIRONMENT SUCH ASTO HELPFUL IN THE CONVERSATION OF OUR ENVIRONMENT SUCH AS
RECYLING PAPER AND OTHER WASTE MATERIALS AND DISPOSAL OFRECYLING PAPER AND OTHER WASTE MATERIALS AND DISPOSAL OF
HARMFUL WASTES FROM FACTORIESHARMFUL WASTES FROM FACTORIES

SCIENTIFIC METHODSCIENTIFIC METHOD
1.1. CHEMISTRY INVOLVES INVESTIGATION THROUGH SCIENTIFIC MEAN.CHEMISTRY INVOLVES INVESTIGATION THROUGH SCIENTIFIC MEAN.
THE BASIC RESEARCH SKILLS CALLED SCIENTIFIC METHOD.THE BASIC RESEARCH SKILLS CALLED SCIENTIFIC METHOD.
3.3. A SERIES OF SYSTEMATIC STEPS WHICH SCIENTISTS PRACTISE WHENA SERIES OF SYSTEMATIC STEPS WHICH SCIENTISTS PRACTISE WHEN
CONDUCTING A STUDY IN PARTICULAR SITUATION.CONDUCTING A STUDY IN PARTICULAR SITUATION.
5.5. A SCIENTIFIC STEPS :A SCIENTIFIC STEPS :
1.1. OBSERVATIONOBSERVATION
2.2. INFERENCEINFERENCE
3.3. IDENTIFYING THE PROBLEMIDENTIFYING THE PROBLEM
4.4. IDENTIFYING THE VARIABLESIDENTIFYING THE VARIABLES
5.5. FORMING A HYPOTHESISFORMING A HYPOTHESIS
6.6. CONTROLLING THE VARIABLESCONTROLLING THE VARIABLES
7.7. PLANNING THE INVESTIGATION PROCEDURESPLANNING THE INVESTIGATION PROCEDURES
8.8. COLLECTING DATACOLLECTING DATA
9.9. INTERPRETING DATAINTERPRETING DATA
10.10. DRAWING A CONCLUSIONDRAWING A CONCLUSION
11.11. WRITING A REPORTWRITING A REPORT

SITUATION :SITUATION :
You are required to study the solubility of calciumYou are required to study the solubility of calcium
chloride, CaClchloride, CaCl22 , in water. You are given 10 cm, in water. You are given 10 cm33
waterwater
and 100 g CaCland 100 g CaCl22 . After adding the salt, little by little. After adding the salt, little by little
to the water and stirring it, you find some saltto the water and stirring it, you find some salt
remaining at the bottom of the beaker. If more waterremaining at the bottom of the beaker. If more water
is added, the salt dissolves.is added, the salt dissolves.

1.1. OBSERVATIONOBSERVATION
ANY CHANGES IN COLOUR, SOLUBILITYANY CHANGES IN COLOUR, SOLUBILITY
FORMATION OF NEW SUBSTANCES, SEENFORMATION OF NEW SUBSTANCES, SEEN
DURING THE EXPERIMENT.DURING THE EXPERIMENT.

2.2. MAKING AND INFERENCEMAKING AND INFERENCE
THE INITIAL CONCLUSION THAT ISTHE INITIAL CONCLUSION THAT IS
MADE, BASED ON THE OBSERVATION ATMADE, BASED ON THE OBSERVATION AT
THE BEGINNING OF THE SCIENTIFICTHE BEGINNING OF THE SCIENTIFIC
INVESTIGATION.INVESTIGATION.

4.4. IDENTIFYING THE VARIABLESIDENTIFYING THE VARIABLES
VARIABLES ARE FACTORS OR CONDITIONSVARIABLES ARE FACTORS OR CONDITIONS
WHICH INFLUENCE OTHER FACTORS IN ANWHICH INFLUENCE OTHER FACTORS IN AN
INVESTIGATION. ALLINVESTIGATION. ALL
3 TYPES :3 TYPES :
1.1. MANIPULATEDMANIPULATED (INDEPENDENT)– THE VARIABLE(INDEPENDENT)– THE VARIABLE
THAT IS DELIBERATELY ALTERED TO SEE HOWTHAT IS DELIBERATELY ALTERED TO SEE HOW
SUCH CHANGES AFFECT THE QUANTITY ORSUCH CHANGES AFFECT THE QUANTITY OR
FACTOR.FACTOR.

2.2.RESPONDSRESPONDS (DEPENDENT) – WHICH(DEPENDENT) – WHICH
CHANGES AS A RESULT OF VARIABLECHANGES AS A RESULT OF VARIABLE
THAT IS MANIPULATED.THAT IS MANIPULATED.
3.3. CONSTANTCONSTANT – THE FACTOR OR– THE FACTOR OR
CONDITION OR QUANTITY THATCONDITION OR QUANTITY THAT
REMAINS UNCHANGED THROUGHOUTREMAINS UNCHANGED THROUGHOUT
THE INVESTIGATION.THE INVESTIGATION.

5.5. FORMING A HYPOTHESISFORMING A HYPOTHESIS
A GENERAL STATEMENT THATA GENERAL STATEMENT THAT
STATES THE CORRELATIONSTATES THE CORRELATION
BETWEEN THE RESPONDINGBETWEEN THE RESPONDING
VARIABLE AND THE MANIPULATEDVARIABLE AND THE MANIPULATED
VARIABLE.VARIABLE.

6.6. CONTROLLING THE VARIABLESCONTROLLING THE VARIABLES
THE VARIABLE THAT IS BEINGTHE VARIABLE THAT IS BEING
STUDIED AND THE NUMBER OFSTUDIED AND THE NUMBER OF
TIMES THE EXPERIMENT ISTIMES THE EXPERIMENT IS
REPEATED IN ORDER TO OBTAINREPEATED IN ORDER TO OBTAIN
AUTHENTIC OR GENUINE RESULT.AUTHENTIC OR GENUINE RESULT.

7.7. PLANNING THE INVESTIGATIONPLANNING THE INVESTIGATION
PROCEDURESPROCEDURES
THIS INCLUDES :THIS INCLUDES :
A.A. DETERMINING AND PREPARING THEDETERMINING AND PREPARING THE
APPARATUS AND MATERIALS REQUIRED FORAPPARATUS AND MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR
THE EXPERIMENT.THE EXPERIMENT.
B.B. STATING THE PROCEDURES OR STEP TAKENSTATING THE PROCEDURES OR STEP TAKEN
TO CONDUCT THE EXPERIMENT IS DONETO CONDUCT THE EXPERIMENT IS DONE
CORRECTLY.CORRECTLY.
C.C. THE METHOD OF COLLECTING DATA, OFTHE METHOD OF COLLECTING DATA, OF
PRESENTING DATA AND INTERPRETINGPRESENTING DATA AND INTERPRETING
DATA.DATA.

8.8. COLLECTING DATACOLLECTING DATA
ALL DATA COLLECTED THROUGHALL DATA COLLECTED THROUGH
THE OBSERVATION MADE DURINGTHE OBSERVATION MADE DURING
THE EXPERIMENT SHOULD BETHE EXPERIMENT SHOULD BE
RECORDED ACCURATELY IN THERECORDED ACCURATELY IN THE
FORM TABLES OR IN THE WORDS.FORM TABLES OR IN THE WORDS.

9.9. INTERPRETING DATAINTERPRETING DATA
THE DATA COLLECTED SHOULD BETHE DATA COLLECTED SHOULD BE
CHANGED AND PRESENTED IN ACHANGED AND PRESENTED IN A
MORE MEANINGFUL WAY SO THATMORE MEANINGFUL WAY SO THAT
THEY ARE EASILY INTERPRETED.THEY ARE EASILY INTERPRETED.

10.10. DRAWING CONCLUSIONDRAWING CONCLUSION
AFTER EXAMANING ANDAFTER EXAMANING AND
INTERPRETING THE DATA , AINTERPRETING THE DATA , A
CONCLUDING STATEMENT IS MADECONCLUDING STATEMENT IS MADE
ON THE RESULTS OF THEON THE RESULTS OF THE
EXPERIMENT. THE HYPOTHESIS ISEXPERIMENT. THE HYPOTHESIS IS
THE ACCEPTED AS TRUE ORTHE ACCEPTED AS TRUE OR
REJECTED AS INCORRECT.REJECTED AS INCORRECT.

11.11. WRITING A REPORTWRITING A REPORT
A COMPLETE REPORT IS WRITTEN WHEREA COMPLETE REPORT IS WRITTEN WHERE
ALL THE FOLLOWING ARE PRESENTED:ALL THE FOLLOWING ARE PRESENTED:
 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMSTATEMENT OF PROBLEM
 HYPOTHESISHYPOTHESIS
 VARIABLES (ALL THREE)VARIABLES (ALL THREE)
 APPARATUS USEDAPPARATUS USED
 MATERIAL USED WITH THEIR QUANTITIESMATERIAL USED WITH THEIR QUANTITIES
 PROCEDUREPROCEDURE
 RESULTS AND DATARESULTS AND DATA
 ANALYSIS OF THE DATAANALYSIS OF THE DATA
 INTERPRETATION OF THE DATAINTERPRETATION OF THE DATA
 DISCUSSION OF THE DATADISCUSSION OF THE DATA
 CONCLUSION AND STATEMENT ON HYPOTHESISCONCLUSION AND STATEMENT ON HYPOTHESIS

SCIENTIFIC METHOD SHOULD BE OBSERVEDSCIENTIFIC METHOD SHOULD BE OBSERVED
WHEN CONDUCTING AN EXPERIMENT IN ORDERWHEN CONDUCTING AN EXPERIMENT IN ORDER
TO ENSURE :TO ENSURE :
1.1. VALID AND AUTHENTIC INFORMATION.VALID AND AUTHENTIC INFORMATION.
2.2. A HYPOTHESIS IN INVESTIGATED IN DETAIL.A HYPOTHESIS IN INVESTIGATED IN DETAIL.
3.3. THE EXPERIMENT IS CONDUCTED SYSTEMATICALLYTHE EXPERIMENT IS CONDUCTED SYSTEMATICALLY
AND ACCORDING TO THE PROCEDURES.AND ACCORDING TO THE PROCEDURES.
4.4. ACCURATE RESULTS ARE OBTAINED.ACCURATE RESULTS ARE OBTAINED.
5.5. AN ACCEPTABLE AND VALID CONCLUSIONAN ACCEPTABLE AND VALID CONCLUSION

THE MANIPULATING SKILL LEARNT DURING ATHE MANIPULATING SKILL LEARNT DURING A
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION :SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION :
1.1. USING AND HANDLING SCIENCE APPARATUS ANDUSING AND HANDLING SCIENCE APPARATUS AND
MATERIAL CORRECTLY AND SAFETY.MATERIAL CORRECTLY AND SAFETY.
2.2. DRAWING APPARATUS AND LABORATORYDRAWING APPARATUS AND LABORATORY
SUBSTANCES ACCURATELY.SUBSTANCES ACCURATELY.
3.3. CLEANING SCIENCE APPARATUS CORRECTLY.CLEANING SCIENCE APPARATUS CORRECTLY.
4.4. STORING SCIENCE APPARATUS AND MATERIALSSTORING SCIENCE APPARATUS AND MATERIALS
CORRECTLY AND SAFETY.CORRECTLY AND SAFETY.

SCIENTIFIC ATTITUDES AND NOBLE VALUES ARESCIENTIFIC ATTITUDES AND NOBLE VALUES ARE
NECESSARY :NECESSARY :
1.1. PREVENT ACCIDENT FROM OCCURING.PREVENT ACCIDENT FROM OCCURING.
2.2. ENSURE A CLEAN AND CALM ATMOSPHERE IN THEENSURE A CLEAN AND CALM ATMOSPHERE IN THE
LABORATORY.LABORATORY.
3.3. INCULCATION POSITIVE VALUES LIKE CURIOSITY,INCULCATION POSITIVE VALUES LIKE CURIOSITY,
HONESTY, COOPERATIVE, PERSEVERANCE ANDHONESTY, COOPERATIVE, PERSEVERANCE AND
REPONSIBILITY IN STUDENTS.REPONSIBILITY IN STUDENTS.

CONCEPT MAPCONCEPT MAP
INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY
IMPORTANCE OF CHEMISTRY
UNDERSTANDING CHEMISTRY SCIENTIFIC METHODS
Origin of
the word
Uses
Occupation
Chemical
Industries
Contribution to
development
Procedures
Scientific
attitudes

Introduction to Chemistry Laboratory

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