2. STATE OF MATTER AND PROPERTIES OF MATTER
1.STATE OF MATTER
MATTER: Matter is any substance that have mass and which occupy some space is
called matter.
STATE OF MATTER: According to modern days Scientists there are 12 States of
Matter:
1. Solid 7. Bose-Einstein condensate
2. Liquid 8. Fermionic condensate
3. Gas 9. String-net liquid
4. Plasma 10. Super-critical fluid
5. Super fluid 11. Colloid
6. Super solid 12. Degenerate matter.
4. S.NO PROPERTIES SOLID LIQUID GAS
1. Shape Fixed Not fixed Not fixed
2. Volume Fixed Fixed Not fixed
3. Rigidity / fluidity Are rigid, can’t flow Not rigid ,can flow Can flow, Not rigid
4. Intermolecular force Maximum Less than solid Very less
5. Intermolecular space Very less More than solid Maximum and less than
gas
6. Compressibility Negligible Compressible Highly compressible
7. Surface area Very less Less than gas Maximum
8. Flow property No Flow property Less than gas Highly flow property
9. Density & mass Maximum Less than solid No density & mass
10. Rate of diffusion Yes but very slowly Yes but slower than gases Yes they diffuse very
well
5. PLASMA
Plasma is an ionized gas. Plasma is very good conductor of
electricity and affected by magnetic fields. Plasma is like gas have
an indefinite shape and indefinite volume .
6. GASEOUS LAW
BOYELS LAW : According to boyel’s law at a constant tem. pressure is inversely
proportional to the volume.
P ∝ 1/V
PV = constant
P1V1=P2V2
CHARLS LAW : At constant pressure volume is directly proportional to tem.
V∝T
V/T = constant
V1/T1=V2/T2
7. GAYLUSSAC LAW: At the constant volume the pressure of any gas is directly
proportional to tem.
P∝T
P/T=constant
P1/T1=P2/T2
AVOGADRO LAW :At constant pressure and tem. if the volume of two different
gases is equal then their number of mole will be equal or same.
At constant P & T
V∝ η
V/ η = constant
V1/ η1 = V2/ η2
8. IDEAL GAS EQUATION
PV = ηRT
P= pressure {P,V,T are variable & η,R is constant}
v= volume
η= number of mole
R= readable gas constant
T= absolute tem.
PV/T= constant
P1V1/T1=P2V2/T2
Any gas which is following above mentioned gas law is known as ideal gas
9.
10. TYPES OF SOLID
Solid are two types
1. CRYSTELLINE SOLID: Those solid in which crystal are of same size & shape and
the arrangement of crystal in a fixed pattern or geometry are known as crystalline solid.
11. On the basis of shape & geometry crystalline solid are of seven types
1. Cubic
2. tetragonal
3.hexagonal
4. trigonal
5.monoclinic
6.triclinic
7.orthorhombic
13. Difference between crystalline and amorphous solid
s.no. crystalline solid Amorphous solid
1 They have definite shape & geometrical form They do not have any definite geometrical shape
2 Anisotropic in nature Isotropic in nature
3 They have a definite heat of fusion They do not have a definite heat of fusion
4 They have definite melting point They do not definite melting point
5 Particle are arranged in an repeating ordered
pattern
Ex- Rubber, plastics, glass
Particle are arranged randomly and have no ordered
pattern
Ex- sodium chloride, Quartz
6 They are rigid & incompressible They are usually rigid & can’t be compressed to any
appreciable extent
7 More ductile Least ductile
14. POLYMORPHISM
Any substance which is exist in more than one form is known as
polymorphism.
Some substance like phosphorus and sulfur are exist in more than one
form.
The physical & chemical properties of any substance is different in
different form.
15. LIQUID CRYSTAL
Liquid crystal was discover by Fredrich Reinitzen in 1888.
He show that cholestnyl benzoate melt at 178°C into liquid but at
145°C it convert into a special state which is known as liquid crystal.
Liquid crystal is an intermediate state between solid and liquid, they
contain properties of both solid and liquid.
semisolid
solid 145°C
Liquid
crystal
178°C liquid
16. TYPE OF LIQUID CRYSTAL
1. Semetic : in this type of liquid crystal the arrangement of particles are fixed and
they are unidirectional.
2. Nemetic : in this type of liquid crystal the arrangement of particles is not fixed
& it is bidirectional.
3. Cholesteric :in this type of liquid crystal the arrangements of particles is fixed
& it is multidirectional
In this type the direction of one layer is completely different from other layer
17.
18. GLASSY STATE
All though glass is consider to be non conducting transparent solid, it
is actually a type of solid matter.
it can neither conciderred as a typical solid nor a typical liquid. The
atoms and molecules in most solid are arrange in fixed, orderly
manner. Where as in glassy material these are highly disordered.
Glassy material however have some salt range in the case of polymer
And they do not have a specific melting point but the liquefy on
heating
19. PHASE CHANGE OR CHANGE IN STATE OF MATTER
The matter is present in solid ,liquid and gas phase
One phase of matter can be interchange into another phase of
matter by changing tem., This is called phase change.
20.
21. 1. Melting : the process of conversion of any solid into liquid by rise in tem. is
called melting.
And the tem. at which any solid convert into liquid is called its melting point.
2.Vaporisation : the process of conversion of liquid into gas by rising tem is called
vaporisation.
And the tem at which any liquid change into gases foam is called its boiling
point.
3.Sublimation: The process of conversion of solid directly into gas without
converting into liquid after increase in tem is called sublimation.
22. Condensation :the process of conversion of gas into liquid after
cooling is called condensation.
Freezing: The process of conversion of liquid into solid after
cooling is called freezing.
Deposition: The process of conversion of any gas directly into
solid without converting into liquid after decrease in tem is called
deposition.
23. LATENT HEAT
When we supply heat to water then its tem is increases up to 100°C but after 100°C
when extra amount of hat is given then there is no increases in tem but the phase is
change from liquid to gas / vapour.
At constant tem the amount of heat is given to any substance for changes in phase of
matter is called latent heat.
Same like the amount of heat absorb by ice to change into liquid at constant 0°C is
called latent heat of melting.
At a constant 100°C the amount of heat require to convert liquid into gas is called
latent heat of evaporation.
24. Ice Water Vapour
Constant tem 0°C
Constant tem
100°C
Latent heat of
melting
Latent heat of
evaporation
LATENT HEAT
25. VAPOUR PRESSURE
In a close container when we heat any liquid then liquid vaporize and the pressure
created by vapoures on the inner wall of container is called vapour pressure of
liquid.
Or
At room tem in a closed container any liquid absorb heat and start evaporation
initially the rate of evaporation is slow.
After same time vapoures get condense & fallen down in a form of liquid drops,
initially the rate of condensation is slow.
At the point when rate of evaporation is equal to the rate of condensation. At
equilibrium the pressure created by vapoures on the inner wall of container is called
vapour pressure of liquid.
27. SUBLIMATION CRITICAL POINT
Sublimation is a process in which any solid is directly convert into gas
without convert in liquid.
We no that the phase of any matter can be change by change in tem &
pressure.
In triple fusion curve 0 is the point where all phase of matter all in
equilibrium this point is called triple fusion point.
Line 0A represent that when we increase the pressure by decrease tem
then substance exist in liquid form.
28. SUBLIMATION CRITICAL POINT
Line 0B represent that when tem & pressure increases then substance
exist in vapour form.
Line 0C represent that when tem & pressure both decreases then
substance exist in solid form.
At reduce pressure when we suddenly increase the tem then any solid
convert into gas.
The tem at which sublimation process takes place is called
sublimation critical point.
30. EUTECTIC MIXTURE
Certain mixture mixed in a particular proportion tend to liquefy due to
reduction in there melting point.
Such substance which decreases the melting point of other substance
when they mixed in such quantity then they reduce the melting point
of each other & they liquefied at room tem is called eutectic mixture
Ex – Phenol, Thymol, Camphor, Menthol.
31. The% composition of both substance at which solid mixture
get liquefied is called eutectic mixture.
32. RELATIVE HUMIDITY
Humidity is the total amount of water vapour present in air.
Relative Humidity may be defined as the ratio of amount of the water vapour
in the air at a specific tem to the maximum amount of that air which hold the
water at that tem. OR
The ratio of total amount of water vapour in air to the total amount of water
vapour in saturated air
Relative Humidity = Actual amount of water vapour in air
Water vapour present in saturated air
33. AEROSOL
When any gaseous substance is under high pressure & low tem then convert into
liquid form, when the pressure is reduce the molecules expand & the liquid
convert back into gaseous state.
In pharmaceutical aerosol a drug is dissolve in a propellent at high pressure.
Propellent is a substance which increase the pressure and convert gaseous drug in
to liquid.
The container is design in such a manner that an pressing a valve, some of the
drug propellent mixture is release out due to the exist pressure inside the
container.
Nitrogen and CO2 gas is generally used as propellent
34. Physicochemical properties of drug molecules
1.REFRACTIVE INDEX : Refractive index is defined as the ratio of velocity of
light in vacuum (air) to the velocity of light in a substance (solid or liquid) at the
same wave length.
R.I.= Velocity of light in air
Velocity of light in water
The value of refractive index is depend upon the colour of light travelling through
the medium and it also depends upon the density of medium.
35. SNELL LAW/ REFRACTIVE INDEX
The Dutch scientist Willibord Snell identified that exect relationship between the
angle of incident & angle of reflection.
According to Snell Law a light travels from first medium to a second medium the
ratio of the Sin of the angle of incident to the Sin of the angle of reflection each
constant and it is called reflective index.
R-I = Sin i
Sin r
37. Use of refractive index
It is used to measure the conc. of a solute in an aqueous medium
It can be used to determine the sugar content in syrup.
It is used to calculate the focusing power or lenses & the dispersing
power of prism.
38. OPTICALACTIVITY
The capacity of any substance in solution from to notate the plain polarized
light from its axis is called optical activity.
When we pass the PPL substance is optical active & if light is not deviate from
its axis then substance is opticaly inactive.
Opticaly Active compound are of two types-
Dextro rotatory : which rotate the PPL in to clockwise direction (D & +)
Levo Rotatory : which rotate the PPL in to anticlockwise direction (L & -)
41. DIPOLE MOMENT
The molecules which can be dissociated in to ions are called polar
molecules and polar substance which have two different poles cationic
& anionic is called dipole.
Na+ Cl-
K+ Br-
+ -
Cation Anion
42. DIPOLE MOMENT
In a dipole compound the multiplication of charge and distance
between both charge is called dipole moment, it is represented by P
A+ B-
a
P = Q×d
43. DIELECTRIC CONSTANT
Dielectric constant is the ratio of force between charge and same distance apart in
air to the same charge kept in other medium.
A B
F air =1, F water=1/Q, F Glass=1/3
q1 q2
F ∝ Q1Q2
r2
44. Kd = F air
F water
1/1 = K a/w =Q1
Q1
Kd= F air
F Glass
Kd a/w = 1
1 = 3
3
45. Application of dielectric constant
Dielectric constant may affect the solubility of a drug substance in
pharmaceutical.
If the value of dielectric constant is high then substance will
dissociated in faster rate & the solubility of drug is increase.
By the study of dielectric constant of different medium are solvent we
can select the proper solvent.
46. Dissociation constant
The braking of any electrolyte into ions is called dissociation.
Strong electrolyte dissociate completely (100%) an weak electrolyte
dissociate less than 100%
HA H+ + A –
Weak base
47. Dissociation constant
Apply Law of action
For any weak electrolyte the ratio of molar concentration of substance in ionized
form to the molar con. of unionized form is known as dissociation constant.
Ka = [H+] [A-]
[HA]
48. Application of dissociated constant
It is used to determine the pKa value of acid.
used to facilitate selection od suitable salt forming compound.
It is used to predict the solubility & pH properties of a salt.
