Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can renew themselves through cell division and differentiate into specialized cell types. There are three main types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem cells can be isolated from tissues and grown in the lab, and directed to differentiate into specific cell types for research and potential therapies. Several stem cell therapies using bone marrow, peripheral blood, and umbilical cord blood stem cells are currently used to treat diseases like cancer, blood disorders, and immune deficiencies. However, stem cell research is still developing and faces challenges with efficacy and safety.

1. Presented By:
Zahida Umar

2. “Undifferentiated cells that have ability to
renew themselves through mitotic cell
division and differentiate into a diverse
range of specialized cell types are known as
stem cells
Self renewal
Unspecialized
Produce specialized cells

3. Embryonic stem Cells Induced pluripotent cells
Adult stem Cells

5. These two types can be divided into two groups:
Undifferentiated cells Tissue specific cells:

6. Basic Stem Cell Technology
Stem Cell Functions
Isolating Stem Cells
Growing Stem Cells in the Lab
Differentiating Stem Cells
Getting Stem Cells into Patients

8. Altered Nuclear Transfer

9. Altered Nuclear Transfer
Therapeutic Cloning

10. Altered Nuclear Transfer
Therapeutic Cloning
IPS Cells

11. Altered Nuclear Transfer
Therapeutic Cloning
IPS Cells

12. Stem Cell Markers
Stem cell markers are cell surface receptors used
to isolate and identify stem cells. A receptor is a
specialized protein included in the surface of any
cell in the body that is capable to selectively bind
to other "signaling" molecules
Example: Liver Receptors
Groups:
Glycoprotein receptors
Cell specific gene expression
Cell specific molecules

14. expression of certain genes in
specific cell type
noggin
Non express in nonneural tissue
FISH
Cells expressing noggin will be
blue

15. Hormones, macromolecules, and enzymes
B cells in the pancreas
Neurotubulin
Genesis
Ea-3
Sca-1
Green fluorescent
protein (GFP)

16. Several stem cell therapies are routinely used to treat disease.
The basis for stem cell transplantation is that blood cells and
immune cells (lymphocytes) arise from the stem cells, which are
present in marrow, peripheral blood and cord blood.
These includes:
1. Adult Stem Cell Transplant: Bone Marrow Stem Cells
2. Adult Stem Cell Transplant: Peripheral Blood Stem Cells
3. Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cell Transplant

17. Autologous Transplant process

18. Allogenic transplant process

19. Bone marrow Transplant
Leukemia & cancer

20. Leukemia Treatment:

21. Peripheral blood stem cell
transplantation is a new technique
in which cells are obtained from a
patient's blood and used in bone
marrow transplantation.
•PBSCs are easier to collect
than bone marrow stem cells

22. U m b ilic a l C o r d
B lo o d S t e m C e ll
T r a n s p la n t :
Newborn infants no longer need their umbilical cords, so
they have traditionally been discarded as a by-product
of the birth process. In recent years, however, the
multipotent-stem-cell-rich blood found in the umbilical
cord has proven useful in treating the same types of
health problems as those treated using bone marrow
stem cells and PBSCs.

23. Stem cell therapy does not depend on viral vectors .It attempts
to treat a disease by introducing whole human cells into the
body, which will restore the patient’s health.

24. SCID is actually a group of inherited disorders that cause
severe abnormalities of the immune system.
severe combined immunodeficiency- XI

25. SCID Treatment
The most effective treatment is a bone marrow
transplant. Unspecialized stem cells that will form
blood and immune cells are taken from the bone
marrow of a healthy donor and injected into the SCID
patient. Ideally, these new cells will stimulate the
production of the needed immune cells.

26. Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder that destroys the
body’s ability to utilize glucose

27. Coronary arteries carry blood to
the cardiomyocytes or heart
muscle cells, and if they become
blocked or damage, the
cardiomyocytes die from lack of
oxygen.

29. Alzheimer’s disease

31. History of Human Embryonic
Cell Research
 1954 – John Enders received a Nobel prize in
Medicine for growing polio virus in human
embryonic kidney cells
 In 1998, James Thomson (University of
Wisconsin-Madison) isolated cells from the
inner cell mass of the early embryo, and
developed the first human embryonic stem
cell lines.

32. History of Somatic Cell
Nuclear Transfer (Cloning)
• 1952 – Briggs and King cloned
tadpoles
• 1996 – The first mammal cloned
from adult cells was Dolly, the
sheep.
 1998 – Mice cloned
 1998 – Cows cloned
 2000 – Pigs cloned

33. History of Cloning “CC” Carbon Copy
• 2001 – Cat cloned
 2002 – Rabbits cloned
 2003 – Mule cloned
 2004 – Bull serial-cloned
 2005 – Dog cloned

34. Cloned Embryonic Stem Cells –
Advantages/Problems
• Advantages
– No rejection
– “Prefect match”
• Problems
 Only 10% of cloned oocytes became
embryos
 0% survived to become a cell line
 higher risk of a patient getting an
infection.
 Cost is high (health insurance
probably won't pay)