The 3 great greek triumvirates new lecture- MIDTERM
1. THE 3 GREAT GREEK
TRIUMVIRATES
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Introduction to Philosophy
Prepared by:
IS-VNU
Mr. Mike
Lecture 3
PRESENTED and EDITED BY: RAIZZA P. CORPUZ
2. Socrates
No Writings
What we know of
Socrates comes
from the writings of
others such as Plato
and Xenophon.
A Native of Athens,
Greece
3. Socrates
Oracle of Delphi
Priestess of Apollo gifted in
prophecy
She was asked, “Is there
anyone wiser than Socrates?”
She answered no.
Socrates felt this we wrong
because he knew that he
didn't know anything.
Socrates tried to refute the
Oracle by questioning the
Wise Men of Athens.
4. Socrates
Oracle of Delphi
Socrates learned that the men
who “claimed” to be wise
really knew very little but were
ignorant about their lack of
knowledge.
Though Socrates knew very
little he was aware of his
ignorance and was therefore
wiser.
Socrates' paradoxical wisdom
comes from realizing his own
lack of knowledge.
5. Socrates
Trial and Death
Socrates public questioning
of Athen's elite caused those
in power to look foolish.
Social and Moral critic of
Athens.
Criticized the common
notion that “might is right”
in Athens.
Accused of corrupting the
youth and not believing in
the gods of the state.
Sentenced to drink poison
hemlock.
8. Socrates
The Socratic Method
DIALECTIC: A method of seeking truth through a
series of questions and answers.
The Socratic method is a “dialectic” method teaching.
To solve a problem, it is broken down into a series of
questions, the answers to which gradually distill the
answer a person would seek.
10. Socrates
Ethics
Socrates' ethics
assumes that Education
is the key to living an
ethical life.
No one desires evil.
No one errs or does wrong
willingly or knowingly.
Virtue—all virtue—is
knowledge.
Virtue = positive moral
behavior
11. Socrates
Ethics
The worst thing for a
person is the corruption
of his/her soul.
It is better to suffer
injustice than to commit
injustice.
14. Plato
Socrates' Student
Founded the Academy –
First institution for higher education
First Western philosopher
whose writings have survived
Most of what we know about
Socrates comes from Plato's
writings
Agreed with Pythagoras that
Mathematics were essential in
understanding the world
15. Plato
Ethics
Agreed with Socrates that
the only real harm to a
human is corruption of the
soul – it is better to suffer
wrong than to commit wrong
Disagreed with Socrates
that virtue is simply a matter
of knowing what is right
16. Plato
Ethics
INTELLECT
PASSIONS
Humans are made of 3
conflicting elements:
Passions
Intellect
Will
WILL
Most people live life
allowing the PASSIONS,
INTELLECT and WILL to be
in conflict with one another.
23. Plato
Bod
y
S oul
Metaphysics
Physical Life is
Rehearal for Death
The purpose of this life is to
achieve enlightenment –
Penetrate the Ultimate
Reality
Death releases the Soul
from bondage to the physical
body
24. Plato
Aesthetics
Opposed the Arts
The Arts attempt to represent
Physical Reality
The Physical Reality is an
imperfect representation of
Ultimate Reality (Forms)
Therefore, the Arts are twice
as deceptive at Physical
Reality
The Arts only further confuse
people about Ultimate Reality
25. Plato
Politics: The Ideal Republic
Philosophically Aware Rulers
(Governing Class)
Police Class
(Protective Class)
General Population
(Worker Class)
32. Aristotle
Material Cause
Insufficiency of the Material Cause
The materials that make up a thing are not
the same as the thing itself.
A pile of Bricks is not a House
Some things can be made of different
materials.
Houses can be made of Bricks or Wood
or Metal.
33. Formal Cause
Aristotle
The FORM of the thing.
The pattern, shape,
characteristics of a thing.
Not the same as Plato's
idea of Forms, i.e. no realm
of forms.
The Form does not have
an existence apart from the
thing as in Plato's concept
of Forms
35. Final Cause
Aristotle
The reason, purpose or
goal of a thing.
Ex. The purpose of a house
is to shelter a people.
Final Cause is evidence
of an Intelligent Designer
who provides things
with purpose
Teleology – Nature
Intelligent Design
36. Friendships
Aristotle
Close Friends
Must be Equals
Of Good Virtue
Selfless in the
friendship
Wants what's best
and good for the
other
Mutual respect for
each others strengths
37. Aristotle
Ethics: Virtues
Acquired by Habit
Not innate
Habit develops a disposition to act virtuously
The Golden Mean: Mid-point between 2
extremes
Courage
Cowardice
RECKLESNESS
38. Aristotle
Ethics: Virtuous Life
Know what is Right
Do what is Right
Practical Wisdom - Make
Right Decisions based on
Good Reasons
Contemplation of the Best
things NOT just Good things
– Good is the enemy of the
Best
Motivation for Doing
Anything is Flourishing (Full Meaningful)
39. ARISTOTLE
• Eudaimonia
or
Happiness
“We are what we repeatedly do.
Excellence, then, is not an
act, but a habit. ... At his
best, man is the noblest of all
animals; separated from law
and justice he is the worst.”
(Aristotle, 384 - 322 B.C.)
A key theme in
Aristotle's thought is
that happiness is the
goal of life.
Notas do Editor
What is this?
Did this bridge appear by chance?
Could this bridge come into existence given billions of years?
Is this evidence of a designer?
Why?
What is this?
Did this bridge appear by chance?
Could this bridge come into existence given billions of years?
Is this evidence of a designer?
Why?