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Identification of normal bacteriological flora of skin,
1. Bacteriological Analysis
of Normal Flora of Skin,
Nasal and Ear Specimens
Sonia Akhtar, Xia Mujahid, Sobia Ishaque
and Fareeha
26 April, 2012
2. Introduction:
The human microbiome (or human microbiota) is
the aggregate of microorganisms that reside on the
surface and in deep layers of skin, ear, in the saliva
and oral mucosa, in the conjunctiva, and in the
gastrointestinal tracts. They include bacteria, fungi,
and protozoa. Some of these organisms perform
tasks that are useful for the human host. Those that
are expected to be present, and that under normal
circumstances do not cause disease, but instead
participate in maintaining health, are soul members
of the normal flora.
3. It is estimated that 500 to 1000 species of bacteria live in
the human gut and a roughly similar number on the
skin.Bacterial cells are much smaller than human cells, and
there are at least ten times as many bacteria as human
cells in the body (approximately 1014 versus 1013).Though
members of the flora are found on all surfaces exposed to
the environment (on the skin and eyes, in the mouth,
nose).
4. Different harmless microorganisms establish as
commensals or mutualistic with the host.
Normal flora can be divided into two groups, residential
flora and temporary flora.
The normal flora as well as host immune status both do
not allow to infect the host.
The environmental conditions like pH, temperature,
availability of oxygen, presence of moisture etc also
influence their presence.
5. Aim: The basic aim of this study
was to analyze the normal flora of
Skin, Nose and Ear
6. Materials and Methods:
Samples of nose , ear & skin were collected by the
normal healthy individuals by the help of swabs in
aseptic conditions.
Media: which were used are nutrient agar, sheep
blood agar, MacConkey agar, Manitol salt agar,
Muller Hinton Agar and Salt Indol Motility agar.
11. RESULTS:
The Ear specimens 1 and 2 were identified as
Streptococcus viridans and Staphylococcus aureus
Nasal specimens 1 and 2 were identified as Niesseria
spp.and Klebsiella pneumoniae
Nasal specimens 1 and 2 were identified as Niesseria
sp
Non of the isolated organisms showed sensitivity
against antibiotics
12. DISCUSSION:
The varied environment of the skin results in locally
dense or sparse populations, with Gram-positive
organisms (e.g., staphylococci, micrococci,
diphtheroids) usually predominating.
S. epidermidis is a major inhabitant of the skin, and
in some areas it makes up more than 90 percent of
the resident aerobic flora.
13. Streptococci, especially β-hemolytic streptococci, are
rarely seen on normal skin. The paucity of β-
hemolytic streptococci on the skin is attributed at
least in part to the presence of lipids on the skin, as
these lipids are lethal to streptococci.
Gram-negative bacteria make up a small proportion
of the skin flora.Gram-negative bacteria, is more
common in the moist intertriginous areas.
14. • The nose and perineum are the most common sites
for S. aureus colonization, which is present in 10
percent to more than 40 percent of normal adults.
S. aureus is prevalent (67 percent) on vulvar skin. Its
occurrence in the nasal passages varies with age,
being greater in the newborn, less in adults. S.
aureus is extremely common (80 to 100 percent) on
the skin of patients with certain dermatologic
diseases such as atopic dermatitis, but the reason
for this finding is unclear.