Fine Particle Technology of Radio Chemical Method of Analysis

Outline
Introduction
Types
Isotopes
Radioactive Isotopes
Radioactive Decay
Fine Particles Technology
Methods
References
04/12/16Fine Particle Technology 2
Uses

Symbol of Radioactive compounds

 Fine Particles Science and Technology deals with the preparation,
characterization and technological applications of monodisperse particles in
the micro to Nano size range.
 Today, finely divided particulate materials and objects that incorporate or
are produced from these fine particles are everywhere about us.
 Particle size is an important characteristic for many dosage forms. Stability,
flowability, dissolution rate, and bioavailability are among the parameters
affected by the size distribution of particles.
04/12/16Fine Particle Technology of Radio Chemical Method of Analysis
4

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 Nanoparticles (NP) are solid colloidal particles ranging in size from 1 to
1000 nm that are utilized as drug delivery agents. The use of NPs to deliver
drugs to the brain across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) may provide a
significant advantage to current strategies.
 Furthermore, this system may slow drug release in the brain, decreasing
peripheral toxicity.
 Currently, reports evaluating NPs for brain delivery have studied anesthetic
and chemotherapeutic agents.
Nanoparticles…
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Methods for Determining Particle Size
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Laser Light Scattering Techniques
The angles of diffraction are inversely related to the particle size, and this
method is particularly good for measuring sizes between 0.1 and 3,000 μm.

Capabilities in fine particle technology include:Capabilities in fine particle technology include:
Fine Particle Technology

 Nuclei of some atoms are unstable
and emit particles/radiation , the
branch of chemistry which is
concerned with the decay of
unstable nuclei and the products of
decay is Radiochemistry.
 Analysis of stable nuclei using the
radio chemicals/radioisotopes is
called radiochemical methods.
 Radiochemical methods tend to be
work intensive and generate liquid
waste due to the chemical
separations are involved.
Radiochemical Method…
9

 Radiochemical methods are characterized by good accuracy and
their ability to be adapted to a wide number of applications.
Another advantage to this method is that they minimize or even
eliminate the need for separations that are required in other
analytical methods.
Radiochemical Method…
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Types
Isotope dilutionIsotope dilutionActivation Analysis ManagementManagementTracer method
There are three types of radiochemical methods...There are three types of radiochemical methods...
11Fine Particle Technology of Radio Chemical Method of Analysis

Types
It is a most sensitive and specific technique for determination of trace quantities
of wide range of elements
The activity is induced in one or more elements of the sample by irradiation with
suitable radiation or particles. Most commonly thermal neutrons from a nuclear
reactor source is used.

Types
Radioactivity is introduced into the sample by adding a measured amount of a
radioactive species.

Types
This method is the most important class of radiochemical quantitative method.
In this method, a weighed quantity of radioactively tagged analyte having a
known activity is added to a measured amount of sample. The mixture is then
mixed to homogeneity and then a fraction of the compound of interest is isolated
and purified. The analysis is based upon the activity of the isolated fraction.

IsotopesIsotopes
 All isotopes of an element have the same atomic number, and their
chemical behavior is very similar.
 For example, tritium can substitute for hydrogen.
Fine Particle Technology of Radio Chemical Method of Analysis

Radioactive Isotopes…Radioactive Isotopes…
 Radioactive isotopes have unstable nuclei that spontaneously change to
form more stable nuclei
 As a result, either new isotopes or new elements are produced isotopes
have unstable nuclei that spontaneously change to form more stable nuclei

Radioactive Decay…Radioactive Decay…

Alpha (α) decay is a common radioactive
process encountered with heavier isotopes.
The alpha particle is a helium nucleus
having a mass of 4 and a charge of +2.

 Beta (β) decay is a radioactive process in
which, the atomic number changes but
the mass number stays the same.
 The high-energy electrons have greater
range of penetration than alpha particles,
but still much less than gamma rays.

Gamma (γ) rays are produced by nuclear
relaxations. Gamma rays are more dangerous than
radio waves

 X-Ray emission are formed from
electronic transitions in which outer
electrons fill the vacancies created by the
nuclear process.

Rutherford’s Experiment: the Effect of an
Electric Field on α-, β-, and γ-radiation
Rutherford’s Experiment: the Effect of an
Electric Field on α-, β-, and γ-radiation

 Radiochemical neutron activation analysis (RNAA) has been used for the
determination of eight rare earth elements (La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb, and
Lu).
 RNAA was proven to be a reliable technique for ultra-trace analysis,
especially in the certification of some ultra-trace elements.
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Neutron Activation AnalysisNeutron Activation Analysis

Neutron Activation AnalysisNeutron Activation Analysis
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Diagram illustrating the process of neutron capture by a target nucleus
followed by the release of gamma rays.

 ;
25

Uses of Radiochemical Method…Uses of Radiochemical Method…
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1. preservation of food grains and seeds
2. some of the isotopes are used in the treatment of cancer.
3. some of the isotopes are used to study the proper functioning of internal
organs.
4. Gamma radiations are used to sterilize the surgical instruments.
5. radio phosphorous is used for studying the rate of phosphorous assimilation
by the plant.
The Radiochemical methods are used to chemically assay a NON-RADIOACTIVE sample.
It is used both for qualitative & quantitative measurements

Uses of Radiochemical Method…Uses of Radiochemical Method…
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6.it is used for finding out the faults in metal structures.
7.it is used for preparing synthetic elements (artificial transmutation)
8. isotopes are used in elucidation of reaction mechanism by using isotopic
effects.
9.in breeder reactors radiations are used to prepare the fuel / fissile
material.
10.trace concentrations of metals can be estimated by isotopic dilution
analysis or neutron activation analysis.

 Bone imaging is an extremely important use of radioactive properties.
 This technique is also good for arthritic patients, bone abnormalities and
various other diagnostics.
Medical Uses
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ReferencesReferences
 http://www.hanford.gov/techmgmt/factsheets/deploys/icp-ms.htm
 http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/ap/vdgconcepts/student/olc/h-reading7.html
 http://www.cancerbacup.org.uk/Treatments/Radiotherapy/Radiotherapy/Radioactivei
sotopes
 http://education.jlab.org/glossary/alphadecay.html
 http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nuclear/beta.html
 http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1081/DDC-120001481%20
 http://Radiochemical%20Analysis%20definition%20of%20Radiochemical%20Analysis%20in
%20the%20Free%20Online%20Encyclopedia..htm
 http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1081/DDC-120001481%20

Fine Particle Technology of Radio Chemical Method of Analysis

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