1. Computer
Fundamentals
Miss. Bajpai R. R.

2. Evolution of computers :
1. Abacus
• counting frame
• 3000 BC - china

3. 2. Blaise Pascal’s Adder
• In 1642 Blaise Pascal, at age 19, invented the Pascaline as an
aid for his father who was a tax collector.
• high cost
• low accuracy

4. 3. Charles Babbage
:difference engine
• By 1822 was proposed a steam driven calculating machine the
size of a room, which he called the Difference Engine.
• Expensive
• difficult

6. MARK - I
• IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC), called
the Mark I by Harvard University
• electro-mechanical computer
• devised by Howard H. Aiken in February 1944
• built from switches, relays, rotating shafts, and clutches
• 51 feet (16 m) in length, eight feet (2.4 m) in height
• weight of about 10,000 pounds (4500 kg).

8. ABC - 1942
• Atanasoff–Berry Computer - electronic digital computing
device
• Inventor : John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry
• was not programmable
• designed only to solve systems of linear equations
• card writer/reader was unreliable

10. Eniac- Electronic Numerical
Integrator And Computer
• ENIAC was conceived and designed by John Mauchly and J.
Presper Eckert of the University of Pennsylvania.
• Capable of being reprogrammed
• Relatively fast
• 17,468 vacuum tubes, 7,200 crystal diodes, 1,500
relays, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors

12. EDVAC :Electronic Discrete
Variable Automatic Computer
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Developed by John von Neumann
It was binary rather than decimal
was a stored program computer
EDVAC was built for the U.S. Army's Ballistics Research
Laboratory

14. EDSAC - Electronic Delay
Storage Automatic Calculator
• Earlier British computer
• Was constructed by Maurice Wilkes
• First commercially applied computer

16. UNIVAC : (UNIVersal
Automatic Computer
• second commercial computer produced in the United States
• It was designed principally by J. Presper Eckert and John
Mauchly
• was accepted by the United States Census Bureau on March
31, 1951

19. Generations of computers

20. First generations - (19421955)
• Processing device :
vacuum tube: fragile glass device which use filaments ; could
control and amplify electronic signals.
• Memory :
electromagnetic relays : punched cards
• Programming languages : Machine and assembly language

21. Characteristics :
• Fast
• Bulky in size
• Thousands of vacuum tubes that emits large amount of heat and
burnt out
• High Power consumption
• Frequently hardware failure due to filaments
• Difficult to build and Costly
• Limited use

22. Second generations : (19551964)
• Processing : Transistors invented by John bardeen , william
shockley and walter brattain at Bell lab in 1947.
• Memory : magnetic cores main memory , magnetic disk
,tapes
• PL : FORTRAN, COBOL, ALGOL, SNOBOL
• Batch operating systems
• Used in business and industry for commercials data
processing(payroll, marketing , inventory control, )

23. Charateristics :
• More rugged and easier to handle : made of semiconductor
(germanium)material rather than glass
• Highly reliable : doesn’t have filament part
• Faster
• Low power consumption
• Small in size
• Cheap
• Large memory capacity
• Easier to program

25. Third generations : (19641975)
• Processing : integrated chips (IC’s) developed by Jack St. Clair Kilby
and Robert Noyce
• Microelectronics
• Made by silicon
• SSI :- 10- 20
• MSI:- 100
• LSI :- some thousands
• VLSI :- millions of components
• Memory capacity : RAM can store less than 5 MB,
disk space upto 10 MB

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PL : ANSI FORTRAN , COBOL
Time sharing , multiuser online systems
Software was initially free. Give rise to s/w industry
Mainframe to minicomputers(PDP-8)

27. Characteristics :
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1 million instructions per second
Smaller
Faster
Scientific and commercials
Don’t need manual assembly of circuits
Portable
Time sharing system allows interactive usage and
simultaneous use of multiple users
• Smaller can afford these computers.

28. Fourth generations: (19751989)
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Microprocessors
Hard disk
Portable magnetic tapes and floppy disks
Personal computers
Super computers
High speed Computer Networks
Operating systems with GUI
Multiprocessing OS with Concurrent executions
UNIX OS

29. characteristics
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Small
Affordable
More powerful and reliable mainframe systems
General purpose machines
Easier to produce commercially
Rapid software development
Ex : TRS- 80, Cray-1 ,Cray-2, Cray-X/MP,
Apple II, IBM PC , VAX 9000

30. Fifth generations : (1989 present)
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Hardware technology :
ULSI
RAID
Optical disks
Notebooks , more powerful PC’s
Powerful Servers and supercomputer
Internet
Cluster computing

31. •
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Software technology :
Micro kernel based, multithreading, distributed OS
Parallel programming
Java
WWW

32. Characteristics :
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Portable
Cheaper
More powerful
Ex: IBM notebooks , Pentium PC’s, SUN workstations, PARAM
10000

33. Basic computer organization

35. INPUT UNIT

36. OUTPUT UNIT

37. STORAGE UNIT

38. TYPES OF STORAGE

40. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

41. Types of computers
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Supercomputer
Mainframe computer
Minicomputer
Micro computer /Personal computer
Laptop
Notebook
Palmtop

42. REFERENCE:
• FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTERS:
By, P. K. Sinha.