1. S-Cube Learning Package
Service Discovery and Identification:
Service Discovery and Task Models
City University London (CITY)
Konstantinos Zachos, Angela Kounkou, Neil Maiden, CITY
www.s-cube-network.eu

2. Learning Package Categorization
S-Cube
Engineering Principles, Techniques and Methodologies
for Hybrid, Service-based Applications
Service Discovery and Identification
Service Discovery and Task Models

3. Learning Package Overview
 Problem description
 Task modeling
 Task-based service discovery
 Discussion
 Conclusions

4. Problem description
 Established context factors such as time and location have
been applied to the design of Service-based applications
(SBAs). User tasks however are an often overlooked factor in
the engineering of SBAs
 Task Modeling is an established research topic in the field of
Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). The models yielded can
help run-time service environments to:
– Select, compose and invoke services that explicitly fit with the goals
and constraints of the user task
– Overcome mismatches between user requests and descriptions of the
software services to meet these requests
 We develop, codify and apply user task models to a service
discovery environment for the discovery of best-fit services for
a user task.

5. Learning Package Overview
 Problem description
 Task Modeling
 Task-based service discovery
 Discussion
 Conclusions

6. Task modeling Concepts
 Task modeling is the processing of known or inferred data
about a user task into graphical, structured representations of
user task knowledge: user task models. The aim is to
understand what the users want to achieve and the activities
performed in order to bring about the desired state.
 A user goal is a system user’s end result to be achieved
 Tasks are the activities that must be performed to achieve a
user goal
 Actions are simple tasks that cannot be decomposed into
sub-tasks

7. Task Modeling Notations
 Several task modeling notations exist including Hierarchical task
Analysis (HTA); Goals, Operators, Methods, Selection rules
(GOMS); and ConcurTaskTrees (CTT).
 We represent the user task models in our approach using the CTT
task modeling formalism as it adopts an engineering approach to
user task models, and its more complete and precise semantics
can support automated service discovery more effectively than
other user task modeling formalisms.
 CTT resources:
F. Paterno, C. Mancini, S. Meniconi, ConcurTaskTrees: A Diagrammatic Notation for Specifying Task Models, Proceedings of
the IFIP TC13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, pp. 362-369, 1997
D. Sinnig, M. Wurdel, P. Forbrig, P. Chalin, and F. Khendek, Practical Extensions for Task Models, Proceedings of the Sixth
International Workshop on TAsk MOdels and DIAgrams (TAMODIA'07), Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol. 4849,
Springer, Toulouse, France, 2007

8. Task-based service discovery
 Two-stage approach to task-based service discovery:
– User task model specification
– Discovery process

9. 1 - User Task Model Specification
• The user task model defines a
reusable task structure that
encapsulates well-defined
functionality for a recurrent design
problem
• Key elements of our user task
models’ schema include:
• User task and goal description
• CTT task model
• Service class description

10. User Task and Goal Description
 Each user task is specified with natural language descriptions
of the task in context and the associated user goal.
 Example: task and associated user goal for the user task
Calculate a distance
Name Calculate distance
Task Compute and output the
distance between two specified
geographical locations “A” and
“B”
Resources Coordinates for the
geographical locations

11. CTT model (1)
 The user task is then modeled using the CTT formalism.
Background: CTT notation.
This task modeling notation possesses:
 A Hierarchical tree structure that decomposes higher level
tasks into lower level subtask(s) that execute it.
 Types graphically depicting a task’s performance allocation:
user task, application task, interaction task (performed by both
a human actor and a system interacting) and abstract task
(complex tasks that do not fall into either of the other
categories).
 Temporal operators describing the temporal relationships
between tasks at a same hierarchical level

12. CTT model (2)
Background: CTT Task Types
 Application task: entirely executed by the system (e.g.
display text)
 User task: performed entirely by the user (e.g. read text)
 Interaction task: performed by user interactions with the
system (e.g. edit text)
 Abstract task: require complex actions and do not
completely fall into one of the previous categories

13. CTT model (3)
Background: CTT temporal operators
 Enabling T1 >> T2
 Enabling with information passing T1 [ ]>> T2
 Disabling T1 [> T2
 Interruption T1 |> T2
 Choice T1 [ ] T2
 Concurrency T1 ||| T2
 Optionality [T]
 Iteration T1* or T1{n}

14. CTT model (4)
Background: developing a CTT
 Decompose tasks into subtasks
 Identify the temporal relationships between tasks at the same
level of the hierarchy
 Identify objects (entities manipulated to perform tasks) and
the related associated actions

15. CTT model – Calculate Distance example (1)
Note: diagram drawn in the ConcurTaskTree Environment (CTTE)

16. CTT model – Calculate Distance example (2)
Notes – CTT notation as applied in the example:
 Task hierarchy: the higher level task Calculate distance is decomposed
into lower level subtasks that execute it: Input start, Enter destination,
Submit data, Validate data, Compute distance, Display distance and View
distance. The subtasks themselves can be decomposed further (e.g. Input
start and Validate data)
 Types: graphical syntax elements indicate each of the tree nodes’ types;
for instance interaction tasks ( )comprise Enter destination, Submit
data, View distance, Accept current location and Enter start.
 Temporal operators: the relationships between tasks at a same
hierarchical level and their occurrence in time are described. For example,
Enter destination enables and passes on information (here, the destination
elicited) to Submit data, which in turn enables and inform the subtask
Validate data as described by the operator []>>

17. Association to service classes
 Each user task model associates each application subtask described in a
CTT model to one or more classes of software service.
 We associate service classes to user task models based on systematic
analysis by people with domain expertise using the following steps:
– systematically explore each pair-wise association between a user task and
service class
– make a design decision as to whether an application sub-task could be wholly
or partially implemented using a software service of that class
– Create an association between the sub-task and service class if enhancement
was agreed to take place.
 Returning to our example Calculate Distance with the application sub-task
Validate data, we can associate it to services of the class DataValidation
because one or more such services could be reasonably invoked by a
service-based application.

18. Service class description
 Each service class associated with a user task model is
described using neutral terms sourced from online
encyclopedias to avoid unintended bias during service
discovery.
 Continuing the
DataValidation example,
the present table reports
the DataValidation class’ s
functional description taken
from the source concept
definition, and a list of
operations derived from
action terms or verbs in the
concept description.

19. 2 – End user task-based service discovery

20. Task-based service discovery process
Background: original service discovery approach
 SeCSE service discovery environment as the platform upon
which we design and implement the S-Cube approach
 Expansion and Disambiguation Discovery Engine (EDDiE)
formulates service queries from use case and requirements
specifications expressed in structured natural language
 EDDiE can be configured to formulate the queries using:
– information retrieval techniques (full – EDDiE)
– keyword matching techniques (EDDiE-lite).
 More information on EDDiE:
K. Zachos, N.A.M. Maiden, S. Jones, X. Zhu, Discovering Web Services To Specify More Complete System Requirements,Proc.
19th Conference on Advanced Information System Engineering (CAiSE'07), pp.142-157, 2007.

21. Task-based service discovery process
Background: full-EDDiE
 Full-EDDiE algorithm components:
– Natural Language Processing: the service query is divided into sentences,
tokenized, and part-of-speech tagged and modified to include each term’s
morphological root (e.g. driving to drive; drivers to driver).
– Word Sense Disambiguation: disambiguate each term by defining its
correct sense and tagging it with that sense (e.g. defining a driver to be a
vehicle rather than a type of golf club).
– Query Expansion: expand each term with other terms that have similar
meaning to increase the likelihood of a match with a service description
(e.g. driver is synonymous with motorist which is also then included in the
query).
– Service Matching: match all expanded and sense-tagged query terms to a
similar set of terms that describe each candidate service, expressed using
a service description.

22. Task-based service discovery process
Background: EDDiE-lite
 The EDDiE-lite algorithm only implement 2 of the 4 EDDiE
components: Natural Language Processing and Service
Matching
 Full-EDDiE undertakes service discovery with term expansion
and EDDiE-Lite undertakes it with no term expansion.
Discovery Activities EDDiE-Lite Full-EDDiE
Natural Language Processing ✔ ✔
Word Sense Disambigation ✔
Query Expansion ✔
Service Matcher ✔ ✔

23. Task based service discovery
 Task-Based algorithm TEDDiE extends the original EDDiE
algorithm with two additional steps to discover services by
matching terms describing the user problem to user task
models that, in turn, are used to reformulate the service
queries.
 Both versions of EDDiE are extended with a catalogue of
class-level user task models that link application sub-tasks to
classes of service solution.
 As with EDDiE, there exist two configurations of TEDDiE:
– Full TEDDiE use information retrieval techniques to add domain
knowledge to service queries
– TEDDiE-lite use simple keyword-matching

24. Task based service discovery
Service discovery algorithm enhanced with user task knowledge

25. Task based service discovery
 TEDDiE algorithm components:
– Natural Language Processing
– Word Sense Disambiguation (full-EDDiE only)
– Query Expansion (full-EDDiE only)
– Query Matching to User Task Models: matches a service query to
the natural language description of each user task model in the
catalogue, resulting in an ordered set of retrieved user task models
– Query Reformulation: extracts terms from the descriptions of service
classes associated with each application sub-task for retrieved user
task model to generate new service queries. The reformulation
implements two activities: (i) extend the original service query with the
new terms extracted from the user task model; (ii) replace the service
query with the new terms extracted from the user task model.
– Service Matching

26. Task based service discovery
Recap: activities associated with each discovery strategy
TEDDiE Discovery activities Strategies
step No term Expansion Term Expansion
TEDDiE-Lite Full-TEDDiE
Replace Extend Replace Extend
1 Natural language processing of original service query ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
1 Word sense disambiguation of original service query ✔ ✔
1 Query expansion of original service query ✔ ✔
1 Match query to user task models ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
2 Natural language processing of each service class ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
description
2 Word sense disambiguation of terms of each service class ✔ ✔
description
2 Query expansion of terms of each service class description ✔ ✔
2 Reformulating service queries by replacing terms ✔ ✔
2 Reformulating service queries by extending terms ✔ ✔
2 Service matching with reformulated service queries ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

27. Task based service discovery example (1)
 Consider the following initial service query:
The user sends a journey planning request with details about
the start, end point and travel preferences for his journey.
 Full-TEDDiE extracts query terms from the original service
query, i.e.
Q’ = [journey, travel, preference, user, start, end point, plan, send],
 The algorithm generates new query terms after the application
of term expansion, e.g.:
Q’’ = [termination, commence, direction, move, place, go].

28. Task based service discovery example (2)
 The algorithm then matches the query consisting of both Q’
and Q’’ to the user task models catalogue. Assume that one
retrieved models is Calculate a distance, with an associated
service class Route planning software:
Route planning software is a computer software programme,
designed to plan a (optimal) route between two geographical
locations using a journey planning engine, typically specialised for
road networks as a road route planner. It can typically provide a list
of places one will pass by, with crossroads and directions that must
be followed, road numbers, distances, etc. It also usually provides
an interactive map with a suggested route marked on it.

29. Task based service discovery example (3)
 Full-TEDDiE implements extend query reformulation that then
generates the following original and expanded service class
terms:
S’ = [direction, crossroads, location, distance, road, map,
suggest]
S’’ = [way, itinerary, calculation, travel by, path, motor, travel]
 Finally, with this service class information TEDDiE generates
and fires a reformulated service query Q based on the extend
query reformulation such that Q = {Q’, Q’’, S’, S’’}
Q = {[journey, travel, preference, user, start, end point, plan, send],
[termination, commence, direction, move, place, go], [direction,
crossroads, location, distance, road, map, suggest], [way, itinerary,
calculation, travel by, path, motor, travel]}.

30. Learning Package Overview
 Problem description
 Task modeling
 Task-based service discovery
 Discussion
 Conclusions

31. Evaluation
Empirical evaluations were performed to assess TEDDiE’s most effective
strategies and the effect of adding user task knowledge to service queries:
 a set of user task models were developed and extended with knowledge
about classes of software service in the e-government domain
 human expert classified services in a target service registry that a series
of pre-defined service queries should retrieve as relevant
 service queries were fired at the target service registry
 results were collected and analysed to investigate the algorithms’
performance
– statistical measures used included the computed arithmetic means of the totals of
relevant and irrelevant retrieved services and the precision, recall and balanced F-score
measures of generated service queries

32. Evaluation results
 Current evaluation results suggest that effective strategies
expand service queries with either user task or domain
knowledge:
– extending rather than replacing service queries with additional
knowledge about user tasks improve the overall effectiveness of task-
based service discovery
– query reformulation with user tasks knowledge increase the number of
relevant services retrieved by a service discovery only when
comparing the lite versions of both algorithms (EDDiE and TEDDiE),
but not the full ones
– query reformulation with user tasks knowledge improve the overall
correctness of retrieved services only when comparing the lite
versions of both algorithms, but not the full ones
– query reformulation with user tasks knowledge does not decrease the
number of irrelevant services retrieved by a service discovery engine

33. Service classes
 service classes descriptions are pivotal to effective service
query reformulation and retrieval
 using unaltered text from publicly-available encyclopedias is
an arguably weak approach to describing service classes
associated to application sub-tasks
 TEDDiE’s precision, recall and balanced F-score measures
may be increased through an improved description of service
classes in user task models, possibly through:
– more thorough specification of service classes description terms
– use of more formal languages and ontologies with which to describe
service classes.

34. User task models
 No independent validation of the user task models was
undertaken for the empirical evaluation
 user task models specification may be extended by exploiting
other user task model semantics, such as resource
descriptions, in order to enrich service queries and temporal
associations between sub-tasks.
 User task models’ development effort:
– Generating and codifying user task knowledge in models has an
associated cost not incurred with available on-line thesauri
– service queries are not restricted to tasks that instantiate the class-
level user task models in a catalogue.
– User task models need to offer more explicit support in order to offset
their development cost.

35. Learning Package Overview
 Problem description
 Task modeling
 Task-based service discovery
 Discussion
 Conclusions

36. Summary
 User task models can be used to improve the discovery of services
that explicitly fit with the goals and constraints of a user task
 Our approach to task-based service discovery involves the
population of an online catalogue with extended user task models
to support a discovery process comprising:
– Natural Language Processing
– Word Sense Disambiguation
– Query Expansion
– Query Matching to User Task Models
– Query Reformulation
– Service Matching
 Current results indicate research directions to refine the TEDDiE
algorithm for improved performance over non-task-based discovery

37. Acknowledgements
The research leading to these results has
received funding from the European
Community’s Seventh Framework
Programme [FP7/2007-2013] under grant
agreement 215483 (S-Cube).