TEMA PARA LA MATERIA DE QUÍMICA ORGÁNICA...t/t

1. Organic Chemistry
(the study of organic compounds, those
containing the element carbon)
QBA Miguel A. Castro Ramírez

2. CARBON
• Of the millions of known compounds in our
world, 95% have a single element in
common – CARBON.
• What is so special about carbon?

3. 1. Our bodies are
made up of
organic comp’ds

4. We study organic compounds
because they are very important
to our lives.

5. • Most of the energy to run autos, trains and aircrafts, to
heat our homes and offices, and to operate electrical
equipment come from organic comp’ds.
• Organic compd’s in naturally occurring and synthetic
medicines—aspirin, penicillin, anesthetics etc—relieve
pain and illness.
• The active ingredients in soaps, detergents, polishes,
cosmetics, deodorants, and shampoos are organic
comp’ds.
• Materials for manufacturing artificial body parts, such as
hip and knee prostheses, heart valves, and dentures, are
organic comp’ds
• Synthetic plastics, textiles, and rubber are organic
comp’ds. Our clothing are made from organic compd’s.

6. The Position of Carbon in the Periodic Table
C lies at top of Grp 4A and is relatively small
element.

7. Carbon
• Smallest member, and only nonmetal, of Group 4
• Forms 4 covalent bonds
• Forms single, double, and triple bonds
• Bonds to itself, forming rings

8. “I am Carbon and I am Special”
You can spend your whole life learning about me!
1. I can form strong and short C-C bonds.
2. I gladly form carbon-carbon double bonds (C=C), and I can
even form carbon-carbon triple bonds (C≡C).
3. I have no problem bonding to other elements (H, O, N, S,
etc.–I love them all). Given where I am in the periodic table,
I typically form four bonds, except in carbon monoxide (CO).

9. Some bonding possibilities for C

10. I Can Amaze You With Diversity
Consider the number of compounds possible (23) from just 4
single bonded C atoms, one O atom, the required H atoms
These are called structural isomers –compounds with the same
chemical formulas, but different
ways of connecting the atoms
together to form different
functional groups, or different
compounds with completely
different chemical and physical
properties.

12. Two isomers of butane
(C4H10)

13. n-butane
Fig. 10.3a

14. iso-butane
Fig. 10.3b

15. Molecular & Structural Formulas
• Molecular Formula - formula of the comp’d
showing the number of atoms of each element in a
molecule of the compound.
Examples: CH3COOH, C2H4, etc.
• Structural Formula -- formula showing how
various atoms in molecule are bonded together.
Examples: See previous slide

16. Certain Parts of Me Make Me Behave in
Certain Predictable Ways
Functional Groups – atoms or specific groups of atoms in
a molecule that impart specific chemical
and physical properties to the molecule.
The secret to learning organic chemistry.
As the periodic table is to inorganic chemistry, functional
groups are the easy way to learn organic chemistry.

19. Four of the Functional Groups
Alcohol group - Hydroxyl group Ether group
.. ..
C
..
O H
C O C
..
Alcohol
Ether
Carboxylic acid group Ester group
.. ..
O O
..
.. .. ..
C
..
O H C
..
O C
Carboxyl Ester

22. Structures & Classes of
Hydrocarbons (HCs)

23. There are four families of hydrocarbons:
alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatics.

24. Saturation
• Alkanes are saturated; they contain the maximum
number of hydrogen atoms per carbon atom.
• Alkenes and alkynes are unsaturated. They
contain at least one double or triple bond,
respectively. They have fewer hydrogen atoms
per carbon atom than alkanes.

25. Hydrocarbons (HCs) C + H
Saturated hydrocarbons
Alkanes: general formula is CnH2n+2 (all C-C bonds)
Cycloalkanes: general formula is CnH2n
(n is a positive whole number for all HCs)
Unsaturated hydrocarbons
Alkenes: general formula is CnH2n (C=C bonds)
Alkynes: general formula is CnH2n–2 (C≡C bonds)
Aromatics: usually contain one or more rings of six C
atoms called benzene rings
(n is a positive whole number for all HCs)

28. Naming
• Straight chain alkanes
are named with a base
name depending on
the number of atoms
in the carbon chain
and the suffix –ane.

30. The most important property of the alkanes is
their flammability, the combustion reaction
between oxygen and the alkane producing
carbon dioxide and water.

31. More on Functional
Groups

32. Functionalized Hydrocarbons
• Basic hydrocarbon structures form a foundation for a
major grouping of organic compounds.
• Contain additional atoms or groups of atoms
• Insertion of functional groups to a hydrocarbon
dramatically alters its properties.

33. Representing Functionality
Compounds containing the same functional
group are called a family.
Generic symbolism is R-FG where R is the
hydrocarbon part of the molecule and FG is
the functional group.
R-OH symbolizes the alcohols.
Functional groups help organize and classify
organic compounds.

34. Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
• Found in pesticides, solvents, refrigerant liquids
• One or more chlorine atoms substitute for one or
more hydrogen atoms
• Lower flammability and reactivity than hydrocarbons

35. CFCs
• Chlorofluorocarbons are a subfamily of
chlorinated hydrocarbons.
• Chemically stable . . .
• Until they reach the high-energy sunlight in
the upper atmosphere
• Ozone destruction led to bans.

37. Alcohols
• General formula: R-OH
• Additional of the –OH makes alcohols
polar.
• Increased intermolecular attractive forces
makes alcohols liquids.
• Naming involves modifying the
hydrocarbon name with an ending of –ol.

38. Ethanol
• Alcoholic beverages
• Gasoline additive
• Sugar fermentation
• CNS depressant
• Adverse health effects

39. Other Alcohols
• Isopropyl alcohol is
commonly known as
• Methanol is toxic to
rubbing alcohol.
the human liver.
• Ethanol is
administered as an
antidote.

40. Aldehydes and Ketones
• Commonly found in pleasant flavors and aromas
• Contain the carbonyl group: Carbon double
bonded to an oxygen atom

41. Formulas
• Aldehydes
– General formula:
RCHO, includes
carbonyl group
– Named according to
length carbon chain
with the ending of –al
or –aldehyde • Preservation of
– Methanal or
biological specimens
formaldehyde

42. Formulas
• Ketones
– Similar to aldehydes
but have two R groups
with the carbonyl
– Names end in –one
– Acetone is the simplest
ketone.
• Nail polish removal

43. Carboxylic Acids
• Commonly found in sour foods
• General formula: RCOOH
• One of these oxygen atoms is bonded as a
carbonyl group, as in aldehydes and
ketones.

45. Esters
• Esters have pleasant odors.
• General formula: RCOOR
• Named according to the relevant R
groups and ending with –ate

46. Ethers
• Ethers contain the functional group –O-
• General formula: ROR
• Named according to the two R groups
and given the ending ether
• Formerly used as an
anesthetic

47. Amines
• Amines are organic compounds that
contain nitrogen.
• General formula: NR3
• Notable for disagreeable odors
• Named for R groups present and
ending in –amine