The document discusses the origins and early history of slavery in North America, focusing on Virginia. It explores various candidates for who could be considered the "mother of slavery," including the English, Dutch, and Spanish. It analyzes the complex multinational and multicultural nature of the 1619 event that brought the first recorded Africans to English North America, concluding that slavery developed gradually over several decades in Virginia and was not an immediate status for all Africans who arrived.

1. Was Virginia the Mother of Slavery in North America?

14. 1619: Sidney King’s view

15. Howard Pyle’s perception

16. A Canadian publication’s picture of the 1619 event

17. Chronology of World Slavery (1999)

18. Wright, African Americans in the Colonial Era (2000)

19. Ms. Thelma Williams of Hampton, Virginia : A descendant?

28. Another capture, 1630 “ Five years after the census of 1624-25 was taken, from which it appears that there were twenty-two Africans in the Colony at that time, an important addition was made to the slave population by Captain Grey, who, during a cruise in the ship Fortune of London had encountered a vessel loaded with negroes from the Angola coast, captured her and brought her cargo into Virginia. This cargo he exchanged there for eighty-five hogsheads and five butts of tobacco, which were afterwards transported to England for sale.” Bruce, Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century , II, 73.

30. Africans Imported to Virginia, 1619-1664 Bruce, Economic History , 63-79; Enslaving Virginia 20 and odd + 1 1 Several 137. (Headright system began.) 42 30; “a surge” Royal African Co. charter English privateer seized Dutch ship; captured slaves taken to Virginia 1619 1623 1629 1635-39 1642-49 1656-66 1662 1664 Number imported Year

36. Nugent, et al., comps., Cavaliers and Pioneers, I:25. June 30, 1640-Commission to Organize a Group to Pursue Runaway Blacks [On June 30, 1640 the General Court commissioned John Mattrom and Edward Fleet to organize a group of men to pursue runaway blacks. This group was similar to the patrols authorized by the Assembly in the eighteenth century.] “ The court hath granted that a commission shall be drawn for John Mattrom and Edward ffleet authorizing them to levy a party of men, or more if need require, out of the trained band for Charles river [York] county with arms and ammunition to go in psuit of certain runaway negroes and to bring them to the governor. And it is further ordered that such men as shall be pressed for this expedition shall receive their pay and satisfaction for their pains at the public charge of the counties from whence such negroes are runaway and likewise for any boat or boats that shall be taken for the said service.” See http://www.virtualjamestown.org/practise.html#3 These are indentured servants? Don’t count on it!

38. When and Where Were These Drawings Done?

39. Antwerp, Belgium, 1645

41. Manor site?

42. Denbigh-Mathews Manor -- http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/jamesriver/maps.htm Near “ Virginia Rte. 60 in a neighborhood park in the Denbigh area of Newport News”

48. Baptism Law, 1667 Hening, Statutes at Large, II, 260

50. Religious control; slave control 1680: Governor Culpeper informed The Council of Virginia that a planned slave revolt in the Northern Neck had been quashed. The Council partly blamed masters for allowing slaves too much free time on Saturdays and Sundays, especially to “meete in great Numbers in making and holding of Funeralls for Dead Negroes,” which allegedly allowed the slaves to conspire. The remedy: require stricter execution of the laws “relateing to Negroes” and command “all Masters of families having any Negro Slaves, not to permit them to hold or make any Solemnity or Funeralls for any deceased Negroes.” Billings, Old Dominion in the Seventeenth Century , 160.

51. Causal Killing Law, 1669 Hening, Statutes , II, 270

54. William Fitzhugh, 1652-1701

57. Oyer and Terminer Law, 1692 Hening’s Statutes, III, 102

59. Burials

63. African Importation to Virginia and South Carolina, pre-1700: the numbers began to increase more steadily Decade Virginia Carolinas 1680s 2,000 100 +/- 1690s 4,000 200 +/- Total 6,000 300 +/-

65. AFRICA, 1664 TO 1670

66. African Drum from Ghana

67. African (Ashanti) Drum from Virginia, Pre-1753

70. Charles Hansford, “My Country’s Worth” 18th-century white Virginian’s consciousness of African-American consciousness.

71. Charles Hansford, “My Country’s Worth”: That most men have a great respect and love To their own place of birth I need not prove— Experience shows 'tis true; and the black brood Of sunburnt Affrick makes the assertion good. I oft with pleasure have observ'd how they Their sultry country's worth strive to display In broken language, how they praise their case And happiness when in their native place.

72. Such tales and such descriptions, when I'd leisure, I often have attended to with pleasure, And many times with questions would assail The sable lad to lengthen out his tale. If, then, those wretched people so admire Their native place and have so great a desire To reenjoy and visit it again— Which, if by any means they might attain, How would they dangers court and pains endure If to their country they could get secure! But, barr'd of that, some into madness fly, Destroy themselves, and wretchedly they die.

74. African Importation to Virginia and South Carolina, pre-1700 Decade Virginia Carolinas 1680s 2,000 100 +/- 1690s 4,000 200 +/- Total 6,000 300 +/- Estimated European migration to Virginia, 1681-1700: 16,400. Menard, “British Migration,” Colonial Chesapeake Society , 102.

75. Why did Virginia still have the largest number of slaves in 1860?

78. Case closed? Stay tuned!

79. Virginia, the Mother of Slavery? Virginia, the Foster Mother of Slavery.

80. T. H. Breen and Stephen Innes, “ Myne Owne Ground” J. Douglas Deal, Race and Class in Colonial Virginia Anthony S. Parent, Foul Means Warren Billings, ed. The Old Dominion in the Seventeenth Century