GEOG5839.02. What are tree rings?
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Tree rings are a powerful natural archive of past environments. But how do trees form rings? And what are the major types of cells that make up rings in conifers and deciduous trees?
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GEOG5839.02. What are tree rings?
- 1. September 6 What are tree rings?
- 4. MAJOR TOPICS What are trees? of basic anatomy The cambium Tour
- 6. GEOG5839 WHAT ARE TREES?
- 7. Tree at Chancellorsville Source: Andy Frasse o
- 8. Trees are not limited to a single order or even division of plants. “Tree-ness” is defined by a specific GROWTH FORM.
- 9. Trees are perennial plants, which are plants that live for more than two years.
- 10. Trees have a single main stem (or trunk).
- 11. Shrubs have multiple stems (and are not trees).
- 12. Plants are o en required to a ain a minimum height at maturity to qualify as trees (usually between 3 and 6 meters tall).
- 13. Trees are woody plants (a category that also includes shrubs and some vines).
- 14. Woody plants are capable of secondary thickening, adding new yearly growth layers of cells onto the accumulated growth of previous years.
- 15. Most recent growth Oldest wood
- 17. Cross-sectional (or transverse) plane Radial plane Tangential plane Source: Hoadley, Identifying Wood
- 21. GEOG5839 TOUR OF BASIC ANATOMY
- 23. Heartwood Sapwood Cambium Bark
- 24. tissue containing plant ‘stem’ cells The vascular cambium is a lateral meristem in the vascular tissue of plants.
- 25. The vascular cambium is also the source of both the secondary xylem (inwards, towards the pith) and the secondary phloem (outwards), and is located between these tissues in the stem and root.
- 27. Bark Pith Cambium
- 28. The pith is the small core of so spongey tissue that forms the central longitudinal axis of a tree stem, branch or twig.
- 30. Scots pine Pinus sylvestris Source: Fritz Schweingruber
- 31. Common beech Fagus sylvestris Source: Fritz Schweingruber
- 32. Sapwood
- 33. Source: sonykus
- 34. Heartwood Ph oto syn the tic wa ste s
- 37. Gymnosperms like this Douglas-fir have encapsulated seeds.
- 39. Earlywood Latewood Total ring-width Eastern hemlock Tsuga canadensis
- 41. Tracheids are elongated cells that function in food conduction and structural support.
- 42. large cells thin cell walls small cells thick cell walls Scots pine Pinus sylvestris Photograph: Fritz Schweingruber
- 44. Rays are fla ened bands of tissue that extend horizontally in a radial plane through the tree stem.
- 47. Angiosperms like this oak have exposed seeds.
- 49. Earlywood vessels English oak Quercus robur
- 50. Latewood vessels English oak Quercus robur
- 51. Vessel elements are a type of hardwood cell that has a relatively large diameter, thick cell wall and perforate (open) ends.
- 52. Fibre English oak Quercus robur Photograph: Fritz Schweingruber
- 53. Fibres are an elongated hardwood cell with thick walls that contributes greatly to the material strength of wood.
- 54. Ray English oak Quercus robur Photograph: Fri s Schweingruber
- 55. RING POROUS DIFFUSE POROUS
- 59. A growth-ring boundary in Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (Port-Orford cedar) Source: Bu erfield and Meylan (1980)
- 61. tissue containing plant ‘stem’ cells The vascular cambium is a lateral meristem in the vascular tissue of plants.
- 62. ca m bi um phloem xylem
- 63. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CAMBIUM 1 Self-sustaining The cambium is a self-sustaining system, and retains its functions for a long time (sometimes for centuries or millennia).
- 64. Bristlecone pine Pinus longaeva Photograph: mlhradio
- 65. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CAMBIUM 2 Resource-intensive As the cambium grows, it consumes scare resources that cannot be used for growth by the rest of the tree.
- 68. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CAMBIUM 3 Flexible Cells produced by the cambium (called ‘cambial derivatives) can be differentiated into the range of cells found in the xylem and phloem.
- 69. Pinus spp.
- 70. Source: Marchand, P. J. 1996. Life in the Cold: An Introduction to Winter Ecology, 3rd ed. University Press of New England. Hanover, NH. 304 pp.
- 71. DORMANT CAMBIUM 1 - 10 cells viscous protoplasm sharp cell walls
- 73. ca m bi um phloem xylem
- 74. DORMANT CAMBIUM ACTIVE CAMBIUM 1 - 10 cells 8 - 20 cells viscous protoplasm fluid protoplasm sharp cell walls semi-transparent walls
- 75. CAMBIAL GROWTH
- 76. Radi al file Scots pine Pinus sylvestris Photograph: Fritz Schweingruber
- 77. Latewood (prior year) phloem Early season Immature earlywood
- 78. Latewood (prior year) Immature earlywood Mid-season phloem Mature earlywood
- 79. Mature earlywood Immature latewood Late season phloem
- 80. A growth-ring boundary in Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (Port-Orford cedar) Source: Bu erfield and Meylan (1980)
- 83. September 6 What are tree rings?
- 84. GEOG5839 XT C L AS S NE