Nutrional management

2012 Webinar Series 2/3/2012
Feeding and Nutrition 1
SUSAN SCHOENIAN (Shāy‐nē‐ŭn)
Sheep & Goat Specialist
Western Maryland Research & Education Center
sschoen@umd edu www sheepandgoat comsschoen@umd.edu ‐ www.sheepandgoat.com
SpeciesSpecies
Genetic type
Size (weight)
Age
Sex
Stage of productionStage of production
Level of production
Body condition
Environment

1. Water1. Water
2. Energy
3. Protein
4. Fats
5. Vitamins
6 Minerals6. Minerals
Fiber
Pounds, kilograms,
grams or caloriesgrams, or calories.
Energy (TDN, ME, NE)
Protein (CP)
Grams (g)
Macro minerals
Parts per million (ppm)Parts per million (ppm)
Micro minerals
International units (IU)
Vitamins

It is assumed that livestock
will eat (or be fed) a certain
132 lb. ewe lamb (early gestation, single lamb)
Requires 0.34 lbs. of CP per day
percentage of their body
weight in dry matter.
Recommended dietary
percentages are based on
dry matter intake.
The new NRC (2007)
requirements no longer give
5 lbs. of hay 4 lbs. of hay 3 lbs. of hay
7.7% 9.7% 12.9%
requirements no longer give
percentage requirements of
nutrients.
The most useful use of
percentages is to compare
nutritive value of feedstuffs.
Ewes and does
Dry periodDry period
Breeding
Gestation
Lactation
Weaning
Lambs and kids
Newborn
Pre‐weaningPre weaning
Post‐weaning
▪ Slaughter stock
▪ Replacements
Bucks and rams
Maintenance
Breeding

DRY PERIODDRY PERIOD
Maintenance
BREEDING
Flushing
WEANING
Drying off
GESTATION
Early/mid vs. late
LACTATION
Early vs. late
Female is recovering from
lactation and preparing to
t b d
Forage (pasture, browse, or
h t d f ) i ll th t’ get rebred.
Rebuild body condition and reserves.
NOT TOO FAT
harvested forage) is all that’s
usually needed to maintain
dry, non‐pregnant ruminants.
Type Weight DMI TDN CP
Dairy doe 132 lbs.
2.97
2.25%
1.65
55.6%
0.19
6.4%
Doe 132 lbs
2.50 1.32 0.17
Length of dry period depends
upon birthing interval and
length of lactation.
Doe 132 lbs.
5
1.90%
3
52.8%
7
6.8%
Ewe 176 lbs.
2.86
1.63%
1.51
53.1%
0.21
7.2%
Divide DMI by % DM to get As Fed.
2.86 ÷ 0.88 = 3.25 lbs. of hay
2.86 ÷ 0.24 = 11.9 lbs. of pasture

Feed a diet so that females
will be gaining weight as they
NRC energy requirements (TDN)
are 10% above maintenance.will be gaining weight as they
enter the breeding season.
Supplement females with 0.5
lb. of grain per head per day
or move females to a lush
pasture that has been saved
for flushing.
Start 2 weeks before breeding
are 10% above maintenance.
g
Continue 3 to 4 weeks into
breeding season
Females in average or better
body condition usually do not
respond to flushing.
What’s occurring?
Embryos implant in uterus (d 20 24)Embryos implant in uterus (d 20‐24)
Mammary gland development (d 30‐90)
Placenta development (d 30‐90)
Wool follicles forming (d 35‐100)
NRC Energy requirements (TDN)
above maintenance vary by
species, genetic type, and
weight.
▪ 16‐43% for females in table.
Type
(twin‐bearing)
Weight DMI TDN CP
Dairy doe 132 lbs.
3.60
2 73%
1.91
53 1 %
0.31
8 6%
Quantity of nutrients is more
important than quality of
nutrients.
Don’t allow females to get fat!
Females should be gaining minimal
amount of weight.
▪ Ewe: ~0.10 lb. per day.
2.73% 53.1 % 8.6%
Doe 132 lbs.
3.15
2.38%
1.67
53.0%
0.29
9.2%
Ewe 176 lbs.
4.05
2.30%
2.16
53.3%
0.33
8.1%
3.15 ÷ 0.88 = 3.6 lbs. of hay
3.15 0.24 =

What’s occurring?
Rapid fetal growth.
Li i d iLimited rumen capacity.
Mammary development.
Usually necessary to supplement
high moisture feeds and dry
forages with concentrate feeds to
meet nutrient requirements,
especially for females carrying
multiple births.
Energy (TDN) is most likely
Type
(twin‐bearing)
Weight DMI TDN CP
Dairy doe 132 lbs.
3.72
2 82%
2.46
66 1 %
0.45
12 1% Energy (TDN) is most likely
to be deficient in diet.
Calcium requirements increase
Do not feed low quality or
nutrient‐dilute feeds during late
gestation.
Do not overfeed!
2.82% 66.1 % 12.1%
Doe 132 lbs.
3.34
2.54%
2.22
66.5%
0.43
13.0%
Ewe 176 lbs.
4.38
2.48%
2.90
53.3%
0.44
10.0%
4.38 ÷ 0.88 = 5.0 lbs. Ewe would have to eat 5
lbs. of hay to meet her TDN requirements.
OVERFEEDING UNDERFEEDING
Dystocia
$$$$
Energy ketosis
(pregnancy toxemia)
Calcium milk fever
Weaker lambs and kids
Higher neonatal mortality
Quantity and quality of
colostrum (first milk)colostrum (first milk)
Less milk production
Poorer performance
of lambs and kids.
Fewer secondary follicles in
offspring fiber production

Highest nutrient
requirements ($$$)requirements ($$$)
Energy + protein
Save highest quality forage
for lactation diet.
Nutrient requirements
▪ Young > matureYoung > mature
▪ Twins > singles
▪ Triplets > twins
▪ Accelerated > annual
▪ Dairy > non‐dairy
▪ Parlor milked >
Type (twin‐bearing) Weight DMI TDN CP
Dairy doe (avg. producer) 132 lbs. 6.6 ( 5.0%) 5.25 (80.0 %) 1.39 (21.0%)
General rule of thumb is
to feed 1 lb. of grain for
each lamb a ewe is
Doe 132 lbs. 3.85 (2.91%) 1.98 (51.4%) 0.54 (14.2%)
Ewe 176 lbs. 4.73 (2.69%) 3.3 (69.8%) 0.89 (18.8%)
Dairy ewe 176 lbs. 7.15 (3.80%) 4.42 (61.8%) 1.10 (15.3%)
Feed meat goat does 1
lb. of a 16% CP ration per
dayeach lamb a ewe is
nursing.
1 lb. of grain per day to
ewes nursing lambs on
pasture.
day.
Feed 1 lb. of concentrate
for each 3 lbs. of milk
produced.

NEWBORN
NEONATAL
PRE‐WEANING POST‐WEANING
SLAUGHTER
ANIMALS
REPLACEMENTS
Colostrum – first milk
first 12 24 hoursfirst 12‐24 hours
▪ Energy, fat, and protein
▪ Vitamin A
▪ Antibodies
[Large protein molecules]
▪ Immunoglobulins (IgG)
▪ Laxative
Lambs and kids should Lambs and kids should
consume colostrum within
30 minutes of the birth
(ideally) and 10% of the
body weight in their first
24 hours of life.

SUPPLY BEHAVIOR
L b d kid i h i Females vary in the quality
and quantity of colostrum
they produce.
Older ewes > younger ewes
Grain‐fed > no grain fed
Lambs and kids vary in their
suckling ability and intake of
colostrum.
Ewe bonding behavior affects
colostrum intake.
Cull females with poor bonding
behavior and those that produce
insufficient or thick colostrum.
Do not keep lambs or kids that
require tube or bottle feeding.
For the first several weeks, all a
lamb or kid needs is its mother’s lamb or kid needs is its mother s
milk.
Lamb and kids will start to
nibble on solid food soon after
birth.
By the time they are 4 to 6
weeks of age, they could be
getting as much as 50% of their
i f h nutrients from sources other
than milk.
Pre‐weaning diet will affect
rumen development.
Starter grain > Hay > Pasture

WHO? WHY?
Early‐born lambs and kids
Lambs and kids born in
accelerated lambing and kidding
programs
Artificially reared lambs and kids
Early‐weaned lambs and kids.
Ease stress at weaning.
Improve growth rate.
Enhance rumen development
In flocks and herds, where there
are lots of multiple births and
milk could be a limiting factor.
On farms where pasture is a
limited resource.
Set up a creep area in
barn or on pasture by the barn or on pasture by the
time most of the lambs
or kids are 10 days old.
Create barrier that
allows entry of lambs or
kids, but prevents ewes
and lambs from and lambs from
entering.
Area should provide easy
access, be well‐lit, and
be clean and dry.

Fresh
PalatablePalatable
17 to 20 percent CP
Lower for older lambs, kids
2:1 Ca:P ratio
All‐natural protein
Highly digestible
Small particle size
Example rations:Example rations:
1. cracked corn + soybean meal
2. Starter pellet
Always available
Good feeder design
Set up a barrier that
ll f l b allows entry of lambs or
kids, but not ewes or
does.
Forage in creep area
must be superior to
forage in non‐creep forage in non creep
area.
Forage in creep area
must be high quality.

Market Replacements
Pasture
Weaning Market
animals
Dry lot
PASTURE COMBINATION HIGH CONCENTRATE
Late born
Late weaning
Low to moderate
growth potential
High quality
pasture
Moderate growth
potential
Zero grazing
Free choice hay
Limit feed grain
Mixed rations
Early born
Early wean
High growth
potential
Dairy
Zero grazing
High energyp
Creep grazing (?)
Supplemental
feeding (?)
Mixed rations
e.g. whole grain
High energy
Self‐feed grain
Pelleted ration
Limit feed hay
Maximum gain

Separate from market animals
Grow no more than 50 to 75% of  the
maximal rate of gain.
Good forage
Good forage + 1 lb. of grain (lambs)
Good forage +  0.5‐1% of BW of grain (kids)
Frame development more
i t t th fi i h
Target weights
60 ‐70 % of mature weight for breeding
75% of mature weight at 12 months
important than finish.
Fast growth and unnecessary fat
disposition may be detrimental  to
mammary development.
Exception:  full‐feed dairy ewes (WI)
During most of the year,
forage (hay pasture or forage (hay, pasture, or
browse) will meet the
nutritional requirements
of most mature rams
and bucks.
Supplement rams and
bucks with concentrates bucks with concentrates
if necessary to maintain
body condition.
Free choice minerals

Rams and bucks should be in
d b d di i ( ) good body condition (3‐4) at
the time of breeding.
Feed grain as needed to
condition rams and bucks.
Continue feeding grain during
breeding season.
Feed ram lambs and bucklings
through breeding season to
Most males will lose body condition
during the breeding season (some, a lot).
through breeding season to
allow for growth and breeding
activity.
Feed rams and bucks after
breeding season to gradually
recover body condition lost
during breeding season.
Evaluate the adequacy Evaluate the adequacy
of previous feed
supply.
Determining future
feed requirements.
Accessing the health
status of individual
animals.

Index of 1‐5 usually for
sheep and goats
1. Emaciated
2. Thin
3. Average
4. Fat
5. Obese
Score by feeling for
fat and/or muscle
over the backbone,
ribs, spine, and loin.
Ewes and does
Always, 2‐4
Never, 1 or 5
Breeding, 3
Late gestation, 3
Lambing, 3+g
Weaning, 2
Rams and bucks
Pre‐breeding, 3‐4

Protein (CP)
Meat balls
Vitamins
Cheese topping
Energy (TDN)
Pasta
Minerals
Sauce
Next webinar –Thursday, 2/2, 7:30 p.m. EST
Topic: Ration balancing w/Willie Lantz
Thank you for your
attention.
Any questions?
Susan Schoenian
sschoen@umd.edu
www.sheepandgoat.com

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