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Ap03 sg biology_26426
1.
AP® Biology 2003 Scoring
Guidelines The materials included in these files are intended for use by AP teachers for course and exam preparation; permission for any other use must be sought from the Advanced Placement Program®. Teachers may reproduce them, in whole or in part, in limited quantities for noncommercial, face-to-face teaching purposes. This permission does not apply to any third-party copyrights contained herein. This material may not be mass distributed, electronically or otherwise. These materials and any copies made of them may not be resold, and the copyright notices must be retained as they appear here. These materials were produced by Educational Testing Service® (ETS®), which develops and administers the examinations of the Advanced Placement Program for the College Board. The College Board and Educational Testing Service (ETS) are dedicated to the principle of equal opportunity, and their programs, services, and employment policies are guided by that principle. The College Board is a national nonprofit membership association whose mission is to prepare, inspire, and connect students to college and opportunity. Founded in 1900, the association is composed of more than 4,300 schools, colleges, universities, and other educational organizations. Each year, the College Board serves over three million students and their parents, 22,000 high schools, and 3,500 colleges through major programs and services in college admissions, guidance, assessment, financial aid, enrollment, and teaching and learning. Among its best-known programs are the SAT®, the PSAT/NMSQT®, and the Advanced Placement Program® (AP®). The College Board is committed to the principles of equity and excellence, and that commitment is embodied in all of its programs, services, activities, and concerns. For further information, visit www.collegeboard.com Copyright © 2003 College Entrance Examination Board. All rights reserved. College Board, Advanced Placement Program, AP, AP Vertical Teams, APCD, Pacesetter, Pre-AP, SAT, Student Search Service, and the acorn logo are registered trademarks of the College Entrance Examination Board. AP Central is a trademark owned by the College Entrance Examination Board. PSAT/NMSQT is a registered trademark jointly owned by the College Entrance Examination Board and the National Merit Scholarship Corporation. Educational Testing Service and ETS are registered trademarks of Educational Testing Service. Other products and services may be trademarks of their respective owners. For the College Board’s online home for AP professionals, visit AP Central at apcentral.collegeboard.com.
2.
AP® BIOLOGY 2003 SCORING
GUIDELINES Question 1 In fruit flies, the phenotype for eye color is determined by a certain locus. E indicates the dominant allele and e indicates the recessive allele. The cross between a male wild-type fruit fly and a female white-eyed fruit fly produced the following offspring. Wild-type Male White-eyed Male White-eyed Female Brown-eyed Female 0 F1 Wild-type Female 45 55 0 1 The wild-type and white-eyed individuals from the F1 generation were then crossed to produce the following offspring. F2 23 31 22 24 0 (a) Determine the genotypes of the original parents (P generation) and explain your reasoning. You may use Punnett squares to enhance your description, but the results from the Punnett squares must be discussed in your answer. (b) Use a Chi-squared test on the F2 generation data to analyze your prediction of the parental genotypes. Show all your work and explain the importance of your final answer. (c) The brown-eyed female in the F1 generation resulted from a mutational change. Explain what a mutation is, and discuss two types of mutations that might have produced the brown-eyed female in the F1 generation. Critical Values of the Chi-Squared Distribution Degrees of Freedom (df) Probability (p) 1 3.84 0.05 2 5.99 3 7.82 4 9.49 5 11.1 The formula for Chi-squared is: (o-e)2 ¯ ° X2-œ ¡ ¡¢ e °± where o = observed number of individuals e = expected number of individuals å= the sum of the values (in this case, the differences, squared, divided by the number expected) Copyright © 2003 by College Entrance Examination Board. All rights reserved. Available at apcentral.collegeboard.com. 2
3.
AP® BIOLOGY 2003 SCORING
GUIDELINES Question 1 (continued) (a) Maximum 4 points 1 pt 1 pt 1 pt 1 pt 1 pt Genotypes of the parents (words or symbols) XEY (or X+Y) and XeXe Discuss/show how these resulted in this F1 (may be annotated Punnett) Explain that it is a sex-linked (X-linked) gene (not just the word) How you know which type is dominant F2 results (may be annotated Punnett square) (b) Maximum 4 points 1 pt 1 pt 1 pt 1 pt 1 pt Correct F2 hypothesis (1:1:1:1; or 25/genotype) Show work (components): o e o-e (o-e)2 (o-e)2/e (or correct numbers (4/25 + 36/25 + 1/ 25 + 9/25 = 50/25 = 2; or at least the last term) Sum: correct chi-square result ~ 2.0 or 1.85 degrees of freedom = 3 (critical value is 7.82) correct interpretation of chi-square in terms of p p = probability that the difference between the observed and the expected value is due to chance alone. This p value shows we accept our hypothesis. The null hypothesis is supported in this case. (alternative: 2 Χ2 tests of white vs. red males and white vs. red females) (c) Maximum 4 points 1 pt Explain what a mutation is: (heritable) change in the DNA (code) 1-2 pts Discuss 2 types of mutations May be: Point mutation, frameshift (deletion/duplication), insertion, transposition, break, inversion within gene, base substitution, nonsense/stop, missense) May NOT be: chromosomal aberration, nondisjunction, silent/neutral, transcription or translation or processing error 1 pt Molecular or biochemical elaboration beyond the explanation required Copyright © 2003 by College Entrance Examination Board. All rights reserved. Available at apcentral.collegeboard.com. 3
4.
AP® BIOLOGY 2003 SCORING
GUIDELINES Question 2 Regulatory (control) mechanisms in organisms are necessary for survival. Choose THREE of the following examples and explain how each is regulated. (i) Flowering in plants (ii) Water balance in plants (iii) (iv) (i) Water balance in terrestrial vertebrates Body temperature in terrestrial vertebrates Maximum 4 points (each box represents an independent 1 point each) long day (short night) plants flower only if night is shorter than a critical duration change in photocycle/photoperiod - - - or - - short day (long night) plants flower only if night exceeds a critical duration specific duration of cold exposure change in temperature pattern (vernalization) - - - or - - specified sequence of temperature changes initiate flowering nutritional status plant has enough nutritional resources to support flowering phytochromes Pr Û Pfr (night) (day) unknown “florigen” converts shoot-meristem to floral-meristem or breaks bud dormancy leaf is photoreceptor organ gibberellins ® flowering auxins, ethylene, or abscisic acid® ¯flowering can be independent of (day neutral) or dependent on photocycle changes unknown “florigen” transitions shoot meristem to floral meristem or break bud dormancy gibberellins ® flowering auxins, ethylene, or abscisic acid® ¯flowering can be independent (day neutral) or codependent of photocycle changes unknown “florigen” transitions shoot meristem to floral meristem or break bud dormancy gibberellins ® flowering auxins, ethylene, or abscisic acid® ¯flowering Copyright © 2003 by College Entrance Examination Board. All rights reserved. Available at apcentral.collegeboard.com. 4
5.
AP® BIOLOGY 2003 SCORING
GUIDELINES Question 2 (continued) (ii) Maximum 4 points Explain how the regulatory mechanism affects water balance: (2nd point must come from explanation before 3rd point can be awarded) Elaboration (max 1 point) - stomates/guard cells closed » ¯water loss (evap/transpir) open » water loss (evap/transpir) ion, water influx/efflux from guard cells; turgid/flaccid (stomates: open/closed) - altered stomate location or “sunken stomates” - cuticle thickening stomates more abundant in more humid, cooler regions of the plant ¯water loss (evap/transpir) - increased succulence - smaller leaves - drop leaves - altered leaf angle water storage ¯water loss (evap/transpir) ¯water loss (evap/transpir) ¯water loss (evap/transpir) - water potential in roots lower than that of soil - deeper root growth - altered metabolic pattern (e.g., CAM) - increase cellular turgidity permits water uptake, even in saline soils reach deeper water stomates open only at night: ¯water loss (evap/transpir) opposes osmotic force Regulatory mechanism (must earn one “explanation point” before awarding a second “mechanism point”) waxy polymers resist water movements, cutin abscisic acid less surface area directly exposed to sun’s heat production of organic osmolytes in roots cooler, more humid conditions during the night cell wall resists influx until pressure gradient offsets osmotic pressure Copyright © 2003 by College Entrance Examination Board. All rights reserved. Available at apcentral.collegeboard.com. 5
6.
AP® BIOLOGY 2003 SCORING
GUIDELINES Question 2 (continued) (iii) Maximum 4 points Hypothalamus is water-regulation center (1 point max) Regulatory mechanism/ detector/ signal (must earn one “explanation point” before awarding a second “mechanism point”) Hyperosmotic conditions result in increased secretion of Vasopressin (a.k.a. AntiDiuretic Hormone = ADH) from the hypothalamus/ (posterior) pituitary (gland) [[ hyposmotic opposite ]] Hypovolemic conditions activate RAAS system (renin angiotensin activating system), especially Ang II from kidney/blood Hypovolemic/ RAAS active Ang II stimulates hypothalamic thirst center Hypovolemic/ RAAS active Ang II stimulates secretion of aldosterone from adrenal (cortex) gland Hypervolemic conditions (excess blood volume) cause increased secretion of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) EVOLUTION - loop of Henle - type of nitrogenous waste - development of specialized transport epithelia, e.g., salt glands - cloaca development - large intestine/ colon - water-resistant body surface - behavioral avoidance of dessicating conditions Hypothalamus regulates neural circuits in behavior of thirst (1 point max) Explain how the regulatory mechanism affects water balance. (2nd point must come from explanation before 3rd point can be awarded) reduces water loss in urine Elaboration (1 point max) water permeability in descending limb of loop of Henle, distal tubule, or collecting duct causes greater reabsorption of water [[ hyposmotic opposite ]] [[ hyposmotic opposite ]] Ang II increases (Na+) and water reabsorption in proximal tubule; less urine decreased renal blood pressure and filtrate flow increase renin release; renin activates angiotensinogen to Ang I, which is readily converted to Ang II juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) Ang II increases thirst “dry mouth” perception Aldosterone increases (Na+) and water reabsorption (& K+ secretion) in distal tubule decreases (Na+) and water reabsorption in distal tubule inhibits renin and aldosterone release; causes vasodilation of afferent arterioles loop length a urine osmolarity use less water in excretion compare ammonia, urea, and uric acid for water solubility or toxicity less water loss in osmoregulation use less water in excretion greater surface area for water and ion absorption decrease water loss from body surface nocturnal habits reduce water loss due to heat Copyright © 2003 by College Entrance Examination Board. All rights reserved. Available at apcentral.collegeboard.com. 6
7.
AP® BIOLOGY 2003 SCORING
GUIDELINES Question 2 (continued) (iv) Maximum 4 points Hypothalamus is thermostat (1 point max) 1 Regulatory mechanism (must earn one “explanation point” before awarding a second “mechanism point”) - move to a location that is: cooler if hot (e.g., shade), or warmer if cold (e.g., bask) - sweat/ perspire when hot - lick body surface when hot - pant when hot - alter insulation (fur, feathers): flat when hot . . . . . . . . . . . . or erect when cold . . . . . . . . . . - peripheral: vasodilation when hot, or vasoconstriction when cold - shivering when cold - non-shivering thermogenesis when cold - activity when cold - activate heat-shock proteins when hot - torpor estivate when hot . . . . . . . . or hibernate when cold . . . . . . - surface area (e.g., big ears) - ¯ surface area - ¯body fat - shed insulation when hot - grow insulation when cold - metabolic rate when cold - ¯metabolic rate when hot - ¯surface area:volume - counter-current heat exchange/blood flow Thermostat reset by different conditions; autonomic/other neural outputs influence body temperature (1 point max) Explain how the regulatory mechanism affects temperature regulation. (2nd point must come from explanation before 3rd point can be awarded) Fever, hypothermia (1 point max) Elaboration (1 point max) heat loss from body ¯heat loss from body evaporative cooling evaporative cooling evaporative cooling heat loss ¯heat loss ¯boundary layer boundary layer blood at periphery to heat loss blood kept in core of body heat production heat production contraction/relaxation cycling in skeletal muscles metabolism of brown fat metabolic heat production intracelluar protection of protein structure HSPs are chaperones that guide protein folding ¯ activity & ¯ metabolism ® ¯ metabolic heat sometimes triggered by changes in day length ¯activity and slower metabolism ¯ heat loss during cold winter heat loss ¯heat loss heat loss heat loss ¯heat loss heat production ¯heat production ¯heat loss ¯heat loss by keeping core warmer than periphery sometimes triggered by changes in day length boundary layer thyroid hormones ¯thyroid hormones heat transferred from arterial to venous vessels Copyright © 2003 by College Entrance Examination Board. All rights reserved. Available at apcentral.collegeboard.com. 7
8.
AP® BIOLOGY 2003 SCORING
GUIDELINES Question 3 Many populations exhibit the following growth curve: (a) Describe what is occurring in the population during phase A. (b) Discuss THREE factors that might cause the fluctuations shown in phase B. (c) Organisms demonstrate exponential (r) or logistic (K) reproductive strategies. Explain these two strategies and discuss how they affect population size over time. **Global point; 1 point: Carrying capacity definition: The number of individuals of a particular species that an environment can support; determined by the availability of resources. Point can be earned in any section. (a) Maximum 3 points 1 point for each part of curve #3 population growth slows as population approaches the carrying capacity; deceleration. No point for stating that population reaches carrying capacity — must indicate rate change (slows) or levels off. #2 exponential growth; log phase; period of rapid growth; dramatically or rapidly increasing 3 2 1 #1 establishment period or lag phase: population grows slowly or does not grow. No credit for small population size, must indicate slow growth rate Copyright © 2003 by College Entrance Examination Board. All rights reserved. Available at apcentral.collegeboard.com. 8
9.
AP® BIOLOGY 2003 SCORING
GUIDELINES Question 3 (continued) (b) Maximum 4 points 3 points: Three biologically sound factors that discuss the rise or fall of population size. Only the first three factors discussed will be scored. Commonly used density-dependent factors include limited resources, predation (predator/prey cycles), disease, and reproduction. Density-independent factors must reflect the periodic nature of the curve and cannot include cataclysmic events such as earthquakes, volcanoes, etc. For each example to be legitimate, it must · have a biologically sound explanation/discussion · have a cause and an effect · fit the graph in phase B 1 point for explanation of a complete cycle (rise and fall of population size.) (c) Maximum 4 points Explanation: 2 points (1 each for r and for K) Each explanation must have at least two characteristics from the table r-strategists Many young Little energy investment in each Small young Rapid sexual maturation Higher incidence of asexual reproduction Brief reproductive life span Little or no parental care “Big bang” (semelparous) reproduction Unpredictable environment Population control by density-independent factors Short life span Type III survivorship curve; few offspring survive Not prone to extinction Higher reproductive capacity K-strategists Few young High energy investment in each Large young Slow sexual maturation Higher incidence of sexual reproduction Long reproductive life span Lots of parental care Many reproductive events (iteroparous) Predictable environment Population control by density-dependent factors Long life span Type I survivorship curve; many offspring survive Prone to extinction Lower reproductive capacity Copyright © 2003 by College Entrance Examination Board. All rights reserved. Available at apcentral.collegeboard.com. 9
10.
AP® BIOLOGY 2003 SCORING
GUIDELINES Question 3 (continued) Discussion: 2 points (1 point each) Note: No points for a graph without an explanation boom/bust (great fluctuations) in population size population stabilizes around K (carrying capacity) Population Size K-strategists Population Size r-strategists Time Time Copyright © 2003 by College Entrance Examination Board. All rights reserved. Available at apcentral.collegeboard.com. 10
11.
AP® BIOLOGY 2003 SCORING
GUIDELINES Question 4 Death is a natural and necessary part of life cycles at all levels of organization. (a) Discuss TWO examples of how cell death affects the development and functioning of a multicellular organism. (b) Discuss ONE example of how substances are degraded and reused in cells. (c) Discuss the evolutionary significance of death. (a) Maximum 6 points (3 points per example) · · · 1 pt. Example of cell death leading to a change in development 1 pt. Example of cell death leading to a change in function 1 pt. Discussion of how cell death occurs or an extension of cell death significance Examples (categories) of cell death · elimination of cells, tissues, and organs · tissue remodeling / reconstruction · destruction that poses a threat to the survival of the organism · repair / maintenance · cell death as a result of severe injury · cell death as a result of exposure to toxins / altered chemical balance · cell death as a result of aging (b) Maximum 3 points 1 pt. Substance: how degraded to product 1 pt. Product: how reused in cells 1 pt. Discussion / elaboration on process to degrade or reuse * “Energy” is not a substance in this response. (c) Maximum 3 points Relate evolution to death: - change in allele or phenotype frequency / removal of individuals from a population based on phenotype / differential reproduction - selection based on variation - competition (struggle, resource availability, overpopulation) having an effect on reproductive success - speciation / mass extinction / adaptive radiation - genetic drift - cell death genes preserved early in evolution - mechanism of apoptosis (changes that occur within the cell) - activation / inhibition of cell death genes - effect on embryonic development Copyright © 2003 by College Entrance Examination Board. All rights reserved. Available at apcentral.collegeboard.com. 11
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