2. Vitamins
Vita = Life
Amine = Containing Nitrogen
The First Vitamin Discovered
Contained Nitrogen
3. Vitamins
Organic
Essential Nutrients
Requirements Minute (Small)
Perform Specific Functions
Growth
Reproduction
Maintenance of Health and Life
Vitamins are organic substances which the body require in small amounts to
perform specific functions that promote growth, normal metabolism, reproduction
and normal maintenances of health and life.
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4. Vitamins
Vitamins Differ from Energy-Yielding Nutrients such as
Carbohydrate, Proteins and Fat
Structure
Function
Food Contents
Vitamins do not supply energy but are essential to metabolic activities and help in
the utilization to the proximate principles.
They are also involved in the utilization of the major nutrients like proteins, CHO &
fats.
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7. Vitamins
Solubility:
Hydrophilic: (Water-Soluble)
Carbohydrate, Protein
Vitamins B and C
Hydrophobic: (Fat-Soluble)
Fat
Vitamins A, D, E, K
8. Precursors
Provitamins Inactive Vitamin
Form
Chemically Changed to Active
Form of Vitamins
Substances that occur in foods which are not themselves vitamins, but are capable
of conversion into vitamins in the body e.g; carotens are the pro-vitamin of vitamin
A.
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9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18. Riboflavin-Vitamin B2
Functions
Coenzymes FMN and FAD
Energy Metabolism
Supports Normal Vision
Supports Skin Health
Food Sources
Vitamin is a precursor of two enzymes—Flavin-mononucleotide & Flavin adenine di-
nuleotied.
Release of energy from foods as it effects growth and cellular metabolism
Needs in normal vision and may help against cataract.
Sources– Milk, eggs, organ meat, mushrooms, shellfish, cereals and pulses.
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19. Riboflavin-Vitamin B2
Deficiency Disease
Ariboflavinosis
Deficiency Symptoms
Skin Rash
Cracks and Redness of
Mouth
Sensitivity to Light
20. Niacin-Vitamin B3
Functions
Coenzymes NAD
and NADP
Energy Metabolism
Nervous System
Digestive System
Food Sources
NAD & NADP- are the active form of niacin named as nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.
-These coenzymes are involved in more than 50 different metabolic reactions.
-Extracts energy from CHO and glucose.
-proper nervous system functioning.
Sources- Organ meats, liver, poultry, fish, milk, eggs, wheat germ, whole wheat,
yeast.
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21. Niacin-Vitamin B3
Deficiency Disease
Pellegra
Deficiency Symptoms
-A clinical condition due to niacin deficiency, characterized as 3Ds.
-Weakness, irritability, burning tongue as the mucous membrane of the mouth is
inflamed.
-High doses results in irritation of the gastrointestinal tract.
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22. Biotin
Food Sources
Originally called vitamin H.
Egg, liver, kidney, yeast, pulses, nuts, chocolates, cauliflower and green
vegetables.
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23. Biotin
Functions
Coenzyme
Energy Metabolism
Fat Synthesis
Amino Acid Metabolism
Glycogen Synthesis
--Biotin coenzyme participate in the metabolism of fat and CHO in the synthesis of
fatty acids and amino acids.
--Helps metabolize proteins, fats and CHO & thus helps to produce energy in body
cells.
--Assists in the synthesis of FA.
--Incorporate AA into proteins & help with the formation of DNA & RNA.
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26. Pantothenic Acid-Vitamin B5
Functions
Coenzyme A
Energy Metabolism
This vitamin is a constituent of co-enzyme A and is present in all living matter.
Important for cellular metabolism of CHO & fats to release energy.
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28. Pyridoxine-Vitamin B6
Functions
Coenzymes PLP and
PMP
Amino Acid Metabolism
Fatty Acid Metabolism
Converts Tryptophan to
Niacin
Food Sources
Pyridoxine and its co-enzymes have a wide variety of metabolic functions
especially—
-AA metabolism and its transportation.
-Production of antibodies, RBC, synthesis and functioning of both DNA & RNA.
- Fish, poultry, egg yolk, soya- bean, bananna, potatoes, cauliflower.
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29. Pyridoxine-Vitamin B6
Deficiency Disease
Anemia (small-cell type)
Due to the deficiency of B6 , the RBCs are pale and small and the Anemia is said to
be Hypochromic and Microcytic.
31. Folate-Folic Acid-Folacin
Deficiency Disease
Anemia (large-cell type)
Deficiency Symptoms
Diarrhea
Depression/Mental Confusion
-Deficiency leads to impaired RBC production.
-Megaloblastic anaemia
If the maturation of the RBCs in the bone marrow is impaired by lack of Folic acid or
Vitamin B12, the cells which enter the blood stream are irregular in size and shape,
but usually on average larger than normal. Such anemia is orthochromic and
megalocytic. It is usually referred to as Megaloblastic Anemia.
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32. Cobalamin-Vitamin B12
Functions
Coenzymes
New Cell Synthesis
Fatty Acids
Amino Acids
Maintain Nerve Cells
Bulk of body stores of vitamin B12 is in the form of coenzyme B12.
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33. Cobalamin-Vitamin B12
Food Sources
This vitamin has cyanide group and cobalt group.
From animal foods like goat liver, fish, eggs & milk.
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34. Cobalamin-Vitamin B12
Deficiency Disease
Pernicious Anemia
Deficiency Symptoms
Fatigue
Degeneration of Peripheral
Nerves
Hypersensitivity
Variations in the size and shape of the blood cells.
Results in peripheral neuropathy. Loss of mental energy, depression, tingling,
numbness, diminished or absent sensation in extrimities.
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35. Ascorbic Acid-Vitamin C
Functions
Collagen Synthesis
Antioxidant
Amino Acid Metabolism
Absorption of Iron
Resistance to Infection
Also helps to maintain healthy blood vessels.
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36. Ascorbic Acid-Vitamin C
Food Sources
Amala, guava, oranges, all citrious fruits, dark green leafy vegetables, tomatoes,
etc.
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37. Ascorbic Acid-Vitamin C
Deficiency Disease
Scurvy
Deficiency Symptoms
--General manifestation of scurvy are fever, rapid pulse, and susceptibility to
injection and wound healing is delayed.
--Bleeding gums, common cold, delayed wound healing.
--Gastrointestinal disturbances, dysuria, skin sensitivity.
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39. Fat Soluble Vitamins: A, D, E, K
*Differ From Water-Soluble Vitamins
Found in Fat and Oily Parts of Foods
Insoluble in Water
Lymphatic System
40. Fat Soluble Vitamins: A, D, E, K
*Differ From Water-Soluble Vitamins
Greater Risks for Toxicity
Stored in Liver and Adipose Tissue
Not Readily Excreted
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41. Vitamin A and Beta-carotene
First Fat-Soluble Vitamin Recognized
Beta-Carotene, Precursor to Vitamin A
Three Forms of Vitamin A (Retinoids)
Retinol (an Alcohol)
Retinal (an Aldehyde)
Retinoic Acid (an Acid)
Circulates in the plasma with the specific retinol binding protein. This combination is
called halo-RBP.
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42. Beta Carotene as an Antioxidant
Protects the Body Against Disease
Free Radicals
Heart Disease
Cancer
Arthritis
Cataracts
-Encourages immune system to produce the cells you need to fight off infection and
promotes rapid recovery.
-As anti-oxidant and may aid in reducing the risk of cancer.
-Also promotes the growth of healthy bones.
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43. Retinol-Vitamin A
Functions
Vision
Maintenance of Cornea
Mucous Membranes
Skin, Bone, and Tooth Growth
Food Sources
-It is a vision vitamin.
-Keeps skin and mucous membranes smooth and supple.
-Promotes the growth of bones and teeth.
-Sources- Eggs, liver, fish liver oil, milk and milk products & green leafy vegetables.
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44. Retinol-Vitamin A in Vision
Cornea
Transportation of Light Energy
Nerve Impulses at Retina
Supports Growth of Bones
Remodeling of Bone
-It may be affected in severe vitamin A deficiency. It becomes dull and then corneal
scar occurs.
-Takes part in the formation of bony matrix.
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45. Retinol-Vitamin A
Deficiency Disease
Hypovitaminosis A
Deficiency Symptoms
Changes in the eyes like night blind ness, xeropthalmia, skin changes ,effects the
mucous membrane of the respiratory tract, alimentary tract and genito-urinary tract.
Toxicity– Fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, irritability,
cracking lips, dry skin and hair loss, swelling over long bones.
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46. Retinol-Vitamin A Deficiency
Vitamin A Stores: 90% in Liver
Adequate Protein
Vitamin A Food Sources
Global Nutrition Problem
Night Blindness
100 Million Children with Deficiency
In liver it is stored in the form of retinyl esters.
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47. Calciferol-Vitamin D
Significant Sources
Food
Sunlight
Also called Sun shine vitamin. Skin prepares vitamin D in the presence of sunlight.
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48. Calciferol-Vitamin D from the Sun
Natural Exposure to Sunlight
Sun Imposes No Risk of Toxicity
Prolonged Exposure Degrades the
Vitamin D Precursor
49. Calciferol-Vitamin D from the Sun
Ultraviolet Rays of the Sun
Dark Skinned People Prone to Rickets
Deficiency More Likely in Elderly
Vitamin D Fortified Foods or Supplements
-as it reduces the production of vitamin D.
-Osteomalacia is more common in adults. The calcium deficiency results in de-
mineralization of bones.
-should be taken carefully.
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50. Calciferol-Vitamin D
Functions
Raises Blood Calcium and
Phosphorus
Hormone
Organs: Intestines, Kidneys, Bones
Stimulates Absorption from GI Tract
Bone Growth
Maintain the blood (plasma) Ca & P levels.
Acts like a hormone.
Vitamin D main site of action is in the small intestine where promotes Ca & P
absorption from the gut & also has direct action on the gut.
Raises concentration of plasma Ca & P to promote bone deposition.
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51. Calciferol-Vitamin D
Deficiency Disease
Rickets
Osteomalacia
Deficiency Symptoms
Deformity of the weight bearing bones, knock knees, bowing of legs.
Loss of bone mineral.
Pain in bones.
Excessive thirst, diarrhea, nausea, weakness & headach.
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52. Tocopherol-Vitamin E
1922, Discovery in Vegetable
Oils
Anti sterility Factor = Tocopherol
Compound Named Vitamin E
Alpha Beta
Gamma Delta
Alpha-Tocopherol is the most common and the most active of the seven mentioned
forms.
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53. Tocopherol-Vitamin E
Food Sources
20% = Vegetable Oils
20% = Fruits and
Vegetables
15% = Grain Products
Animal Fats: Meat and Milk Fat
Contain Little or No Vitamin E
54. Tocopherol-Vitamin E
Functions
Antioxidant
Stabilization of Cell Membranes
Regulation of Oxidation Reactions
Protection of PUFA
Protection of Vitamin A
-Natural antioxident. It helps to reduce oxidation of lipid membranes, USFA &
breakdown of other nutrients by oxygen.
-Protect the cell membrane destruction.
-It reacts with free radicals & oxidizing agents.
-Found in cell membrane that contain PUFA. It inhibits the reaction involving
oxygen.
-It protects both vitamin A & carotene from oxidation.
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55. Vitamin E as an Antioxidant
Oxidation
Transformation of Energy Fuels to ATP
Oxidation of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Protection of Lungs
Air Pollutants (Nitrogen or Ozone)
Protects Red Blood Cells
-prevents the oxidation of USFA
-protects lungs from oxidative damage from environmental substances.
-protects RBC membrane from oxidative damage.
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56. Tocopherol-Vitamin E Deficiency
Rare in Humans
Fat Malapsorption
Cystic Fibrosis
Causes of Vitamin E Deficiency
Erythrocyte Hemolysis
Deficiency– low fat diet, malabsorption syndrome or after gastric surgery.
RBC hemolysis occur more easily in vitamin E deficiency.
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57. Vitamin K
Blood Clotting
“K” = Danish Word Koagulation
(Coagulation or Clotting)
13 Different Proteins and Calcium
Vitamin K Essential Synthesis of Protein
Blood-Clotting Process
Calcium and
thromboplastin Fibrinogen
Vitamin K (a soluble
(a phospholipid)
from blood protein)
platelets
Prothrombin Fibrin
Thrombin
Precursor (an inactive (a solid
(an active
protein) clot)
enzyme)
Originally called Koagulation vitamin.
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58. Vitamin K
Significant Sources
Food
Non-Food
Bacteria in GI
Bacterial Synthesis
K1 is the naturally occurring form of vitamin K.
Bacteria in GI synthesis vitamin K. Normal synthesis is inhibited by the intake of oral
antibiotics– K2 vitamin.
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60. Vitamin K Deficiency
Deficiency is Rare
Bile Production
Diarrhea
Malabsorption Diseases
(Crohn’s)
Sulfa Drugs
Antibiotics
Bile production is impaired if there is sever damage to liver as secretion of bile salts
is necessary for normal absorption of vitamin K.
In steatrrhoea, ulcerative colitis fats are not absorbed effectively, bleeding due to
vitamin K deficiency may occur.
Sulfa drugs and antibiotics spoils the GI bacterial flora.
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61. Vitamin K Deficiency
Surgery: Blood Clotting Time Checked
Newborn Babies: Sterile Digestive Tract
Vitamin K-Producing Bacteria
Plasma Prothrombin Concentrations
Hemorrhagic Disease
New born babies has sterile GI tract for about a week & hence a low blood
prothrombin level.
Due to prolonged antibiotic therapy, prevents the growth of intestinal bacteria.
Deficiency of vitamin K produces a lowered prothrombin time.
Vitamin K deficiency involves abnormal bleeding as in nose bleeding and internal
hemorrhage which can be sever.
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