Very useful for a student in Tourism Management. It clarifies definitions and concepts, origin and evolution of tourism, types of tourism, etc.

1. TOURISM – PRINCIPLES AND
PRACTICE
Unit I: Introduction to Travel and
Tourism

2. The word Travel derived from the French word
‘Travail’
All Tourism involves Travel; but not all Travel
involves Tourism

3. • Tourism is part of LEISURE.
• In modern times Tourism is only a recreational
activity is a MISCONCEPTION because
participating in meetings, seminars
conferences, trade fairs, etc are also a tourism
activity.

4. Tourists
• The tourist market is divided into:
1. The leisure tourist
2. The business tourist

5. Visitors
• A visitor is any person visiting a country other
than that in which he/she has his/her usual
place of residence, for any other reason than
following an occupation from within the
country visited
– Visitors may be further categorised as excursionist
and tourists

6. Excursionist
• A day visitor who stays for less than 24 hours
at a place. There is no overnight stay

7. Tourist
• A tourist is a temporary visitor to a place. They
stay at least for 24 hours

8. TOURISM
• One of the first attempts at defining tourism
was that of Professors Hunziker and Krapf of
Berne University in 1942. They held that
tourism should be defined s
– ‘the sum of the phenomena and relationships
arising from the travel and stay of non-residents,
in so far as they do not lead to permanent
residence and are not connected to any earning
activity’.

9. UNWTO definition
• Tourism comprises the activities of persons
travelling to and staying in places outside their
usual environment for not more than one
consecutive year for leisure, business or other
purposes.

10. Definition – broken down
• Tourism is the temporary short-term movement of people
• to destinations outside the place where they normally live and work
• includes the activities they indulge in at the destination
• as well as all facilities and services specially created to meet their
needs.
• Tourism does not only mean travelling to a particular destination
but also includes all activities undertaken during the stay.
• It includes excursions.

11. Domestic Tourism
• It involves residents of a country travelling
within the borders of that country.

12. International Tourism
• It involves people travelling from one country
to another country, crossing national borders
– International tourist may be inbound or outbound

13. Domestic and international tourism

14. Tourism Regions of the World

15. Constituents of the tourism industry
Main constituents
Transport industry
Hospitality industry
Entertainment industry
Travel agents and tour
operators
Guides and escorts
Tourism organizations
Secondary constituents
Shops and state emporiums
Arts and crafts
Local transport
Banks
Insurance companies
Communication services-
Media
Performing artists
Publishers
Advertisers
Hawkers and coolies
Agents and brokers

16. Tourist Motivation and Behaviour
16

17. Tourist motivations and typologies
• Why do people go on holiday?
• What factors influence their choices?
• An understanding of the above can be used to
create tourist typologies helps in tourism
marketing, planning and development
Macleod, 2010 17

18. Motivation
• ‘…a state of need, a condition that exerts a
push on the individual towards certain types
of action that are seen as likely to bring
satisfaction’
• The tourist as a consumer of tourism
products, places and experiences
18

19. TRAVEL MOTIVATORS
• The underlying motive for almost any type of tourist
activity is escape – sometimes physical, sometimes
mental. However, tourists can have multiple motives
for travel. For example, a business traveller extends his
trip to visit his conference destination to get rid of the
stress he underwent.
• In fact, one destination can see different travel
motivation by different groups. For example, one group
of tourists can be visiting Guwahati for spiritual
purposes to visit Kamakhya Devi temple, another group
can be visiting it for its tea gardens and yet another to
shop for Assam silk.
• It is this multi-facetedness of destinations that has to
be realised and used by marketers for increasing sales
keeping in view the motivators.

20. 1) Non-Destination Motivators
• a) Business
• b) Visiting friends and Relatives (VFR)
• c) Educational Travel

21. 2) Destination Specific Travel
Motivators
• a) The intellectual component
• b) The social component
• c) The complete mastery component
• d) The stimulus avoidance component

22. HOME DESTINATIO
N
PUSH
PULL
22

23. Push and pull factors
• Factors that push people towards a holiday
– Why did you travel?
• Factors that pull them towards a particular
destination
– Why did you go to that destination?
Macleod, 2010
23

24. Travel motivation
• A variety of reasons for travelling which vary
from person to person, from one holiday to
another
• Many types of motivation for travellers
24

25. Type of travel motivation Description
Business Travelling for work purposes
MICE
Culture Travelling to learn about:
architecture, food and drink,
lifestyle, religion
To understand more about the
culture and history of a
destination
Desire for adventure Experience a new activity that
cannot be found at home
Includes ‘active’ activities:
extreme sports, safari
25

26. Types of travel motivation Description
Escape (escapism) Escape everyday life; have a
change of scenery; usually
involves relaxation on some
level
Education Learn a new skill (language,
art, study etc)
Love and romance Travel to romantic or exotic
places
Includes: honeymoons,
weddings
26

27. Types of motivation Description
Physical reasons (R&R) Rest and relaxation; passive
activities
Social reasons VFR; meet new people (18-30
Club); social activities
27

28. Plog’s Model
In 1974, Stanley Plog developed a theory which allowed the US
population to be classified into a series of interrelated psychographic
types. These types range from two extremes:
• The ‘psychocentric’ type is derived from 'psyche' or 'self-centred'
where an individual centres thoughts or concerns on the small
problem areas of life. These individuals tend to be conservative in
their travel patterns, preferring ‘safe’ destinations and often taking
many return trips. For this latter reason, market research in the tour-
operating sector labels this group as 'repeaters'.
• The ‘allocentric’ type derives from the root ‘allo’ meaning ‘varied in
form’. These individuals are adventurous and motivated to
travel/discover new destinations. They rarely return to the same place
twice, hence their market research label 'wanderers'.

29. 29

30. Allocentric
Near-allocentric
Mid-centric
Near -psychocentric
Psychocentri
c
Plog’s Tourist Types 30

31. Allocentric
• Explorers – of new destinations/activities
• Independent travellers
• Need to see and do new things
• Above-average incomes
• ‘Wanderlust’
• Explorers but visit new destinations once
they’ve already been discovered by
allocentrics
• Desire ‘new experience’ and to learn
Near-Allocentric
31

32. Mid-Centric
• The majority of tourists
• Like adventure but enjoy luxuries and
organised activities/travel
32

33. Near-Psychocentric
• Not interested in local culture and attractions
• Want an environment similar to their home
one
• Same food, people, activities
• Only like destinations like their home
environment
• Destinations will not be too far from home
• Not interested in local culture and custom
Psychocentric
33

34. Contemporary tourist typologies
• Sun lover
• Action seeker
• Anthropologist
• Archaeologist
• Organized mass tourist
• Thrill seeker
• Explorer
• Jet setter
• Seeker
• Independent mass
tourist
• High-class tourist
• Drifter
• Escapist
• Sports tourist
• Educational tourist
34

35. Factors influencing tourist motivation
• Personal and family influences
– Age
– Family life cycle
– Gender
– Disability
• Social and situational influences
– Nationality and national identity
– Tourism and work
– Social class and income
Page & Connell (2006) 35

36. Age
• Tourists are segmented according to
their age
• People the same age may like the
same activities and holidays
Age guide Type of holiday
Younger tourists Active holidays
Entertainment
Mature tourists Passive holiday
Safer environment
Secure activities
36

37. Family lifecycle
• Stage where a family is at can influence
holiday choice
• Depends on the age of people within the
family
• Can also depend on activities a family enjoys
37

38. Stage Characteristics Travel Consumer Behavior
Bachelor Young: not living at home
Few financial burdens-some vacation
purchase, highly recreation oriented
Newly married No children
Initially financially well off-more vacation
purchasing
Full nest-stage 1 Youngest children under 6 Travel restricted
Full nest-stage 2 Youngest children over 6 Finances improving-some family holidays
Full nest-stage 3 Older married with dependent children Vacations just one part of the purchasing mix
Empty nest-stage 1
Older married-no children at home, still
working
Optimum financial position. Strong vacation
purchasing
Empty nest-stage 2 Older married retired Vacations decline-depending on finances
Solitary Survivor Still working Purchasing power high-may travel
Solitary Survivor Retired
Package tour options-security sociability needs
high
How tourism relates to life cycle

39. Stage Characteristics Tourism behaviour
Early childhood •Entirely dependent on
parent
•3S holidays
•Seaside/inland resort
•Children
entertainment
Early teenager •Dependent on parents
still
•More influence on
decision making
•Resort-based
holidays with nightlife
•Group-based
holidays
Young person •Young, single, not living
at home
•Sunlust – Wanderlust
•Adventure,
backpacking
39

40. Stage Characteristics Tourism behaviour
Partnership stage Couples living
together
Young professionals
Time constraints
All types
Short breaks to fit
around work
Family stage – early Families, single
parents
Mass tourism (3S)
and VFR
Family stage – late Children in
secondary school
Holidays only
outside of term
time
Mix of holidays
Children seek a
little independence
40

41. Stage Characteristics Tourism behaviour
Empty nest •Children leave home
•Parents have more
freedom and more
income
•More expensive
holidays
•Luxuries, long-haul,
cruises, several
holidays a year
Retired •One or two people
retired
•Fixed income
•Lots of free time
•Passive
•Good quality
holidays
41

42. Nationality and national identity
• Language barriers
– Can discourage people to visit a particular
destination
• Legal requirements
– Visas may be required and some nationalities may
not be allowed to a destination
42

43. Significance of tourism
• Global phenomenon
• Worlds largest and fastest growing industry
• Creates 250 million jobs globally
• 10% of worlds GDP
• 5000 trillion $ industry
• 1.5 billion tourists
– Benefits are not proportionately distributed.
UNWTO and WTTC collects, compiles and
disseminates tourism data

44. Most visited countries in the world

45. International tourism receipts in billions (USD)

46. Reasons for rapid pace of growth
• Greater disposable incomes
• Women entering the workforce
• Leave travel allowance (LTA) facility
• Availability of low cost carriers
• Greater awareness about travel and tourism
• Discretionary time and money available
• Double income no kids (DINK) policy
• An unquenchable thirst or desire to travel
• Stress and strain of routine work

47. Most visited tourist attractions

48. The world’s top 15 cities in 2007 with world ranking

49. History of Travel & Tourism

50. Evolution of Tourism
• Prehistoric period
• Early Civilizations
• Imperial Era
• Pilgrimage
• Renaissance
• The Grand Tour
• The Industrial Era
• Advent of Technology
• Impact of World Wars
• Modern Tourism

51. Developments in History
Humans travelled for
• Survival
• Trade
• Conquests
• Curiosity

52. Prehistoric Period
• 40,000 BC to 10,000 BC
• No written records exist
• Travel undertaken in search of food
• Or to save one’s skin

53. Early Civilizations
• 10,000 BC to 500 BC
• Settlements were formed
• Farming techniques developed
• Domestication of Animals to hunt for food and to pull sledges
• Trade began
• Sail boats were used
• Invention of wheel

54. The Indus Valley Civilization
• Indus Valley Civilization was the earliest civilization recorded
in 3000 BC
• Remains of modern cities and seals of trade have been
unearthed which show that people indulged in trade

55. The Sphinx
• Sphinx and all major pyramids were built
between 2800 BC and 2175 BC by the
Egyptian Pharaohs

56. The Imperial Era
• Established during the early empires of Egypt, Persia, Rome,
China, and India
• Road networks
• Accommodation
• Wells
• Security pickets

57. Imperial Era
Aristocrats travelled in style
• Sporting events
• Performing events
• Performing arts
• Pilgrimage
• Bathing in Mineral springs

58. Gladiators battle to death in an arena in Ancient
Rome to entertain spectators

59. • The Mauryan Emperor Ashoka was
responsible for the spurt in development of
formal travel facilities

60. India
• Mauryan Emperor Ashoka was responsible for
spurt of travel facilities
• Grand Trunk Routes with Trees and Ashoka
Pillars
• Caravanserais by Akbar
• Schools and colleges established
• Summer Retreats for royalty

61. The old Silk Route ran over 9700 kilometers,
connecting China with Rome and pre-Christian
Europe

62. Dark Ages
?

63. European Renaissance
• The Renaissance or rebirth was a period of
change and revival of Greek and Roman
cultures (1300 to 1600 AD)

64. The Grand Tour
The Grand Tour was a tour of the principal cities
and places of interest in Europe, the focus of
the tour being cultural enrichment
Queen Elizabeth I encouraged

65. The Industrial Era (1800s)
• Human or animal power was replaced by steam power
created by burning coal
• The Industrial Revolution, which occurred in the late
eighteenth and early nineteenth century, was a period when
major changes occurred in agriculture, manufacturing and
transportation
• The development of the steam engine affected tourism

66. Thomas Cook
• In 1841, Thomas Cook, the pioneer travel agent organized a
special train to carry 570 passengers from Leicester to
Loughborough to attend a meeting
• 3000 students from Leicester to Derby

67. The world’s first successful airplane –
The Wright Brother’s ‘Flyer’

68. INDIA – POST INDEPENDENCE
Facilities created by the Britishers were used to develop tourism
• Hill stations
• Beaches
• Circuit houses
• Dak bungalows
• Railway network

69. MODERN TOURISM
• Air travel
• Affordable for the masses
• Reduction in travel time
• Tourism Organisations formed
• Private sector encouraged to invest in tourism.

70. An inter-disciplinary perspective of tourism

71. The Tourism System
• Traveller generating region
• Transit region
• Tourist destination region
• Tourists and
• Tourism industry

72. NATURE OF TOURISM
Leiper Model
Transit route Region
Traveller
Generating
Region
Tourist
Destination
Region
Departing travellers
Returning travellers

73. Six Categories of Tourism
• 1. Ethnic Tourism
• 2. Cultural Tourism
• 3. Historical Tourism
• 4. Environmental Tourism
• 5. Recreational Tourism
• 6. Business Tourism

74. FIVE ‘A’S OF TOURISM
• Accessibility
• Accommodation
• Amenities
• Attractions
• Activities

75. Overview of Attractions
Attractions
Historical
Sites
Cultural
Attractions
Natural
Attractions
Events Recreation Entertainment
Attractions
Archeological
Sites
Architecture
Cuisine
Monuments
Industrial
Sites
Museums
Ethnic
Concerts
Theatre
Landscape
Seascape
Parks
Mountains
Flora
Fauna
Coasts
Islands
Mega-
Events
Community
Events
Festivals
Religious
Events
Sports
Events
Trade
Shows
Corporate
Sightseeing
Golf
Swimming
Tennis
Hiking
Biking
Snow
Sports
Theme
Parks
Amusement
Parks
Casinos
Cinemas
Shopping
Facilities
Performing
Arts
Centers
Sports
Complexes

76. Accommodation
Primary Accommodation
• Hotels
• International Hotels
• Resort Hotels
• Commercial Hotels
• Floating Hotels
• Capsule Hotels
• Airport Hotels
• Heritage Hotels
• Boutique Hotels
Supplementary Accommodation
• Motel
• Youth Hostels
• Tourist Bungalows
• Camping sites
• Pension
• B&B Inns
• Holiday villages
• Home stays
• Railway retiring rooms
• Forest Bungalows
• Farm Houses

77. Characteristics of the Hospitality and
Tourism Industry
 According to World
Travel and Tourism
Council:
Employer of 7.8
Percent of the
Global workforce
10.6 percent
Of
World GDP
5.5 million new
Jobs per year
Until 2010
Tourism
Industry
24/h, 7 days/w,
52 weeks/year

78. Tourism system
Demand side of tourism
 Population
Supply side of tourism
 Transportation
 Attractions & resources
 Services
 Information (promotion & interpretation)

79. Travel and Tourism ---
World’s Largest Industry
• In 2001 it is estimated to account for some:
•$3.5 trillion of Economic Activity
•207 million jobs
• In 2011 it accounted for :
•$7.0 trillion of Economic Activity
•260 million jobs

80. Share of world: % of Total
(2000)
GDP 11.0
Employment 8.0
Exports 7.9
Capital Investment 9.4
A powerful engine for generating jobs and wealth

81. Slice 7
0%
Americas
18%
EAP
16%
Europe
58%
Middle East
3%
Africa
4%
South Asia
1%
Source: World Tourism Organization (WTO)

82. Slice 7
0%
Americas
29%
EAP
17%
Europe
49%
Middle East
2%
Africa
2%
South Asia
1%
Source: World Tourism Organization (WTO)

83. Average Length of Stay in the Country
Country
India
Canada
Brazil
France
Hong Kong/China
Japan
Malaysia
Singapore(1997)
Spain
Thailand
Days
31.2
5.22
13.00
7.31
3.38
8.80
5.50
2.60
12.9
8.4

84. World’s Top 10 Tourism Earners
Intl. Tourism Receipts (US $
billion) 2001
1. United States 72.3
2. Spain 32.9
3. France 29.6
4. Italy 25.9
5. China 17.8
6. Germany 17.2
7. United Kingdom 15.9
8. Austria 12.0
9. Canada 10.7 (2000)
10. Greece 9.2 (2000)

85. Benefits of Tourism - Economic
• Can be developed with
local products and
resources
• Diversifies the
economy
• Tends to be compatible
with other economic
activities
• Spreads development
• High multiplier impact
• Increases
governmental
revenues
• Provides employment
opportunities
• Generates foreign
exchange
• Increases Incomes
• Increases GNP
• Can be built on
existing infrastructure
• Develops an
infrastructure that will
also help stimulate
local commerce and
industry

86. TOURIST
100%
HOME STAY
42%
BEE FARM
4%
LOCAL
PEOPLE
4%
COCONUT
FARM
4%
LOCAL
PEOPLE
4%
SEA FOOD
RESTAURANT
22%
LOCAL
FISHERMEN
22%

87. Benefits of Tourism - Social
• Broadens educational and cultural horizons
• Improves quality of life - higher incomes and
improved standards of living
• Justifies environmental protection and
improvement
• Provides tourist and recreational facilities
that may be used by a local population

88. Benefits of Tourism - Cultural
• Reinforces preservation of heritage and tradition
• Visitor interest in local culture provides
employment for artists, musicians and other
performing artists enhancing cultural heritage
• Breaks down language barriers, socio-cultural
barriers, class barriers, racial barriers, political
barriers, and religious barriers
• Creates a favorable worldwide image for a
destination
• Promotes a global community
• Promotes international understanding and peace

89. Disadvantages of Tourism - Economic
• Develops excess demand
• Results in high leakage
• Creates difficulties of seasonality
• Causes inflation
• Can result in unbalanced economic
development
• Increases vulnerability to economic and
political changes

90. Disadvantages of Tourism - Social
• Creates social problems
• Degrades the natural physical environment and
creates pollution
• Degrades the cultural environment
• Threatens family structure
• Commercializes culture, religion, and the arts
• Creates misunderstanding
• Creates conflicts in the host society
• Contributes to disease, economic fluctuation, and
transportation problems

91. TOURISM PRODUCTS
• A tourism product can be defined as the sum
of the physical and psychological satisfaction it
provides to tourists during their travelling en
route to the destination.

92. • The tourist product focuses on facilities and
services designed to meet the needs of the
tourist.
• It can be seen as a composite product, as the
sum total of a country’s tourist attractions,
transport, and accommodation and of
entertainment which result in customer
satisfaction.

93. • Each of the components of a tourist product is
supplied by individual providers of services
like hotel companies, airlines, travel agencies,
etc.
• The three basic components of a tourist
product are:
– Attractions,
– Facilities, and
– Accessibility.

94. CHARACTERISTICS OF TOURISM
PRODUCTS
• 1. Intangible
• 2. Inseparability
• 3. Perishability
• 4. Ownership