33 part 5-earthsoft-water - pollutants
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"Earthsoft Foundation of Guidance (EFG) is working as an NGO/NPO for students - Education & Career guidance and for Professionals for soft skills enhancements. We are working speading , sharing knowledge; experience globally.It has uploaded important presentations at http://myefg.in/downloads.aspx. Also visit www.slideshare.net and search using key word - earthsoft Read http://tl.gd/jm1gh5 and view picture http://twitpic.com/cept60 http://www.slideshare.net/rrakhecha/efg-activities-of-one-year27-mar2013 Be mentor using your education, knowledge & experience to contribute for a social cause & do conduct free training/ workshop seeking help of existing platforms Kindly spread to your friends.Thank you! - Earthsoft Foundation of Guidance Let us make earth little softer.. "
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33 part 5-earthsoft-water - pollutants
- 1. Making earth little softer Earthsoft Foundation of Guidance Edge-Aggressive-Reliable-Trust-Honesty-Soft-Obedient-Fun-Transparent
- 2. Making earth little softer Earthsoft Foundation of Guidance (EFG) has uploaded following presentations at http://myefg.in/downloads.aspx Be mentor using your education, knowledge & experience to contribute for a social cause & do conduct free training seeking help of existing platforms. Kindly share with your friends •Motivation for higher study, Planning for study, Education guidance, Career guidance, Career available after SSC & HSC •Personality development – 3 files •How to prepare resume, Tips to attend interview successfully •Religion related –To understand basic religion, Do & Don’t tips •Health related - Be vegetarian, Be healthy, Manage health •Corporate - Project management, Assertiveness, Ownership, Effective communication, Leadership, Be entrepreneur •Finance - To avoid speculation in stock market •Social - Women empowerment, Choosing life partner, conflict resolution, stop ragging, stop alcohol, snakebite treatment About us
- 3. Making earth little softer • Water pollutants • Types of water pollution • Types of water pollutants • Contamination • Pollutants generation • Pollutants:Landfills Leachates • Pollutants control Index
- 4. Making earth little softer Water pollutants • Water is one of the most precious gift of nature without this no life could survive on earth. • Water is combination of hydrogen and oxygen. • Normally water is never pure in chemical sense. • Water pollutants are natural and man made.
- 5. Making earth little softer Types of water pollution • Inorganic Pollutants • Organic Pollutants • Biologic Pollutants
- 6. Making earth little softer Types of water pollutants Basis of decomposition Basis of medium Biodegradable Air Non-Biodegradable Water Soil Basis of occurrence Basis of existence Primary Pollutants Quantitative Secondary Pollutants Qualitative
- 7. Making earth little softer Classes of Water pollutants • Pathogens : Bacteria, Viruses, Protozoa, Parasitic Worms, Colliform Bacteria Used As Indicators Of Water Quality • Oxygen Demanding Wastes : Organics That Are Decomposed By Bacteria And That Use A Lot Of O2, Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Decreases, And BOD Increases • Water Soluble Inorganic Chemicals : Acids, Salts, Toxic Metal Compounds Like Mercury, And Lead.
- 8. Making earth little softer Classes of Water pollutants • Inorganic Plant Nutrients : Water Soluble Phosphates, Nitrates => Algal Blooms, Decreased Dissolved O2, Increased BOD, Methemoglobinemia (="blue baby syndrome") • Organic Chemicals - Oil, Gas, Plastics, Pesticides, Cleaning Solvents, Detergents, Etc. • Sediment & Suspended Mater - Insoluble Soil Particulates & Other Solids. Clouds The Water, Decreasing Photosynthesis, Carries Pesticides And Disrupts Aquatic Food Webs.
- 9. Making earth little softer Classes of Water pollutants • Radioactive Isotopes - Are Biologically Amplified To Higher Concentrations In The Food Chain. Ionizing Radiation & Birth Defects, Cancer. • Warmed Water - From Power Plants, Decreases DO And Increases Susceptibility To Diseases And Parasites And Toxic Wastes. • Alien Species - Zebra Mussels, Asiatic Catfish, Sea Lamprey, etc. Out compete Native Species And Ultimately Decrease Biodiversity
- 10. Making earth little softer Drinking Water Quality Industrialization & Technology Industrialization & Technology LeadLead MercuryMercury Agri-PollutionAgri-Pollution Drugs & Shampoo Drugs & Shampoo ChlorineChlorine ArsenicArsenic FluorideFluoride AluminumAluminum Tap Water RustRust
- 11. Making earth little softer Contamination
- 12. Making earth little softer Contamination • One or more organic chemicals contaminate about 45% of municipal groundwater supplies in the US • About 26000 industrial waste ponds in US do not have liners • Leaking undergraound storage tanks • Nitrates, fluoride, arsenic
- 13. Making earth little softer Water pollutants (degradable) • Domestic sewage • Fertilizers • Some industrial wastes
- 14. Making earth little softer Water pollutants • Sewage/waste water; • Fertilizers/Pesticides; • Alien species • Global Warming • Atmospheric Deposition; • Pathogens; from untreated sewage, storm drains, septic tanks, runoff from farms • Petroleum; • Radioactive substances; • Heat; • Siltation/sediments;
- 15. Making earth little softer Water pollutants • Salinization- Increased salinization and salt runoff from irrigated farms causes salinization of major rivers.; • Heavy metals cause unpleasant taste and odour to drinking water; • Suspended particles like sediments
- 16. Making earth little softer Water pollutants • Warm water from cooling towers (thermal pollution) • Floating debris • Garbage • Foam • These physical pollutants interfere mainly with the usability and/or aesthetic appeal of the water. In certain cases, thermal pollution can kill fish.
- 17. Making earth little softer Water pollutants • Industrial Effluents - This waste water may contain acids, alkalis, salts, poisons, oils and in some cases harmful bacteria. • Mining and Agricultural Wastes Mines, especially gold and coal mines, are responsible for large quantities of acid water. • Agricultural pesticides, fertilizers and herbicides may wash into rivers and stagnant water bodies. • Sewage Disposal and Domestic Wastes Sewage as well as domestic and farm wastes were often allowed to pollute rivers and dams.
- 18. Making earth little softer Pollutants : Unsewered Towns • Wastewaters and pollutants from unsewered Towns • 22% of wastewater (Class I cities) and 14% of wastewater (Class II cities) is collected through sewerage. • Most cities / towns do not have sewerage system.
- 19. Making earth little softer Pollutant – Sewage & sullage • Sewage, sullage and pollutants from Urban Areas • Only 40 – 50% of population of major metro cities are served by sewer systems. • Sewers often leak
- 20. Making earth little softer Pollutants : Industrial • Industrial pollutants from cottage / small scale industries • 3 million SME in the country • Causes significant water pollution
- 21. Making earth little softer The toxic industrial waste • Industries release toxic waste heavy metals (mercury as a fungicide; lead used in batteries), Hydrocarbons & Chromium, in rivers and seas • The metal oxides and other products of the pharmaceutical industry. • Hydrocarbons toxic (used to make insecticides - DDT or processing of plastics and paints)
- 22. Making earth little softer Pollutants : Industrial • Industrial pollutants from large industries • Installed Treatment and disposal • Treated effluents having some pollutants get leached and causes pollution. • Waste dumping, ash-ponds, sludge-pits, etc.
- 23. Making earth little softer Water pollutants • Major water pollutants : • Pesticides and biocides like BHC, DDT, Alluminium phosphide, chlor benzilate, lindane, nicotine sulphate which are highly pollutant so such pesticide are restricted in India.
- 24. Making earth little softer Water pollutants • Cadmium and its compounds are used in various industry they are cadmium acetate, cadmium sulphide, cadmium oxide, cadmium carbonate etc. • The sulphate, chloride and acetate of cadmium are soluble in water which leads toxicity. • Floride is universally present in varing amount in soil and water atmosphere, vegetation and animal tissue. • Toxic substance like cyanide, phenol, heavy metals like mercury, lead, arsenic cause damage to flora and fauna
- 25. Making earth little softer Water pollutants-Heavy metal • They are present in all the phase of environment-air, water and land • Metal pollutant is include copper, lead, zinc, chromium, nickel, cadmium, mercury and selenium. • Lead is one of the heavy metal pollutant of both atmosphere and ocean, which is mainly derived from vehicle burning fuel. • Mercury is the another very toxic pollutant
- 26. Making earth little softer Water pollutants • These pollutants enter waterways through untreated sewage, storm drains, septic tanks, runoff from farms, and particularly boats that dump sewage. • Though microscopic, these pollutants have a tremendous effect evidenced by their ability to cause sickness.
- 27. Making earth little softer Water pollutants : Detergents • Stories about particular pollutant forms: Detergents • The nitrates in fertilizers promote excessive growth of algae and larger aquatic plants, causing offensive algae blooms and driving out sport fish. • Phosphates are often thought to culprit, nitrogen is the “limiting factor” in most aquatic systems.
- 28. Making earth little softer Pollutant : Thermal pollution • 26% of all water in U.S. is affected by this • Up to a point of adding heated water, you can get thermal enrichment Adding more heat, You get • Thermal pollution
- 29. Making earth little softer Non-persistent (degradable) • These compounds can be broken down by chemical reactions or by natural bacteria into simple, non-polluting substances such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen. • if the pollution load is high, this process can lead to low oxygen levels and eutrophication. • This damage is reversible.
- 30. Making earth little softer Persistent Water pollutants • Some pesticides (e.g., DDT, dieldrin) • Some leachate components from landfill sites (municipal, industrial) • Petroleum and petroleum products • PCBs, dioxins, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) • Radioactive materials such as strontium-90, cesium-137, radium-226, and uranium • Metals such as lead, mercury, cadmium
- 31. Making earth little softer Persistent Water pollutants • This is the most rapidly growing type of pollution • This includes substances that degrade very slowly or cannot be broken down at all; • They may remain in the aquatic environment for years or longer periods of time. • The damage they cause is either irreversible or repairable only over decades or centuries
- 32. Making earth little softer Pollutant : Detergents • The nitrates in fertilizers promote excessive growth of algae and larger aquatic plants, causing offensive algae blooms and driving out sport fish. • Phosphates are often thought to culprit, nitrogen is the “limiting factor” in most aquatic systems.
- 33. Making earth little softer Pollutant : Sediments • The largest form of water pollution • Erosion is source – we’ve sped up rate of erosion, e.g. during urban construction can lose up to 43 tons of topsoil/acre/year • Natural rates of erosion: leads to aquatic succession
- 34. Making earth little softer Organic Pollutants • Three classes of compounds • Pesticides and Herbicides • Materials for common household and industrial use • Materials for industrial use
- 35. Making earth little softer Inorganic Pollutants • Examples: • Pb in gasoline • Radionuclides • Phosphorus, nitrogen (Great Lakes) • Other heavy metals
- 36. Making earth little softer Inorganic Pollutants • 3 groups • 1) Produce no heavlth effects until a threshold concentration is exceeded—e.g., NO3 –ook at , 50mg/liter; at higher levels: methaemoglobinaemia • 2) No threshold—e.g.—genotoxic substances: some natural and synthetic organic compounds, microorganic compunds, some pesticides, arsenic • 3) Essential to diets: F, I, Se—absence causes problems, but too much also causes problems
- 37. Making earth little softer Inorganic trace contaminants • Mercury—methyl Hg and dimethyl Hg in fish— probably most significant path to humans— Minamata Bay, Japan, 1950’s • Rhine River drains 185,000 sq km—heavily polluted by 1970’s • Lead—toxicity has been known for a long time • 1859 book • Tetraethyl lead—anti-knowck additive for gas, 1930-1966
- 38. Making earth little softer Radionuclides • Bikini Atoll in South Pacific: > 20 tests, 1946- 1958 • Inhabitants evacuated before 1946 tests; their descendents are still exiled • Atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons is now banned • National labs…now trying to clean up (Hanford)
- 39. Making earth little softer Phosphates and Nitrates • Phosphates—mostly a result of sewage outflow and phosphate detergents • Additional phosphate grows excess algae… oxygen depletion, Lake Erie…1972 phosphate management plant…$7.6 billion • Nitrates—sewage and fertilizers
- 40. Making earth little softer Pesticides • Pesticides are one of the most significant causes of water pollution. • Farmers spraying large crop fields with chemical pesticides • The lawn products that everyday residents apply to their home lawns results in a higher pollution per square foot than the farms • In-ability to remove specific pesticide contaminants in the water purification process
- 41. Making earth little softer Scale of Pesticide Use in US • Since 1959: 50-fold increase in pesticide use • Most present pesticides are 10-100 x more toxic than those used in 1050’s • About 25% of pesticide use in US is in houses, gardens, lawns, parks, swimming pools, and golf courses • Average lawn receives 10x more pesticides than equivalent area of cropland • 2.4 million tons of pesticides are used per year • 600 active chemicals mixes with 1200 solvents, ‘inactive’ ingredients • About 25000 commercial pesticide products
- 42. Making earth little softer Pesticides • Each year about 250,000 people are admitted to hospitals and/or emergency rooms with pesticide poisoning • Broad spectrum vs narrow spectrum • Persistence
- 43. Making earth little softer Pesticides • Chlorinated hydrocarbons • DDT, heptachlor, etc—2-15 years • Organophosphates • Malathion, methyl parathion—1-2 weeks • Carbamates • Carbaryl, maneb, aldicarb—days to weeks • Pyrethroids • Pemethrin, decamethrin—days to weeks
- 44. Making earth little softer Herbicides • Contact • Triazines—e.g. atrazine, paraquat (interfere with photosynthesis) • Systemic—phenoxy compounds, N compounds, Alar, glyphosate (create excess growth hormones) • Soil sterilants • trifluralin, dalapon (kill soil microorganisms)
- 45. Making earth little softer Pollutants generation • Chloride (Tanneries) • Fluorides (Fertilizer – Phosphate) • Sulphide (Oil refineries) • Total Wastewater generation from industries is 10,125 MLD
- 46. Making earth little softer Pollutants:Landfills Leachates • They are strong polluters • BOD (200 mg/L), COD (340 mg/L) and TS (900 mg/L)
- 47. Making earth little softer Pollutants : Handling • Pollutants in leakages and due to accidents during transportation, storage or handling • Contribution from this is growing
- 48. Making earth little softer Washover from Cattle-farms • Washover from Cattle-farms and Animal Husbandry • No adequate, arrangements for collection, treatment and proper disposal of liquid wastes
- 49. Making earth little softer Pollutants : Agricultural • Pollutants in Agricultural Drainage waters • High in salts • Intensive use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides • Contribute significant loads of salts, nutrients, chemicals, etc.
- 50. Making earth little softer Deposition of Air Pollutants • Acid rain cause water pollution • Heavy metal deposition from air emissions on to water
- 51. Making earth little softer Thank You
- 52. Making earth little softer References • www.wikipedia.org; www.google.com, www.slideshare.net • Gannon; Osmond, , Humenik, Gale, Spooner, Agricultural Water Quality Water resource • U.S.A. Environmental protection agency, washington, dc (usa) • MacKenzie, SH The Ecosystem ISLAND PRESS, CA (USA), 1996, 240 • Water pollution and society ByDavid Krantz and Brad Kifferstein • Water pollution, By Mahesh & Ram, By Shohail Motahir Choudhury, Prasen Raptan,Executive Director,Jankalyana • Living in the Environment, By G. Tyler Miller’s • Authors Arnone Matteo,Belingheri Omar,Fasce Federico,Migliorino Lorenzo,Ernest Kyć, • Michał Stolarski,Adam Chłąd,Kamil Tratkiewicz • Water Pollution by Dr. B. Victor • Refresher course on sewage treatment plant design by PAUL • Trends and Scenarios in Agricultural Development by COLIN CHARTRES; International Water Management Institute • Diamond Energy Water. The close relationship between Water & Our Body. 19 April 2008 • <http://www.be-with-you.com/dew/WaterAndOurBody.html>. • We Rise. Water Facts. Allabout_facts. 15 May 2008 <www.werise.us/allabout_facts.html> • “Olympic Science: The Hydration Rate.” Popular Mechanics. August 2008. 68. • Water Security: Leadership and Commitment by Shuichi Hirayama • Environmental Pollutants By Dr.Rathnakar U.P.MD.DIH.PGDHM (K.M.C. Mangalore) • Water Pollution By DiGiT • Water Pollution & Cleanup By Andrew J Penniman • Water Pollution by Home • Air, Water and Soil pollution - By B.Tungalagtuya • John Rodgers - Lecture 8: Water Pollution • pppst.com • kangenforall.com
Notas do Editor
- Pesticides are one of the most significant causes of water pollution. Many think this only applies to farmers whom spray large crop fields with chemical pesticides. The reality is, the lawn products that everyday suburban residents apply to their home lawns results in a higher pollution per square foot than the farms. In some regions, the ability to remove specific pesticide contaminants in the water purification process is an investment that can cost hundreds of millions of dollars per year.