1. WRITING
(BASIC SIMPLE PATTERNS)
NOVIANA SARI, M.A.

2. 1. BASIC SENTENCE
• A basic sentence, that is, simple, active and
positive has the following pattern:
subject
+
predicate

3. 2. SUBJECT
• A sentence must have a subject.
• The subject is a part of a sentence which refers to PERSON or
SOMETHING that is spoken
• A subject is a noun
– A person, place or thing
» Ms. Jones
» Los Angeles Mission College
» Hat
• Or a pronoun
– A word that takes the place of a noun
» She/he/they
» It

4. 3. PREDICATE
• The predicate is a part of a sentence which
tells the information about subject
• There are two kinds of predicate:
a. NOMINAL PREDICATE, composed by NON
ACTION ELEMENTS. They can be a name,
status, adjective, number and place.
b. VERBAL PREDICATE, composed by ACTION
of the subject
• Examples: to sing, to joke, to run, to walk

5. • A sentence must also have a verb.
• There are 3 types of verbs:
1. Linking Verbs
• Linking verbs needs no action, it needs only
status, characte, place, etc. This verb is used
in nominal predicate. The main element of
predicate is something that modifies
subject, it is called compliment
• Examples: to be (is, am, are, was, were), to
seem, to become, get, grow, keep, seem, etc.

6. 2. Intransitive Verbs
• The verbs that don’t need objects.
• Examples: arrive, come, go (pergi), sleep, sit,
stand, live, walk, run, fly, die, etc.
3. Transitive Verbs
• The verbs that need objects.
• Examples: buy, sell, read, write, drive, send,
give, kick, kill, bring, take, make, etc.

7. Example of three patterns of basic
sentences:
SUBJECT
LINKING VERB
COMPLEMENT
ADJUNCT
I
AM
A STUDENT
NOW
THEY
GOT
ANGRY
THEN
THE DRESS
LOOKS
GOOD
ON YOU

8. Example of three patterns of basic
sentences:
SUBJECT
INTRANSITIVE
VERB
ADJUNCT
I
CAME
LATE
THE HORSE
RUNS
QUICKLY
SHE
STOOD
QUIETLY

9. Example of three patterns of basic
sentences:
SUBJECT
I
TRANSITIVE
VERB
MEET
OBJECT
ADJUNCT
THE BOYS
HERE
THEY
GOT
ANGRY
YESTERDAY
WE
SAW
TONY
THERE

10. Identifying Subjects and Verbs
• To identify the subject and verb in a sentence,
ask these questions:
–What is the action? What word links two
or more other words?
• the verb
– Who or what is performing the action?
• the subject

11. Practice
1. Barbara sang.
 What is the action?
Sang (verb – action)
 Who sang?
Barbara (subject)
2. The children were happy.
 What word joins the description
to the subject?
Were (verb – linking)
 Who were happy?
Children (subject)

12. More Practice
• Identify the subjects and verbs in the following sentences:
1. Terry laughs.
Verb
= laughs (action)
Subject = Terry
2. Lady Gaga is famous.
Verb = is (links description to subject)
Subject = Lady Gaga
3. The dog barked.
Verb
= barked (action)
Subject = the dog
4. Maulana creates funny characters.
Verb
= creates (action)
Subject = Maulana

13. WRITING EXERCISE 1
{WRITE 5 (five) SENTENCES OF EACH PATTERN!}
tulis masing-masing:
5 kalimat dari linking verbs,
5 kalimat dari intransitive verbs, dan
5 kalimat dari transitive verbs

14. THE USED OF LINKING BE
forms
Element
usage
Infinitive
Be
I will be there
To + infinitive
To be
We want to be good
Past participle
Been
We have been here
She has been there
Present tense
Am, is, are
I am ready
It is fine
They are right
Past tense
Was, were
She was sick
You were right

15. • LINKING BE is used the most frequently in english
and used in the nominal predicate. In bahasa
Indonesia, the equivalent words is adalah.
• Examples:
Saya orang Indonesia
Dia kawan saya
Mereka di rumah kemarin
SUBJECT
I
She
The man
They
LINKING BE
am
is
Is
were
COMPLEMENT
ADJUNCT
an Indonesian
my friend
sick
at home
yesterday

16. • PRONOMINAL includes:
a. Personal Pronouns: i, me, you, it, we, they,
etc.
b. Possessive Pronouns: mine, yours, hers,
ours, theirs
c. Demonstrative Prounouns: this, that,
these, those
d. Indefinite Pronouns: all, some, both, one,
something, etc.

17. • The COMPLEMENT can be composed by:
a. Noun: information, Name, Country, etc.
b. Noun Phrase: little time, my friend, the women,
these people, a few example, a boy, etc.
c. Adjective: good, easy, dead, etc.
d. Adjective Phrase: very nice, much better, etc.
e. Prepositional Phrase: for them, with the girls, in
Palangkaraya, in the market, etc.
f. Numeral: one, two, three, the first, the second,
etc.
g. Gerund: Learning, working, doing
h. To Infinitive: to learn, to work, etc.

18. • The ADJUNCT element are expressed in
adverbial elements such as:
a. Adverb of manner: quickly, slowly, fast, hard,
well, early, better, badly, etc.
b. Adverb of place: in town, at the market, etc.
c. Adverb of frequency: never, seldom,
sometimes, usually, often, always.
d. Adverb of time: now, right now, at the moment
yesterday, tomorrow, etc.
e. Adverb of degree: very, quite, rather, fairly,
awfully
f. Averb of modality (keterangan kemungkinan):
maybe, perhaps, probably, likely, possibly, etc.

19. OTHER EXAMPLES:
SUBJECT
LINKING BE
COMPLEMENT
ADJUNCT
I
am
A student
You
were
a baby
then
He
is
our leader
here
She
is
very beautiful
We
were
In Palangkaraya last week
Some of the
boys
are
Outside
This letter
is
for you
They
were
in trouble
My sister
is
on time
usually

20. WRITING EXERCISE 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
We ____________ Indonesians
Our national language __________ Indonesia
I _________ proud of my native country
All of us _______ arrived in Banjarmasin Last
night
5. He ________ very tired now