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Onlineassignment.net Your Homework homework help Partner Subject : Finance  Topic : Derivatives   Futures
Problem 1 A bank offers a corporate client a choice between borrowing cash at 11% p.a. and borrowing gold at 2% p.a. (If gold is borrowed, interest must be repaid in gold. Thus, 100 ounces of gold borrowed today, would require 102 ounces to be repaid in 1 year). The risk free interest rate is at 9.25% p.a., and storage costs are 0.5% p.a. Discuss whether the interest rate on gold loan is too high or too low in relation to the rate of interest on the cash loan. The interest rates on the two loans are expressed with annual compounding. The risk free interest rate and the storage costs are expressed with continuous compounding.
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Option 1: Borrow money at 11% p.a., buy gold with the funds obtained and pay 0.5% storage costs for gold. At the same time, enter into a forward contract to sell gold at loan maturity. At loan maturity, sell gold at the forward price.  Let us denote the current spot price of gold as S. Then the forward price is F = S*e0.0925+0.005 = Se0.098 Assume that the investor borrows $100. With this funds he will buy 100/S ounces of gold, and sell them for (100/S)* Se0.098 ≈100*e0.098 ≈ $110.30 But the loan repayment is $100 * (1.11) = $111, hence, that the investor is losing $111 - $100*e0.098 ≈  $0.70 on the transaction, paid at loan maturity.   Cont >>
Option 2: Borrow 100/S ounces of gold, and repay the loan with (100/S)(1+r) ounces of gold. Thus the investor loses (100/S)*(1+r) – 100/S = 100r/S ounces of gold in this transaction, paid at loan maturity. As the arbitrage free forward price of gold is Se0.098, the dollar cost of that loss is (100r/S)*( Se0.098) = 100r e0.098 For the two transactions to be equal, we must have $111 - $100*e0.098 = 100r e0.098 Or,  Or, r =$111 - $100*e0.098 $100 e0.098Or, r = 0.7% Thus the gold rate is less than the interest rate on the cash loan. It is advantageous for the investor to borrow gold. (End of Solution 1)
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Solution to Problem 2 (a) CRUDE OIL Standard deviation of daily changes in price of the crude oil futures contract = $0.31 per barrel or $310 per contract. For a 1% risk The z statistic for a level of significance of 1% is 2.33. For a 1% chance that an investor with a balance slightly above the maintenance margin level on a particular day has a negative balance 2 days later, the required maintenance margin level for crude = $310*√2*2.33 =$1,021. Similarly for a 0.1% risk, the required maintenance margin =$310*√2*3.09 = $1,355   contd >
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Finance Assignment Help with Onlineassignment.net

  • 1. Onlineassignment.net Your Homework homework help Partner Subject : Finance Topic : Derivatives Futures
  • 2. Problem 1 A bank offers a corporate client a choice between borrowing cash at 11% p.a. and borrowing gold at 2% p.a. (If gold is borrowed, interest must be repaid in gold. Thus, 100 ounces of gold borrowed today, would require 102 ounces to be repaid in 1 year). The risk free interest rate is at 9.25% p.a., and storage costs are 0.5% p.a. Discuss whether the interest rate on gold loan is too high or too low in relation to the rate of interest on the cash loan. The interest rates on the two loans are expressed with annual compounding. The risk free interest rate and the storage costs are expressed with continuous compounding.
  • 3.
  • 4. Option 1: Borrow money at 11% p.a., buy gold with the funds obtained and pay 0.5% storage costs for gold. At the same time, enter into a forward contract to sell gold at loan maturity. At loan maturity, sell gold at the forward price. Let us denote the current spot price of gold as S. Then the forward price is F = S*e0.0925+0.005 = Se0.098 Assume that the investor borrows $100. With this funds he will buy 100/S ounces of gold, and sell them for (100/S)* Se0.098 ≈100*e0.098 ≈ $110.30 But the loan repayment is $100 * (1.11) = $111, hence, that the investor is losing $111 - $100*e0.098 ≈ $0.70 on the transaction, paid at loan maturity. Cont >>
  • 5. Option 2: Borrow 100/S ounces of gold, and repay the loan with (100/S)(1+r) ounces of gold. Thus the investor loses (100/S)*(1+r) – 100/S = 100r/S ounces of gold in this transaction, paid at loan maturity. As the arbitrage free forward price of gold is Se0.098, the dollar cost of that loss is (100r/S)*( Se0.098) = 100r e0.098 For the two transactions to be equal, we must have $111 - $100*e0.098 = 100r e0.098 Or, Or, r =$111 - $100*e0.098 $100 e0.098Or, r = 0.7% Thus the gold rate is less than the interest rate on the cash loan. It is advantageous for the investor to borrow gold. (End of Solution 1)
  • 6.
  • 7. Solution to Problem 2 (a) CRUDE OIL Standard deviation of daily changes in price of the crude oil futures contract = $0.31 per barrel or $310 per contract. For a 1% risk The z statistic for a level of significance of 1% is 2.33. For a 1% chance that an investor with a balance slightly above the maintenance margin level on a particular day has a negative balance 2 days later, the required maintenance margin level for crude = $310*√2*2.33 =$1,021. Similarly for a 0.1% risk, the required maintenance margin =$310*√2*3.09 = $1,355 contd >
  • 8.
  • 9.