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Geotermal Production and Safety
Risk Management by Geophysical Monitoring




              Prof. Dr. Ali Osman Öncel
 Mühendislik Bilimleri Bölümü Başkanı, İstanbul Üniversitesi
                JFMO İstanbul Şube Başkanı
 Jeotermal Depremler
 Jeofizik İzlemeli Risk Takibi
 Jeotermal Sahalarda Sismisite
Deprem Tipleri

 Doğal
   Volkanik
   Tectonik
   Heyelan (e.g. Mantaro River,
    Peru,1974)
 Insan Kaynaklı Depremler
   Kaya patlamasi (e.g. derin
    Guney Afrika Madenleri)
   Rezervuar depremleri (e.g.
    Koyna baraji, Hindistan)
   Patlama (nükleer & büyük     Seismogram: Soviet nuclear blast 1984
    konvansiyonel)


                                                                Source
 Baraj doluluğu
 Atık Suların Yerin Altına Pompalanması
 Petrol Üretimi
 Sıcak Su Çıkartılması
 Madencilik
 Nükleer Denemeler
2003
   Electric or
                  NCPA initiates near-horizontal drilling at The
   Thermal
   Application          Geysers with injection well N-7.




                  Production
                  Well
 Injection
 Well


                     Hot
                  Basement
                    Rock
Man-made
Fracture System


                                         Courtesy: Majer, 2009
As P increases (P = pressure “pushing against the force
holding the rock together” ) the fault is more likely to slip
                                             Courtesy: Majer, 2009
Annual Steam Production, Water Injection and Seismicity




                                                          (Smith,2005)
 Jeotermal Depremler
 Jeofizik İzlemeli Risk Takibi
 Jeotermal Sahalarda Sismisite
Tipik cihaz kutusu, Solda pil, Sağda Veri
kayıtçısı, Alt sağda ise GPS Anteni.
Kullanılan kutu farklı olabilir.




                                              2 veya 4.5 Hz Sonda
                                               2 veya 4.5 Hz Sonda         15 Hz mini Sonda
                                                                            15 Hz mini Sonda


                                            Delgi kapatıldıktan sonra Tipik Cihaz Kutusu, üstte
                                            güneş paneli, kutunun sağında ise extra veri kablosu
5 boyutlu interaktif gerilme sismisitesini gösteren harita
 Jeotermal Depremler
 Jeofizik İzlemeli Risk Takibi
 Jeotermal Sahalarda Sismisite
N O R T H IN G
                                                                                                                                                                                                 38



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          200 km
                                                                                                                                                                                                 36
                                                                                                                                                                                                           M e d ite rra n e a n                        Sea


                                                                                                                                                                                                      27                                  33                                                       39
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   E A S T IN G



                 42                                                                                                                                                                                           1200        900      600   300   0        -3 0 0    -6 0 0   -9 0 0   -1 2 0 0   -1 5 0 0   -1 8 0 0   nT
                                                          B la c k                                                          S ea

                                                                                                            C
                                                                                                                              e a s te rn T u rk e y

                 40        A   w e ste rn T u rk e y                  B    c e n tra l T u rk e y
N O R T H IN G




                 38



                                                                                                                                                                  200 km
                 36
                                       M e d ite r r a n e a n                                  Sea


                      27                                                     33                                                            39                              45
                                                                                           E A S T IN G


                                          1200          900          600   300         0        -3 0 0    -6 0 0   -9 0 0   -1 2 0 0   -1 5 0 0   -1 8 0 0   nT




Total residual aeromagnetic anomaly map of Turkey. Boxes A, B and C indicate the previous
studied areas by Bilim, 2007; Ates et al., 2005; Bektas et al., 2007, respectively.
The calculated Curie point depth
(CPD) map of western Turkey from
aeromagnetic anomaly data. Red
boxes show possibility of two
important geothermal areas (Bilim,
2007).
The calculated Curie point
depth (CPD) map of central
Turkey from aeromagnetic
anomaly data. Red ellipse
show     possibility of an
important geothermal area
(Ates et al., 2005).
The calculated Curie point
depth (CPD) map of
eastern      Turkey    from
aeromagnetic        anomaly
data. Red boxes show
possibility of important
geothermal areas (Bektas
et al., 2007).

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Öncel Akademi: Konferans

  • 1. Geotermal Production and Safety Risk Management by Geophysical Monitoring Prof. Dr. Ali Osman Öncel Mühendislik Bilimleri Bölümü Başkanı, İstanbul Üniversitesi JFMO İstanbul Şube Başkanı
  • 2.  Jeotermal Depremler  Jeofizik İzlemeli Risk Takibi  Jeotermal Sahalarda Sismisite
  • 3. Deprem Tipleri  Doğal  Volkanik  Tectonik  Heyelan (e.g. Mantaro River, Peru,1974)  Insan Kaynaklı Depremler  Kaya patlamasi (e.g. derin Guney Afrika Madenleri)  Rezervuar depremleri (e.g. Koyna baraji, Hindistan)  Patlama (nükleer & büyük Seismogram: Soviet nuclear blast 1984 konvansiyonel) Source
  • 4.
  • 5.  Baraj doluluğu  Atık Suların Yerin Altına Pompalanması  Petrol Üretimi  Sıcak Su Çıkartılması  Madencilik  Nükleer Denemeler
  • 6. 2003 Electric or NCPA initiates near-horizontal drilling at The Thermal Application Geysers with injection well N-7. Production Well Injection Well Hot Basement Rock Man-made Fracture System Courtesy: Majer, 2009
  • 7. As P increases (P = pressure “pushing against the force holding the rock together” ) the fault is more likely to slip Courtesy: Majer, 2009
  • 8. Annual Steam Production, Water Injection and Seismicity (Smith,2005)
  • 9.
  • 10.  Jeotermal Depremler  Jeofizik İzlemeli Risk Takibi  Jeotermal Sahalarda Sismisite
  • 11. Tipik cihaz kutusu, Solda pil, Sağda Veri kayıtçısı, Alt sağda ise GPS Anteni. Kullanılan kutu farklı olabilir. 2 veya 4.5 Hz Sonda 2 veya 4.5 Hz Sonda 15 Hz mini Sonda 15 Hz mini Sonda Delgi kapatıldıktan sonra Tipik Cihaz Kutusu, üstte güneş paneli, kutunun sağında ise extra veri kablosu
  • 12. 5 boyutlu interaktif gerilme sismisitesini gösteren harita
  • 13.  Jeotermal Depremler  Jeofizik İzlemeli Risk Takibi  Jeotermal Sahalarda Sismisite
  • 14. N O R T H IN G 38 200 km 36 M e d ite rra n e a n Sea 27 33 39 E A S T IN G 42 1200 900 600 300 0 -3 0 0 -6 0 0 -9 0 0 -1 2 0 0 -1 5 0 0 -1 8 0 0 nT B la c k S ea C e a s te rn T u rk e y 40 A w e ste rn T u rk e y B c e n tra l T u rk e y N O R T H IN G 38 200 km 36 M e d ite r r a n e a n Sea 27 33 39 45 E A S T IN G 1200 900 600 300 0 -3 0 0 -6 0 0 -9 0 0 -1 2 0 0 -1 5 0 0 -1 8 0 0 nT Total residual aeromagnetic anomaly map of Turkey. Boxes A, B and C indicate the previous studied areas by Bilim, 2007; Ates et al., 2005; Bektas et al., 2007, respectively.
  • 15. The calculated Curie point depth (CPD) map of western Turkey from aeromagnetic anomaly data. Red boxes show possibility of two important geothermal areas (Bilim, 2007).
  • 16. The calculated Curie point depth (CPD) map of central Turkey from aeromagnetic anomaly data. Red ellipse show possibility of an important geothermal area (Ates et al., 2005).
  • 17. The calculated Curie point depth (CPD) map of eastern Turkey from aeromagnetic anomaly data. Red boxes show possibility of important geothermal areas (Bektas et al., 2007).

Notas do Editor

  1. Geothermal energy offers a large potential for power generation as well as for heat supply in Germany (Paschen et al. 2003). Geothermal utilization can be divided depending on the kind of reservoir system: (a) shallow geothermics (max. 25°C, < ~400 m depth), (b) hydrogeothermal systems (aquifers, faults) and (c) petrothermal systems (Schulz et al. 2007). Since high enthalpy hydrothermal systems (steam reservoirs) do not exist in Germany, only low enthalpy systems are considered. These systems can be used directly, i.e. without using heat pumps, for heating, if they have temperatures above 60°. The generation of electrical power generally requires temperatures above 100°. Due to the moderate temperature gradients prevailing in Germany, high temperatures are reached only at greater depth. On average, the 100° C isotherm is found at a depth level of about 3000 m (Jung 2007).
  2. Riskin tanımlanmasında, GERİLMEYLE ilgili üç büyük sorunun cevabının tanımlanması gerekir: Ne kadar büyük olduğu, Nerede odaklandığı ve Geometrisi Veriler tomografik ters çözüm yöntemiyle incelenir, Kuyuların civarında ki kayaçların hız yapısı ve yapay gerilme azalımlarının daha iyi belirlenir, Kırılma gerilmesine bağlı meydana gelen yapay sismisite verilerini 3 boyutlu incelenir, Jeotermal sahasında ki heterojenlik değişimleri ve kırılma olabilecek yapay gerilme büyüklükleri ve yerleri önceden belirlenebilir, Riskin büyüdüğü yerlerin önceden belirlenmesi ve risk yönetimi ile üretim sahasında felakete neden olacak kayma riskinin azaltılmasıdır. Yapay Gerilme İzleme İstasyonlarının kurulması, üretim hızında ki değişime bağlı olarak değişecek yapay gerilmelerin izlenmesine, güvenli jeotermal işletmeciliğinde değişen riskin yönetilebilir olmasına katkı sağlayacaktır. Yapay gerilme değişimlerinin sürekli incelenerek, en düşük riskli maden işletmeciliği yapılabilmesi için Sürekli Jeofizik İzleme Ağı (SJIA) kurulması gerekir. SJIA ile bölgedeki genel tektonik gerilme düzeyi öncelikle incelenebilir ve üretime bağlı yapay gerilmeden ayırt edilebilir. Bu bize, maden çalışmaları ve suların yer altından çekilmesi gibi insana bağlı faaliyetlerin neden olduğu yapay gerilme dışında, civar fayların küçük depremler üretip üretmediğini anlamamıza imkân tanıyacaktır. Yapay ve tektonik gerilme ölçümleri, sahada ki riskin anlaşılmasını ve azaltacak şekilde riskin yönetilmesine katkı sağlayacaktır. Majer ve arkadaşları (2008) tarafından açıklanan ve üretimin (jeotermal) tetiklediği yapay gerilmelerin incelenmesi ile ilgili olarak bir protokol önerilmiştir. Protokolün en önemli bölümü eğitimle ilişkili, ve maden ocağına yakın yaşayan halkın, riskin kontröl edilmesi için yapılan sürekli ölçümler hakkında bilgilendirilmesi gerektiği belirtilir. Maden ocaklarında ki yapay gerilme veya bölgesel tektonik gerilme ile ilişkili bir deprem sonrasında, nitekim 11 Şubat 2011 yılında Çöllolar sahasında meydana gelen ve maden isçilerinin ölümüne neden olan heyelandan sonra tüm gözler maden isletmeciliğinden sorumlu kuruma dönmüştü. Maden işletmeciliği yapan kurumların meydana gelen bir heyelan veya deprem sonrasında ki duruma en iyi şekilde hazır olmaları beklenir. Sürekli yapay gerilme değişimini ölçecek yüksek duyarlılığı olan bir sismik ağ kurulmasını ve kaynağı ne olursa olsun her tür risk doğuracak gerilmelerin sürekli olarak ölçülmesini bu proje ile öneriyoruz.
  3. Induced Seismicity in Non-Geothermal Areas Dams/water impoundment 6.4 India Oil and Gas generally < 3.0, isolated Mag 7 Subsidence Fluid injection Mining- Rock Bursts - local hazard Subsidence – surface facilities if large volume removal Waste disposal – Mag 5.3 (Rocky Mt. Arsenal) Almost all cases mitigated and dealt with effectively Legal Basis for dealing with impact of Induced Seismicity established in 1996 CO2 Sequestration could have similar acceptance Issues (however, fractures not intentionally created)
  4. Located at depths of 3-10 km Requires increasing permeability by stimulating, fracturing and shearing of fractures through fluid/propant injection . Fluid circulated between injection and production wells to capture and extract heat from system i.e. Requires creating controlled seismicity in two different stages 1 initial reservoir creation (short term seismicity) 2. Maintain reservoir perm. Long term seismicity Enhanced geothermal systems (EGS), also known as Hot-Dry-Rock (HDR) or Hot-Fractured-Rock (HFR) systems, enable the exploration of the Earth's interior heat outside known geothermal provinces. In contrast to a geothermal field in one of these volcanic/tectonic anomalies, an EGS depends on the artificial stimulation of otherwise tight formations. Fluid will be circulated in a closed circuit mode, whereby reservoir pressures and fluid throughputs are managed by balanced production and injection rates in multiple well array. In Basel/Switzerland a pilot plant is being developed to use energy won by EGS technology for co-generation of electrical power and heating energy. The aim is to develop the first co-generation power plant from an enhanced geothermal reservoir with a power production of 3 MWe and a heat production of 20 MWe for the local district heating grid. A first reconnaissance well was successfully drilled in 2001 to a depth of 2755 m. The first exploration well to the target depth of 5009 m was successfully completed in October 2006. The hydraulic injections to create permeability in the crystalline basement rock produced a seismic event of magnitude 3.4 and shocked the urban population. According to a pre-defined alarm system, the operation was immediately suspended. An independent risk analysis has been initiated to investigate the risks of further operations. The entire injection process and the related seismic activity is very well documented by a previously installed monitoring network. These records are a unique data set that will provide vital information for future EGS developments. The client Geopower Basel AG ordered Geothermal Explorers LTD to investigate the events and further develop the technology to exclude induced seismicity of unacceptable magnitudes. Geothermal Explorers Ltd. ist responsible for the project development and project management. Geopower Basel AG is a consortium with the following partners:  
  5. Annual Steam Production, Water Injection and Seismicity Source for Geyser Picture: http://news.stanford.edu/news/2005/february23/geothermal-022305.html Figure 1. Location of water injection pipelines and injection points. Also shown are the locations of the seismic monitoring stations. Reference: http://esd.lbl.gov/research/projects/induced_seismicity/egs/geysers_why.html Geothermal Plant Water injection into geothermal systems has become a nearly universal and often required strategy at The Geysers for extended and sustained production of geothermal resources. For example, to reduce a trend of declining pressures and increasing non-condensable gas concentrations in steam produced operators have been injecting steam condensate, local rain and stream waters, and most recently treated wastewater piped to the field from neighboring communities. Figure 1. shows the injection pattern from two main sources of water , the Santa Rosa, California waste water pipeline ( approximately 11 millions gallons per day), and the Lake county, California waste water pipeline ( 7 millions gallons per day). Also shown on this figure are the seismic stations used to monitor the seismicity and the injection points. Without this injected water the thermal capacity of The Geysers will be underutilized and The Geysers will not be able to provide California with as much low cost electricity as possible. Vapor-dominated and very hot “tight” geothermal reservoirs such as The Geysers by their very nature are water-short systems. These are prime candidates for enhanced geothermal activities. If The Geysers were produced without simultaneously injecting water, reservoir pressures and flow rates from production wells would decline fairly rapidly, and would reach uneconomically small levels while enormous heat reserves would still remain in the reservoir rocks. Furthermore, in some of these systems a significant portion of the recoverable geothermal energy is currently underutilized due to high concentrations of non-condensable gas and corrosive HCl. Mitigation of these deleterious components through water injection would significantly increase the resource.   « Back to EGS: The Geysers
  6. Small magnitude events were detected above the reservoir by placing a downhole receiver array within the upper 800 feet of an abandoned well. Event occurrence terminates near the base of the serpentine unit.
  7. Figures 1 (left) and 2 (right), Standard 2 or 4.5 Hz Sonde on Left, 15Hz mini Sonde on Right
  8. Bu çalışma kapsamında önerilen bir network modeli ile bir günde kayıt edilen gerilme büyüklük değişimlerinin yerleri. Kullanılan dairelerin büyüklükleri gerilmenin büyüklüğü ile orantılıdır. Sarı çizgiler yolları ve mavi noktalarda önemli yerleri, yeşil yıldızlarda istasyon yerlerini göstermektedir . Bu çalışmada önerilen sismik ağa benzer bir izleme takip modeli Şekil 6’da gösterilen gerilmenin yüzey dağılımlarından alınmış bir kesit üzerinde, gerilme sismisitesinin derinde nasıl değiştiğinin gösterilmesi ile ilgili bir örnek. Derinlik Aralığı 0-15 km.
  9. 40.32