1. Language history and change by Nicolas Campos

3. Balto-Slavic Indo-Iranian Germanic Celtic Italic Hellenic Baltic Slavic Indic Iranian (Latin) (Ancient Greek) ( Sanskrit ) German English Dutch Danish Swedish Norwegian etc. Gaelic Welsh Irish etc. Italian Spanish French Portuguese Romanian etc. Greek Latvian Lithuanian Russian Polish Czech Bulgarian etc. Hindi Bengali etc. Persian

4. Both Italian and Spanish belong to the Italic branch of the Indo-European family of languages

5. Historical development of English

6. Old English Anglo-Saxons Angles Saxons Jutes whose language was Englisc whose lands were called Engla-land Also, Old English considers the important contributions of Old Norse (spoken by the Vikings) and , remarkably, Latin (brought by the Romans)

7. Old English hūs House

8. Middle English Battle of Hastings Norman - French defeated by William the Conqueror who became the ruling class who brought the French language Nobility Government Law used by

9. Syntactic changes