The document provides information on the control surfaces and aerodynamic components of an aircraft. It discusses that elevators control pitch, ailerons control roll, and the rudder controls yaw. It also mentions vertical and horizontal stabilizers provide stability and prevent pitching and yawing motions. The document further provides details on requirements, wing design and construction, airfoils, servos, engines, batteries, and tips for stability.
7. Vertical and Horizontal Stabilizer
•The stabilizer is a fixed wing section whose job is to
provide stability for the aircraft, to keep it flying
straight.
•Horizontal Stabilizer: The horizontal stabilizer
prevents up-and-down, or pitching, motion of the
aircraft nose.
•Vertical Stabilizer: The vertical stabilizer prevents
side-to-side, or yawing, motion of the aircraft nose.
8. Aerodynamic Controls
• Elevators: control pitch angle
• Ailerons: control roll angle
• Rudder: controls yaw angle
• Flaps: increase lift and drag
• Leading edge slats: increase lift
• Drag brakes: increase drag
• Spoilers: reduce lift and increase drag
10. Styrofoam Usage
Similar to thermoCole, though smaller grain
size.
Easier and faster to work on compared to
balsa.
Can we wire cut to get the wing in one
piece.
Needs proper strengthening by use of balsa
and tape.
11. STYROFOAM WINGSTYROFOAM WING
•The foam is cut with a hot wire cutter.
Finished with sand paper.
•Strengthened by providing wooden spar or
Carbon Fiber rod (you can use other
materials also).
•Taping is done to the whole wing surface in
the span wise direction.
12.
13. Aspect Ratio
• it’s the ratio of wings length to its breadth
• Wing span^2 / area of planform
Wing Span
Plan Form
The distance between
One tip of the wing to
Other end.
Wing planform is
The silhouette of
The wing when
viewed
From above
14. High AR means ???
•narrow wing,
•Leading to less drag
•helps in stability at low speeds
•Low roll
Calculating Area of Planform???
elevator and rudder their area too is to be included in the area
of the tail and vertical stabilizer respectively
15. FUSELAGE
1. Everything is attached to fuselage: Wings, motor/engine,
battery/ fuel-tank, servos, other electrical components,
etc.
2. Must have proper strength at proper place. More
strength at the front than the tail.
3. Servo arms, control rods should not clash with each
other.
16. 4 Should have proper space for the servos,
5 battery receiver, esc, etc.
Fuselage lenght – 70-75 % of wing span.
17. MonoWing
High Wing Configuration
• Shorter Landing Distance
• Greater Stability at lower speeds
Moderate Tapered Wings
•Good Stall characteristics
•Straight Edge
•Wings narrow towards tip
Wing Sweep –Straight
Wing is right angled to line
Of flight
•Common for low speed
18. 2.5kg/sq m –3.3 kg/ sq m
wing loading is the loaded weight of
the aircraft divided by the area of the
wing.
Wing Loading
Position of Ailerons
25% of the wing area
19. Airfoil
Airfoil Shape
Camber = 0.0 % chord , = 12.5 % chord ,
Chord = 0.085 m , Span = 0.601 m ,
Surface Area = 0.051 sq m ,
Angle of attack = 7.0 degrees ,
Tested on Following
Specified Conditions
Altitude = 60 m ,
Density = 1.163kg/cu m
Pressure = 101.261kPa,
Temperature = 30C,
Airspeed = 10 km/hr ,
Lift = 0.19 NewtonsLift = 0.19 Newtons
Drag = 0 NewtonsDrag = 0 Newtons
Coeff of lift 0.823Coeff of lift 0.823
Coeff of Drag 0.076Coeff of Drag 0.076
21. 1. These are responsible for controls of aero models.
2. The control surfaces –ailerons, elevators, engine
throttle and rudders are connected to the servos using
push rods .
3. All servos are connected to
receiver.
4. Rotation of servos(torque) on receiving signal from
transmitter causes the movements of control parts.
5. Defined by the torque
they provide.
22. Stabilizers
The edges of the aileron were rounded to
minimize drag effect.
Vertical stabilizer 50% of HS
23.
24. Engine
1. Engine mount is first fixed to the front of
fuselage using nuts and bolts.
2. Engine is attached to the mount.
25. Recommended Value
Camber - 0.0 % chord
Thickness - 12.5 % chord
Chord - 0.085 m
Span 60cm 0.601 m
Surface Area - 0.051 sq m
Angle of attack 4 degrees
7.0 degrees
Wing Loading 2.5-3.5 Kg/m^2 ?
26. Propellers
• Have diameter and pitch usually written in the
form Diameter X pitch. D X P
• Pitch is the distance moved by the propeller in
one revolution under ideal conditions.
• High pitch propeller generally provides more
speed than a low one.
• Propellers can be double or triple blade.
• Distance moved by an ideal propeller = pitch *
RPM
27. Motor
kv rating: It is the revolutions/volt.
For ex: 1000 kv will give 1000 rpm at one volt.
So if the voltage of battery is 12 V then the RPM is
1000 X 12 = 12000 rpm.
The rpm is the function of voltage only and irrespective of propeller size or pitch.
Power: It is the power supplied by the battery given by volt X current. Propeller size, ESC
and voltage & power ratings are given in specification.
Choice of propeller, motor depend on the thrust required
28. BATTERY
• Lithium Ion Batteries used
for aero modeling purposes.
• Number of cells in a battery is denoted by S rating.
Eg3S = 3 cells in series.
• Rated as 1300mAh, 1600mAh, etc
• C rating gives the maximum discharge that it can produce. Eg1000mAh with 20C
implies maximum current of 20 Amp.
• Maximum current=Rating in Amp Hr X C rating
29. landing gears
the part where Landing Gear have to be mounted must be very strong,
so that it can take up the vibrations at the time of landing.
30. FINDING THE POSITION OF WING
• One of the most important thing is to find a
suitable position for the wing.
• For if the centre of gravity of the entire system is
not in between the aerodynamic centre and the tail
then the plane will not be stable.
• We try to keep the position of centre of gravity at
a distance of 0.1c to 0.2c from the aerodynamic
centre.
• The aerodynamic centre is located at a distance
of 0.25c (approximately) from the leading edge
ofthe wing for subsonic speeds.
31. FIXING WING
1. The wing is attached to the fuselage with the help
of thin rubber tubes.
2. With this we can separate the two parts and
change the position of the wing as per the
requirements.
3. Like we can use a engine of better capacity.
4. But with that the weight will increase and so the
position of centre of gravity will vary.
5.5. So, we will have to readjust the wingsSo, we will have to readjust the wings
position.position.
33. MORE TIPS…
•Try to increase the dihedral angle gradually, in the spanwise directions.
•Small winglet-type structures reduce drag.
•MINIMIZE WEIGHT AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE!!!
•Reduction in chord along spanwise direction (high aspect ratio) might
increase Glide Ratio.
•Round all leading edges in your model.
•Reduction in fuselage cross section.
