Infectious diseases of Respiratory Tract, Gastrointestinal tract, CNS Central Nervous System, Urinary Tract, STD Sexual Transmitted Diseases, Circulatory system

1. INFECTIOUS DISEASES
MAJID MOHIUDDIN

2. INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Bronchitis, Bronchopneumonia, Epiglottitis(windpipe),
Laryngitis(voicebox), Pharyngitis, Pneumonia, Sinusitis
VIRAL INFECTIONS CAUSITIVE AGENT TRANSMISSION DIAGNOSIS
of (URT)
COMMON COLD, -Many different -Infected humans Cell culture
ACUTE VIRAL viruses -Direct contact or techniques in
RHINITIS, ACUTE -Rhinoviruses inhalation of specific cause.
CORYZA (infection (>100serotypes) airborne droplets.
of lining of the -Coronaviruses, pa
nose, sinuses, rainfluenza
throat and large viruses, RSV, influe
airways) secondary nza
infection chances viruses, adenoviru
ses &
enteroviruses

3. Bacterial Infection Agent Transmission Diagnosis
of URT
Diphtheria Corynebacterium -Infected Humans Nasopharyngeal swab &
-Airborne droplets throat swab in Leoffler
diphteriae, serum medium & cystine
pleomorphic, G+ve -Direct contact
tellurite or Tinsadale
-Contaminated
bacilli medium
fomites, rawmilk. Toxigenicity in lab
animals
Streptococal Streptococcus -Infected Humans -Culture
pyogenes; beta- -Direct contact -Rapid strep tests
Pharyngitis , Strep (antigen)
Throat hemolytic, catalase – -Hand, aerosol
-Throat culture
ve, G+ve of group A -Contaminated dust or -Bacitracin susceptibility
articals
-Milk and milk
products

4. Viral Infection of Agent Transmission Diagnosis
LRT
Acutem Febrile, -Parainfluenza -Infected humans Cell culture
Viral Respiratory viruses, Respiratory -Direct oral contact
Disease syncytial virus -Droplets & articals
(RSV), adenovirus,
rhinoviruses,
coronaviruses,
coxsackieviruses &
echoviruses
Hantavirus Hantaviruses (Sin -Rodents Immunodiagnostic
Nombre, Bayou, Black -Inhalation of procedures
Pulmonary
Syndrome(HPS) Creek canal, New aerosolized rodent
York-1, Monongahela) feces, urine & saliva
Influenza, Flu Influenza Viruses, -Infeccted humans, From pharyngeal or nasal
types A, B & C (RNA pigs and birds. secretions using cell
viruses) -Airborne spread culture techniques
- Immunodiagnostic
Orthomyxovirus family -Direct contact procedure

5. Bacterial Infection Agent Transmission Diagnosis
of LRT
Legionellosis, Legionella -Environmental water -Sputum, blood & Urine
sources. sample.
Legionnaire’s pneumophila, -Culture contain cysteine
Disease, Pontiac Poorstained, G-ve, -Airborne
& other nutrients
transmission from
Fever and other -Buffered charcoal yeast
water and dust extract agar.
Legionella spp.
-Immunodiagnoses.
Mycoplasmal Mycoplasma -Infected humans Demostration of rise in
pneumoniae (G-ve -Dropletes, direct antibody titer between
Pneumonia, acute & convalescent
Primary Atypical bacillus lacking cell contact or articals
sera.
wall)
pneumonia
Tuberculosis (TB) Mycobacterium -Infected human & -AFB in sputum
tuberculosis G+ve cattle and other specimens
mammals -DNA probes, PCR
-Airborne droplets
Whooping Cough, Bordetella pertussis -Infected humans - Nasopharyngeal
(small, encapulated, -Airbone droplets aspirates / swabs
Pertussis -Bordet Gengou agar
nonmotile, G-ve -Endotoxin and
-Regan Lowe agar
coccobacilli) exotoxins -Nuclei acid or
immunodiagnoses

6. Fungal Infection of Agent Transmission Diagnosis
LRT
Coccidiodomycosis Coccidiodes immitis -Soil -direct examination
-Inhalation of - Culturing of sputum,
(dimorphic fungus, pus, urine, CSF, biopsy
arthroconodia, arthrospores
materials.
-Person to person
spherules)
Cryptococcosil Cryptococcus -Pigeon nests, pigeon -Microscopic examination
neoformans droppings, bird of budding yeasts
(encapsulated yeast) drospings, soil. -Culture
-Biochemical tests
-Inhalation of yeasts -Immunodiagnostic
Histoplasmosis Histoplasma -Soil containing bird, -Microscopic examination
capsulatum var. chicken, bat droppings -Culture & identification
capsulatum, -Inhalation of conidia of biochemical tests.
(dimorphic)
Pneumocystis Pneumocystis jiroveci - Infected humans - Pneumocystis in
(Pneumocystis carinii) -Direct contact, material from bronchial
Pneumonia (PCP), brushings
Interstitial Plasma protozoal and fungal transfer of pulmonary
Demonstrations, open
properties secretions
cell Pneumonia lung biopsy, lung
aspirates, staining
methods, cannot be
cultured.

7. INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
• Colitis : Inflammation of the colon (large intestine)
• Diarrhea: An abnormally frequent dischage of
semisolid or fluid fecal matter.
• Dysentery: frequent watery stools, accompanied by
abdominal pain, fever & dehydration.
• Enteritis: inflammation of the intestines (small
intestine)
• Gastritis: Inflammation of the mucosal lining of the
stomach.
• Gastroenteritis: Inflammation of the mucosal linings of
the stomach and intestines.
• Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver (viral infection)

8. Viral Infection Agent Transmission Diagnosis
Viral Gastroenteritis, -enteric adenoviruses, -Infected Humans, water Electron microscopic exam of
astroviruses, caliciviruses and shellfish. stool specimen
Viral enteritis, Viral -Immunodiagnostic procedures
Diarrhea (including (Norwalk-like -Transmission – fecal oral
viruses) and rotaviruses route, airborne and
fomites.
Type A Hepatitis HAV Hepatitis A virus; HAV; -Fecal-oral
infection, epi nonenvelop, linear ssRNA, -Person to person
Heptovirus, Piconaviridae -Infected food /water
Type B Hepatitis HBV, Hepatitis B virus, HBV; -Sexual/household
serum Hepatitis enveloped, circular dsDNA, -Mother to infant before or
Orthohepadnavirus, during birth,
Hepadnaviridae -Injected drug,needlesticks
etc
Type C Hepatitis HCV , Hepatitis C virus; HCV; -Blood transfusion
NonA NonB enveloped, linear ssRNA, -Rarely sexually
Hepacivirus, Flaviviridae
Type D Hepatitis Hepatitis D virus; HDV; -infected blood and body
Delta Hepatitis delta virus; enveloped fluids,
circular ssRNA viral -Needles,
satellite, Delavirus -Sexually
Type E Hepatitis Hepatitis E Virus; HEV; a -Fecal oral transmission
spherical, nonenveloped -fecal contaminated
ssRNA,; Calcivirus,viridae drinking water, person to
person
Type G Hepatitis Hepatitis G virus; HGV; -Parenterally Hepacivirus;Flaviviridae
Linear ssRNA;

9. Bacterial Infection Agent Transmission Diagnosis
of GI TRACT
Bacterial Gastritis & Helicobacter pylori; -Infected humans -Culturing
-Ingestion -Staining, biopsy, Urea
Ulcers Curved, breath test, NH4 excretion
microaerophillic, -Oral-oral/fecal-oral
test, Immunodiagnosis
tranmision
capnophilic, G-ve
Camphylobacter Camphylobacter -Animal, poultry - Stool specimen, camp
jejuni/coli, curved, S- -Raw poultry blood agar, campy gas
Enteritis mixture and 420 c
haped or spiral shaped -Improper hygine
incubation.
G-ve bacilli -Food, raw milk, water
Cholera Vibrio cholerae sero 01; -Infected Humans, aquatics -Rectal swabs or stool on
curved, G-ve, enterotoxin -Fecal oral route Thiosulfate citrate bile sucrose
choleragen agar;
-Fecal contamination of
-Biochemical tests
water and food
Salmonellosis -Salmonella typhimurium -Animals -Stool specimen on MacConkey
Salmonella enteritidis -Fecal contamination agar (Colorless colonies) &
-Biochemical tests
Serotype – G-ve bacilli -Person to person
Typhoid Fever, Salmonella typhi, G-ve -Infected humans -Blood, urine, feces or bone
bacilli – endo & exotoxins -Fecal contamination marrow. & Biochemical test
Enteric Fever
Shigellosis, Bacillary Shigella dysenteriae, S.flexneri. -Infected Humans -Presence of leukocytes in stool
S.boydii & S.soneii, nonmotile G- -Fecal oral transmission specimens. GN enrichment broth
Dysentery and solid media xylose lysine
ve Coccai -Fecal contamination
deoxycholate XLD and Hektoen
Enteric agar.

10. Bacterial Infection Agent Transmission Diagnosis
of GI TRACT
Enterohemorrhagic E.Coli O157.H7 -Cattle & humans -Stool specimens on
Sorbitol Macconkey (SMAC)
E.Coli (EHEC) G-ve bacilli- cytotoxins -Fecal oral route, agar – assay for O157
Diarrhea – Shiga – like toxins -Fecal contamination,
antigen using antiserum
milk, water and beef
Enterotoxigenic Serotypes of -Infected humans -stool specimens,
enterotoxigenic E.coli – -Fecal oral route Followed by dmonstration
E.Coli (ETEC) of enterotoxin production,
Diarrhea, Traveler’s heat labile toxin or both -Fecal contamination
DNA probe techniques
Diarrhea
Botulism Clostridium botulinum, -Dust , soil, foods -Toxin in the patient;s
sporeforming G+ve contamination serum or gastric aspirate or
anaerobic bacillus – toxin in incriminated food
producer- botulinum
Clostridium perfringens Clostridium perfringens, -Spores in soil, GI tract of -Demonstration of organisms in
G+ve sporeforming, humans and animals. food or patient’s stool or
Food Intoxication detection of toxin.
enterotoxin producing, -Ingestion of contaminated
anaerobic bacillus food by feces or dirt
Staphylococcal Food Enterotoxin producing -Infected humans, -Isolation of enterotoxin
strains of Staphylococcus cows, dogs and fowl, producing staph. From
Intoxication, stool or vomitus.
Staphylococcal Food aureus growing in foods. -Ingestion of
contaminated foods,
Poisoning
milk

11. Protozoal Infection Agent Transmission Diagnosis
of GI TRACT
Amebiasis, Amebic Entamoeba histolytica Humans -Microscopic examination
– subphylum Sarcodina – Fecal contamination of From fecal specimens
Dysentery, Amebic
Abscesses, reproducing trophozoite food and water
stage (Ingestion)
Amebomas
Balantidiasis Balantidium coli, ciliated -Pigs and anything Identifying trophozoites or
protozoan contaminated by pig cysts in fecal specimens or
feces, Ingestion blood and mucus.(largest
protozoa that infect
humans)
Cryptosporidiosis Cryptosporidium parvum, -Infected humans, cattle & -Microscopic identification of
coccidian animals. Fecal oral small, acid fast Oocysts in
stained smears of fecal
transmission, person to
specimens and
person and food immunodiagnosis
Cyclosporiasis Cyclospora cayetanensis, a -Fecal contaminated water -Microscopic observation of
coccidian acid fast oocyst
Giardiasis Giardia -Infected humans & -Microscopic observation
lamblia/intestinalis, animals of trophozoites and/or
flagelated protozoan -Contaminated water cysts in stained smears of
fecal specimens.

12. INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE
CENTERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS
• Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain
• Encephalomyelitis: Inflammation of the brain
and spinal cord
• Meningitis: Inflammation of the
membranes(meninges) that surround the
brain and spinal cord.
• Meningoencephalitis: Inflammation of the
brain and meninges
• Myelitis: Inflammation of the spinal cord.

13. Viral Infection of CNS Agent Transmission Diagnosis
Poliomyelitis, Polio, Polioviruses: RNA Infected humans -Isolation of polio virus
from stool sample, CSF or
Infantile Paralysis viruses – Picornaviridae Person to person via oropharyngeal secretions
fecal oral route or
using cell culture,
throat secretions immunodiagnosis also
Rabies Rabies virus; a bullet shaped, -wild & domestic -virus isolation using cell culture
enveloped RNA virus – mammals, techniques or
immunodiagnostic procedure;
Rhabdoviridae - Transmission via bite of
observation of Negribodies in
rabid animal , airborne animal brain tissue.
transmission
Viral Encephalitis, -Immunodiagnostic
Arthropod Borne viral
Encephalitis
procedures and Cell
1. Eastern Equine EEE virus; a RNA virus (Toga) -Birds horse
culture
Encephalitis (EEE) Vectors: Aedes, Coquilletidia Culex,
and Culiseta mosquitoes
2. California CE virus a RNA virus – -Rodents, Rabbits
Encephalitis Bunyaviridae . Aedes and
Culex mosquitoes vectors
3. LaCrosse LE virus, a RNA virus - - Chipmunks, squirels -Aedes Mosquitoes (vector)
Encephalitis Bunyavidae
4. St.Louis Encephalitis St.L E Virus, a RNA virus - Flav -Birds -Culex mosquitoes (vector)
-Culex mosquitoes (vector)
5. West Nile Flaviviridae , RNA -Birds, horse
-Aedes and Culex mosquitoes
6. Western Equine RNA - Togaviridae -Birda, horse (vector)

14. Bacterial Infection Agent Transmission Diagnosis
of CNS
Botulism Clostridium Dust, soil, Food -Botulinum toxins in serum
botulinum, G+ve
anaerobic bacillus
Listeriosis Listeria monocytogenes -Soil, water, mud, Isolation & identification of
G+ve coccobacillus silage, infected pathogen from CSF, blood,
mammals amniotic fluid, placenta
and other specimes
Tetanus, Lockjaw Clostridium tetani, a -Soil contaminated with Clinical and epidemiologic
motile, G+ve, anaerobic, human, horse or other grounds. Isolation from
spore-forming bacillus- animal feces. wounds or demostrate
antibody producing are
neurotoxin called rarely successful.
tetanospasmin
Helminth Infection of CNS Agent
Cysticercosis Cysts (large stage) of the Taenia solium in brain
Hydatidosis Enhinococcus granulosis or E. multilocularis in brain and other
location in the body – hydatid cysts

15. Protozoal Infection Agent Transmission Diagnosis
of CNS
African Trypanosoma brucei -Infected humans; wild -Observation in blood,
cause Af Tryposomiasis & animals, cattle. lymph or CSF
Trypanosomiasis, -Immunodiagnostic
African sleeping spp. gambiense - -Transmission by bite of
procedure
cause(sleeping sickness) infected fly
sickness
American Trypanosoma cruzi; as -Infected humans, Observation in blood or
hemoflagellate – non animals amastigotes in tissue or
Trypanosomiasis, lymph node biopsy
Chagas’ Disease motile intracellular -Transmission by blood
specimen.
parasite transfusion and organ Immunodiagnoses
transplantation
Babesiosis Babesia microti, -Rodents for B.microti; Observation and
intraerythrocytic cattle for B.divergens identification within
sporozoan parasites -By tick bite; or blood redblood cells in Giemsa
Stained blood smears.
transfusion Immunodiagnoses
Malaria 4 different spp. of -Infected human & Observation and
Plasmodium P.vivax, mosquitoes identification of
falciparum, malariae & -By injection of intraerythrocytic
plasmodium parasites in
ovale sporozoites by female Giemsa stained blood
Anopheles mosquito smears
Primary Amebic Naegleria fowleri, free living -Water and soil Microscopic examination of
Meningoencephalitis ameba -Nasal passage from wet mount of fresh CSF
(PAM) contaminated water

16. INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE
GENITOURINARY (GU) SYSTEM
• Urinary Tract Infection (UTIs)
– Upper UTIs: Infection of kidneys (Nephritis or Pyelonephritis)
and ureters (ureteritis)
– Lower UTIs: Infection of the urinary bladder (cystitis), Urethra
(urethritis) and in males, the prostate (prostatitis).
– Cystitis: Inflammation of the urinary bladder.(Klebsiella,
Proteus, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas & enterococcus,
Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, &
Candida albicans)
– Nephritis: Inflammation of the kidneys(E.coli)
• Pyelonephritis: Inflammation of the renal parenchyma.
– Ureteritis: Inflammation of one or both ureters.
– Urethritis: Inflammation of the urethra.(Chlamydia trachomatis,
Neisseria gonorrhoeae, ureaplamsma & mycoplasmas)
– Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate gland.(Bacteria,virus,
fungus or a protozoan)

17. • Infections of the Genital Tract:
• Adult vaginal microflora: spp. of Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus,
Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Neisseria, Clostridium, Actinomyces,
Prevotella, diphtheroids, enteric bacilli & Candida.
– Bartholinitis: Inflammation of the Bartholin’s ducts in females.
– Cervicitis: Inflammation of the cervix.(that part of the uterus that
opens into vagina)
– Endometritis: Inflammation of the endometrium (the inner layer of
the uterine wall)
– Epididymitis: Inflammation of the epididymis (an elongated struture
connected to the testis)
– Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): Inflammation of the fallopian tube;
also known as Salpingitis.
– Vaginitis: Inflammation of vagina.
– Vulvovaginitis: Inflammation of the vulva (the external genitalia of
females) and the vagina.
Protozoal Infection Agent Transmission Diagnosis
of GU
Trichomoniasis Trichomonas vaginalis -Humans -Wet mount examination
-Direct contact with from freshly collected
– flagellate vaginal discharge.
vaginal & urethral
-Culture are also available
dischages- sexual

18. • Sexually Transmitted Diseases of the Genital Tract: (STDs)
• Formally called Venereal Disease (VD)
• They are diseases not only of the genital & Urinary tract, but also of the skin, mucous
membranes, blood, lymphatic and digestive system and other areas.
• Epidemic STDs include Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), Chalamydial and herpes
infections, gonorrhea and syphillis.
• Further The AIDS virus (HIV) primarily causes damage to helper T Cells and thus inhibits
antibody production, it is also consider the diseases of the circulatory system.
VIRAL STDs Agent Transmission Diagnosis
Anogenital Herpes Viral Herpes simplex virus, -Infected humans -Cytologic change in tissue
-Direct sexual contact,oral scrapings or biopsy
Infections, Genital type 2 HSV2; occasionally -- Immunodiagnostic procedure
Herpes. HSV1 genital, oral anla,or anal
genital contact
-Mother to neonate
Genital Warts, Genital Human papillomaviruses -Infected humans - Clinical grounds
Papillomatosis, (HPV) of the papovavirus – -Direct contact (sexual)
Condyloma DNA virus- genotype 16 & 18 -Breaks in skin or mucous
associated with cervical membranes
Acuminatum cancer. -Mother to neonate
Human HIV -1 , HIV-2 , RNA viruses – -Infected humans -Immunodiagnostic procedure
Retroviridae -Direct sexual contact, for detection of antigen and
Immunodeficiency antibodies
Virus (HIV) & AIDS Homo & Heterosexual,
-PCR etc.
-Sharing of contaminated
needles & blood&etc
-Mother to neonate etc.

19. BACTERIAL STDs Agent Transmission Diagnosis
Genital Chlamydial Certain Serotype of -Infected humans. -Identification by cell
Transmission via direct culture, staining and
Infections, Genital Chlamydia Immunodiagnostic
Chlamydiasis trachomatis,tiny, sexual contact or
procedures.
mother to neonate.
intracellular, G-ve.
Gonorrhea Neisseria gonorrhoeae -Infected humans -Staining
(gonococcus or GC) -Via direct mucous -Culture on chocolate agar
G-ve diplococci some membrane to mucous or modified chocolate agar
(such as Thayer-Martin
called penicillinase membrane contact, medium, Martin-Lewis
producing -Usually sexual contact medium, NewYork City agar
N.gonorrhoeae or PPNG -Adult to child or Transgrow)
-Mother to neonate -Immunodiagnosis
Syphilis Treponema pallidum, -Infected humans -Primary diagnosed by
Grama variable, tightly -Direct contact with darkfield microscopy of
coiled spirochete that is lesions, body material scraped from the
margin of chancres.
too thin to be seen with secretions, mucous -Immunodiagnostic
brightfield microscope membranes, blood, procedures such as RPR,
semen, saliva and VDRL and FTA-Abs tests for
vaginal discharge of detecting antibodies in
infected perople serum or spinal fluid
-Sexual contact specimens .
-Mother to fetus -Antigen detection in
lesions or lymph nodes
-Blood tranfusion material.

20. INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
• Endocarditis: Inflammation of the endocardium
(that lines the cavities of the heart)
• Mycocarditis: Inflammation of the mycocardium-
the muscular walls of the heart.
• Pericarditis: Inflammation of the pericardium-the
membranous sac around the heart.
• Lymphadenitis: Inflamed and swollen lymph
nodes.
• Lymphadenopathy: Diseased lymph nodes.
• Lymphangitis: Inflamed lymphatic vessels.

21. VIRAL Infection of Agent Transmission Diagnosis
Circulatory System
Human HIV -1 , HIV-2 , RNA viruses – -Infected humans -Immunodiagnostic procedure
Retroviridae -Direct sexual contact, for detection of antigen and
Immunodeficiency antibodies
Virus (HIV) & AIDS Homo & Heterosexual,
-PCR etc.
-Sharing of contaminated
needles & blood&etc
-Mother to neonate etc.
Infectious Epstein-Barr virus (EBV); also -Infected Humans -Immunodiagnostic procedures
Mononucleosis (Kissing known as human herpes -Person to person by direct
Disease) (Mono) virus 4 – DNA – contact with saliva, kissing
Herpesviridae, infects and -Blood transfusion.
transform B cells.
Mumps, Infectious Mumps virus; a RNA virus – -Infected humans -Immunodiagnostic procedure
Paramyxoviridae -Droplet spread and direct -Cell culture
Parotitis
contact with the saliva
Viral Hemorrhagic Ebola virus & Marburg virus, -Infected humans -Immunodiagnostic procedures
filamentous virus- Filoviridae -Infected African green -PCR and
Diseases -Cell culture
monkeys in Marburg
infection.
-Person to person
-Direct contact with
infected blood, secretions,
internal organs or semen

22. Rickettsial & Agent Transmission Diagnosis
Ehrlichial Diseases
of Cardiovascular
Rocky Mountain Rickettsia rickettsii; G-ve, -Infected ticks on dogs, -Immunodiagnostic procedure.
Spotted Fever, obligate intracellular rodents and other animals
Tickborne Typhus Fever pathogen invades -Via bite
endothelial cells
Endemic Typhus Fever, Rickettsia typhi, G-ve, an -Rats, mice, other animals Immunodiagnostic procedure.
Murine Typhus Fever, obligate intracellular -Transmission is Rat to Flea
Fleaborne Typhus pathogen to human.
Epidemic Typhus Fever, Rickettsia prowazekii, G-ve -Infected humans and -Immunodiagnostic procedures
Louseborne Typhus Obligate intracellular body lice.
pathogen -Transmission is human to
louse to human
Ehrlichiosis Ehrlichia Spp; G-ve -Reservoir unknown -Immunodiagnostic procedure
cocoobacilli; closely related -Transmission via tick bite. and nucleic acid assays.
to rickettsias; obligate
intraleukocytic pathogens

23. Other Bacterial Agent Transmission Diagnosis
infections of
Cardiovascular
system
Infective Endocarditis Staphylococcus aureus Contaminated needles, -Culture
syringes -Staining
Streptococcus pneumoniae,
Neisseria gonorrhoeae,
Streptococcus pyogenes
Enterococcus faecalis
(Fungus Candida and
Aspergillus) also
Lyme Disease, Lyme Borrelia burgdoferi; G-ve, -Ticks, rodents and Immunodiagnostic procedures
loosely coiled spirochete mammals and PCR
Borreliosis - Barbour-Stoenner-Kelly(BSK)
-Via bite
medium at 330 c.
Plague, “Black Death” Yersinia pestis, nonmotile, -Wild rodents and -Gram stained or Wright Giemsa
bipolar staining, Gram –ve domestic cats stained sputum, CSF
Bubonic Plague, -Culture
Pneumonic Plague, coccobacillus; referred as -Via flea bite (Rodent to
-Biochemical tests
plague bacillus flea to human) -Immunodiagnostic tests
Septicemic Plague
Tularemia, Rabbit Francisella tularensis; a small, -Wild animals, rabbit, -Culture
pleomorphic, G-ve coccobacillus muskrats, beavers; -Biochemical Tests
Fever -Immunodiagnostic procedures
domestic animals, hard
ticks.
-Via bite,
- Contaminated meat
and water

24. THE END