This was a project for our environmental science class in the Bren School of Environmental Science. You miss a lot of the presentation online as the transitions really made this one slick. Try running it in Keynote.

1. Optimizing PHEVs on The Grid
Allison King & Aaron Sobel
ESM 242 - Natural Resource Economics
Bren School of Environmental Science & Management

2. Research Questions

3. Research Questions
How many Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles can be optimally
charged in California during off-peak hours?

4. Research Questions
How many Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles can be optimally
charged in California during off-peak hours?
What is the optimal charging sequence?

5. Research Questions
How many Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles can be optimally
charged in California during off-peak hours?
What is the optimal charging sequence?
What are the costs and greenhouse gas emissions in
this scenario compared to status quo?

7. Considerations
Plugin Hybrid Electric Cars (PHEV)
Electrical Demand & Supply Curves
Decrease GHG Emissions
Maximize Grid Efficiency
Minimize Costs

9. Hourly Electricity Generation by CA Grid over 24 Hours
May 16, 2009
32,000
28,750
25,500
22,250
19,000
1 3 6 8 10 13 15 17 19 22 24

10. Hourly Electricity Generation by CA Grid over 24 Hours
May 16, 2009
Power Plant Electricity Generation (in MW)
32,000
28,750
25,500
22,250
19,000
1 3 6 8 10 13 15 17 19 22 24

11. Hourly Electricity Generation by CA Grid over 24 Hours
May 16, 2009
Power Plant Electricity Generation (in MW)
32,000
28,750
25,500
22,250
19,000
1 3 6 8 10 13 15 17 19 22 24
Hour of the Day

12. Hourly Electricity Generation by CA Grid over 24 Hours
May 16, 2009
Power Plant Electricity Generation (in MW)
32,000
28,750
25,500
22,250
19,000
1 3 6 8 10 13 15 17 19 22 24
Hour of the Day

13. Hourly Electricity Generation by CA Grid over 24 Hours
32,000
28,750
Baseload Power
25,500
22,250
19,000
1 3 6 8 10 13 15 17 19 22 24

14. Hourly Electricity Generation by CA Grid over 24 Hours
32,000
28,750
Baseload Power
25,500 Constantly Used Generation
•Between 18-26MW
22,250
19,000
1 3 6 8 10 13 15 17 19 22 24

15. Hourly Electricity Generation by CA Grid over 24 Hours
32,000 Peak Load
28,750
25,500
22,250
19,000
1 3 6 8 10 13 15 17 19 22 24

16. Hourly Electricity Generation by CA Grid over 24 Hours
32,000 Peak Load
Peaking Plants Run Approximately 20% of the Day
•Highest GHG Emissions
28,750
25,500
22,250
19,000
1 3 6 8 10 13 15 17 19 22 24

17. Hourly Electricity Generation by CA Grid over 24 Hours
32,000
Load-Following
28,750
25,500
22,250
19,000
1 3 6 8 10 13 15 17 19 22 24

18. Hourly Electricity Generation by CA Grid over 24 Hours
32,000
Load-Following
Power Generated In Between
28,750
25,500
22,250
19,000
1 3 6 8 10 13 15 17 19 22 24

19. Source: EIA, 2008

20. Vehicle Types
Gasoline Hybrid PHEV Electric

21. Vehicle Types
Gasoline Hybrid PHEV Electric

22. Plugin Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Designation All-Electric Mileage
PHEV-20 20 Miles
PHEV-40 40 Miles
PHEV-60 60 Miles

23. Plugin Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Designation All-Electric Mileage
PHEV-20 20 Miles
PHEV-40 40 Miles
PHEV-60 60 Miles

24. Plugin Hybrid Electric Vehicles
PHEV-20
Vehicle Class Charge Time Required*
Compact Sedan 5 Hours
Mid-Size Sedan 6 Hours
Mid-Size SUV 8 Hours
Full-Size SUV 10 Hours
*Based upon 120V / 15A Circuit Charger & 20% Full Charge

25. Plugin Hybrid Electric Vehicles
PHEV-20
Vehicle Class Charge Time Required*
Compact Sedan 5 Hours
Mid-Size Sedan 6 Hours
Mid-Size SUV 8 Hours
Full-Size SUV 10 Hours
*Based upon 120V / 15A Circuit Charger & 20% Full Charge

26. Scenario Assumptions
Plugin Hybrid Electric Vehicles
PHEV-20
Compact Sedan
20% Starting Charge
80% of CA Vehicles Represented
Lithium-Ion Batteries Assumed

27. DEMO

28. Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions from PHEV on the Grid
May 16, 2009
Gasoline* PHEV (700g CO2e/kWh) PHEV (450g CO2e/kWh)
Emissions in Thousand Metric Tons CO2E
Emissions by Source of Vehicle Energy
*Based upon Comparison to 29 MPG Honda Civic

29. Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions from PHEV on the Grid
May 16, 2009
Gasoline* PHEV (700g CO2e/kWh) PHEV (450g CO2e/kWh)
Emissions in Thousand Metric Tons CO2E
90
67.5
45
22.5
0
Emissions by Source of Vehicle Energy
*Based upon Comparison to 29 MPG Honda Civic

30. Cost Savings for PHEV
(Based on a 26.2 Mile Commute)
*Assuming a May 11, 2009 gasoline cost of $2.42 & an average
retail electricity cost of $0.1248/kWh (EIA, 2010)

31. Cost Savings for PHEV
(Based on a 26.2 Mile Commute)
Daily Fuel Costs Per Person
Gasoline PHEV-20
$2.22 $1.18
*Assuming a May 11, 2009 gasoline cost of $2.42 & an average
retail electricity cost of $0.1248/kWh (EIA, 2010)

32. Cost Savings for PHEV
(Based on a 26.2 Mile Commute)
Daily Fuel Costs Per Person
Gasoline PHEV-20
$2.22 $1.18
Daily Fuel Costs For Fleet
Gasoline PHEV-20
$23.5 Million $12.5 Million
*Assuming a May 11, 2009 gasoline cost of $2.42 & an average
retail electricity cost of $0.1248/kWh (EIA, 2010)

33. Cost Savings for PHEV
(Based on a 26.2 Mile Commute)
Daily Fuel Costs Per Person
Gasoline PHEV-20
$2.22 $1.18
Daily Fuel Costs For Fleet
$10.9 Million
Gasoline PHEV-20 Savings
$23.5 Million $12.5 Million
*Assuming a May 11, 2009 gasoline cost of $2.42 & an average
retail electricity cost of $0.1248/kWh (EIA, 2010)

34. “According to the Energy Commission
forecast, maximum summer demand in
2010 is forecasted to be 64,216 MW and
is expected to increase an average of 1.4
percent per year for the next five years”
Source: Energy Commission 2007b, Form 1.4, p.42; Energy Commission 2009b

36. PHEVs can reduce emissions here!
(sort of)

38. “The batteries in plug-in
hybrids and electric vehicles
have the potential to aid
system reliability by acting as a
storage device for the electric
grid. These batteries may be
able to provide a useful sink
for excess off-peak wind
generation”
Source: California Energy Commission 2009, CEC-700-2009-009-F

39. Hourly Electricity Generation by CA Grid over 24 Hours
Power Plant Electricity Generation (in MW)
32,000
28,750
25,500
22,250
19,000
1 3 6 8 10 13 15 17 19 22 24
Hour of the Day

40. Hourly Electricity Generation by CA Grid over 24 Hours
Power Plant Electricity Generation (in MW)
32,000
28,750
25,500
22,250
19,000
1 3 6 8 10 13 15 17 19 22 24
Hour of the Day

41. Hourly Electricity Generation by CA Grid over 24 Hours
Power Plant Electricity Generation (in MW)
32,000
28,750
25,500
22,250
19,000
1 3 6 8 10 13 15 17 19 22 24
Hour of the Day

42. Hourly Electricity Generation by CA Grid over 24 Hours
Power Plant Electricity Generation (in MW)
32,000
28,750
Flattened Power Demand
25,500
22,250
19,000
1 3 6 8 10 13 15 17 19 22 24
Hour of the Day

43. Hourly Electricity Generation by CA Grid over 24 Hours
Power Plant Electricity Generation (in MW)
32,000
28,750
Flattened Power Demand
25,500 sweet!
22,250
19,000
1 3 6 8 10 13 15 17 19 22 24
Hour of the Day

44. Next Steps

45. Next Steps
Estimate Effects on Peaking
Sensitivity for Multiple MPG
Adjust Costs
Efficiency Loses

46. Data Sources

47. Data Sources
Christopher Weber, Paulina Jaramillo, Joe Marriott, and
Constantine Samaras. n.d. Life Cycle Assessment and Grid
Electricity: What Do We Know and What Can We Know?
Jason Wynne. 2009.
Department of Energy. 2010. EIA - Electricity Data,
Electric Power Capacity and Fuel Use, Electric Surveys
and Analysis. May 2010. http://www.eia.doe.gov/
fuelelectric.html.
Impact of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles on California's
Electricity Grid. Nicholas School, Duke University, May
2009.
Joe Marriott, and Scott Matthews. 2005. Environmental
Effects of Interstate Power Trading on Electricity
Consumption Mixes. Environmental Science and
Technology 39.
Ryan McCarthy, and Christopher Yang. 2009. Determining
marginal electricity for near-term plug-in and fuel cell
vehicle demands in California: Impacts on vehicle
greenhouse gas emissions. Journal of Power Sources 195
(October).

48. Optimizing PHEVs on The Grid

49. Optimizing PHEVs on The Grid
sweet!