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Metabolic Processes ,[object Object]
Metabolic Processes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Metabolic Processes ,[object Object],[object Object]
The Chemistry of Life ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
1.1 Atoms and Bonding
Atoms and Elements ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Atoms and Elements
Atoms and Elements ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],* atomic mass is the average mass of all the elements naturally occurring isotopes
Atoms and Elements ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Electron Energy ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Electron Energy ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Ionic and Covalent Bonds ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Ionic Bonding sodium atom (Na) sodium ion (Na + ) 11 protons (+) 10 electrons (-) one (+) charge 11p 12n 11p 12n + electron given up
Ionic Bonding 17p 18n 17p 18n electron accepted 17 protons (+) 18 electrons (-) one (-) charge chlorine atom (Cl) chlorine ion (Cl - ) -
Ionic Bonding 11p 12n 17p 18n Na Cl +
Ionic Bonding sodium chloride (NaCl) 11p 12n + 17p 18n -
Ionic Bonding ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Covalent Bonding Cl + Cl 17p 18n 17p 18n
Covalent Bonding Cl-Cl chlorine gas (Cl 2 ) 17p 18n 17p 18n
Covalent Bonding ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Covalent Bonding ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],How do we know if a bond is a covalent bond or an ionic bond?
Electronegativity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Electronegativity larger eletronegativity - smaller electronegativity = difference in electronegativity
Electronegativity Examples: O 2  -> oxygen has an EN of 3.44 3.44 - 3.44 = 0 ∆ EN = 0, therefore each atom in an oxygen molecule has an equal attraction for the bonding pair of electrons. This is a covalent bond.
Electronegativity Examples: HCl -> H has an EN of 2.20, Cl has an EN of 3.16 3.16 - 2.20 = 0.96 ∆ EN = 0.96, therefore chlorine has a slightly great pull on the bonding pair of electrons. This is a polar covalent bond.
Electronegativity Examples: NaCl -> Na has an EN of 0.93, Cl has an EN of 3.16 3.16 - 0.93 = 2.23 ∆ EN = 2.23, therefore chlorine has a substantially greater pull on the bonding pair of electrons. This is an ionic bond.
Electronegativity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Polar Molecules ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],water (H 2 O)
Hydrogen Bonding ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Hydrogen Bonding hydrogen bonding in water
Solubility of Substances in Water ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Solubility of Substances in Water ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Solubility of Substances in Water ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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1.1 Atoms And Bonding