Makarajyothi 2011 page 1-50

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DmxcofóØ ùhoelejX lmxceox kejgCõ Yeabv
Mem£ejX ùhCcecõuX jì jì cueùhaYe!

“£b-Øn¬ n∂pw {XmWw sNøp-∂Xv” (m-i-Øn¬ Icn-°v, `kvaw, If`w F∂o -{I-a-Øn¬) qdvI-W-°nv `‡-P--
n∂pw c£n-°p-∂-Xv) ‘t£{Xw’ F∂ A¿∞-amWv {io i¶-cm- ßƒ ]s¶-SpØv Xß-fpsS A`n-tj-I-Øn-¬ `K-hXv _nw_w
Nm-cy¿ `K-hXv KoXbv°v cNn® `mjy-Øn¬ evIn-bn-´p-f-f-Xv. Bdm-Sp-∂Xv I≠v -sXm-gpXv kmbq-Py-a-S-bp-∂p.
Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc {io[¿Ω-im-kvXm-t£{Xw Cu A¿∞sØ aI-c-amkw 1˛mw XobXn hen-b-hn-f°v hcpw-hn[w sImSn-
]q¿Æ-am-°p-∂p. Cu t£{X-Ønse tZhs Adn™v Bcm-[n- I-bdn c≠mw-Xo-bXn Bdm-t´m-´p-IqSn kam-]n-°p∂ 6 Znh-ksØ
°p-∂-h¿°v k¿Δ-sF-iz-cy-ßfpw {Ia-Øn¬ h∂p tNcp-∂p. aI-c-hn-f-°m-tLm-j-amWv Cu t£{X-Ønse {][m D’-hw.
Xma- c w- I p- f - ß c t£{X- Ø nse apJy- { ]- X njv T CXp- I q- S msX Nnß- a m- k - Ø n¬ nd, ]pØ- c n, hnm- b - I -
{io [¿Ω- i m- k v X m- h n- t ‚- X m- W v . Chn- S psØ tZhs N-Xp¿∞n, I∂n-am-k-Øn¬ ]qP-h-bv]v,hr›nIw, [p amk-ß-
N{a-h-´-Ø-∏-mbpw `‡-P--ßƒ Bcm-[n-®p-h-cp-∂p. he-Xp- fn¬ aWvU-e-°m-ew, ao-am-k-Øn¬ `K-hms‚ Xncp-m-fmb
I- c - Ø n¬ Aar- X - I - e - i - h p- a mbn IpSn- s Im- f - f p∂ ss]¶pn D{Xw, taS-am-k-Øn¬ hnjp-Zn-hkw hn-ti-jm¬ AjvS-
{io[¿Ω-im-kvXmhv Xs‚ `‡-cpsS GX-`n-em-jhpw km[n-®p- {Z-hy- K-W-]Xn tlmaw, I¿°n-S-I-Øn¬ cmam-b-W-am-km-N-cWw
sIm-Sp-°p-hm≥ Xøm-dmbn Ccn-°p-I-bm-Wv. I∂n-aq-e-bn¬ F∂n-hbpw t£{X-Øn¬ hn]p-e-ambn BtLm-jn-®p-h-cp-∂p.
KW-]Xn `K-hmpw sXs° Xncp-ap-‰Øp≈ t£{X-Øn¬ aq∂c ]Xn-‰m≠v apºv cq]o-Ir-Xamb t£{X-]cn-kchm-kn-
- - - -
`{Z- I mfn tZhnbpw `‡- P - - ß ƒ°v Ap- { K- l - ß ƒ I-fpsS kwL-SbmWv Xma-cw-Ip-fßc Aø-∏tk-hm-kan-Xn. Cu
- - - - -
¬Ip- h m- mbn hmW- c p- f p- ∂ p. IqSmsX mK- c m- P m- h v , t£{X-Ønse ssZw-Zn--Im-cy-ß-fpw, D’-hm-tLm-j-ß-fpw,
{_“-c£kv F∂o D]-tZ-h∑m-tcbpw ChnsS {]Xn-jTn-°s∏ń´p≠v.
- - v - n¿Ωm-W-{]-h¿Ø--ßfpw S-Øn-h-cp-∂-Xv Aø-∏- tkhm
hnf-°p-h-bv]v, Nμw Nm¿Ø¬, ocm-RvPw, Ff-fvXn-cn, k-an-Xn-bm-Wv. t£{X-Øns‚ D∂-aØn-m-hiy-amb ]e n¿Ωm-W
- - -
A∏w nth- Z yw, ]mbkw nthZyw XpS- ß n- b - h - b mWv -{]-h¿Ø--ßfpw CXn-Iw sNbvXp-Xo¿°p-hm≥ kan-Xnbv°v
{io[¿Ω-im-kvXm-hn-p-ff apJy-h-gn-]m-Sp-Iƒ. hnti-j-Zn-h-k-ß- km[n-®n-´p-≠v. t£{X ]pcp≤mcW b⁄Øns‚ memw
fn¬ `K-hmv ]mev, søv F∂o {Zhy-ßsf-s°m≠v {]tXyI A`n-
- L´Ønte°v kanXn Ct∏mƒ G¿s∏-ń-cn-°p-Ibm-Wv. `K-hm≥
-
tj-I-ßfpw S-Øn-h-cp-∂p. F√m-h¿jhpw aI-c-amkw 1˛mw {io [¿Ω-im-kvXm-hns‚ Ap-{Klw sIm≠pw `‡-PßfpsS
- - -
XobXn (a-I-c-hn-f°v Znh-kw) cmhnse `K-hmv S-Øn-h-cp∂ n¿tem-àmb kl-IcWw sIm≠pw Cu ]pWy-I¿Ω-ßƒ Ffp∏w
- -
AjvSm-`n-tj-I-ß-fn¬ (F-Æ, søv, ]m¬, tX≥, ]©m-ar-Xw, ]q¿Øn-Icn-°p-hm≥ km[n-°p-sa∂v {]Xym-in-°p-∂p.
-
-5-

Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc aI-c-hn-f-°m-tLmj kvac-WnI 2011


{io]q¿Æ-{X-bo-ipw tNm‰m-n-°c AΩbpw kZbw klmbw
apcfo mcm-b-W≥ ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv
(X-{¥n)
]pen-b-∂q¿ a (]q¿Æ-{io) Fcq¿ ]n.H.
Xr∏q-Wn-Øpd ˛ 682 306
Phone: 2782005, 9895488613

19-12-2010

Xma- c w- I p- f - ß c imkv X m t£{X- Ø nse aI- c - h n- f °v
D’-h-tØm-S-p-_-‘n®v ]pd-Øn-d-°p∂ tkmh-o¿ XnI®pw
hn⁄m--{]-Zhpw D’h t{]an-Iƒ°pw IqSmsX Bﬂob
am¿§-Øn¬ k©-cn-°p∂ al-Zvhy-‡n-Iƒ°v Hcp
hgn- I m- ´ nbpw Bbn- c n- ° p- s a∂ Imcy- Ø n¬ kwi- b - a n- √ .
Ch-cpsS Cu kZp-Zy-a-Ønv F√m-hn[ awK-fm-iw-k-Ifpw
tcp- ∂ p. AtXm- s Sm∏w [¿Ω- i m- k v X m- h ns‚ ssNX- y-
hn-ymkw temIw apgp-h≥ hym]n°s´ F∂v
{]m¿∞n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

F∂v

{_“{io. ]pen-b-∂q¿ apcfo mcm-b-W≥ ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv

-7-


THAMARAMKULANGARA AYYAPPA SEVA SAMITHY
TASS Mandir, Thamaramkulangara, Thripunithura - 682 301, Ernakulam Dt.

BapJw
kzmantb icWaø∏...........
Xma-cw-Ip-fßc {io[¿Ω-im-kvXm-hns‚ Xncp-ap‰w as‰mcp D’h el-cn-bn¬ Bdm-Sm≥ Xøm-sd-Sp-°p-I-
-
bm-Wv. ]Xn-hp-t]mse Cu h¿jhpw D’-thm-]-lm-c-ambn “aIc-tPymXn” `‡-P--ßƒ°mbn ka¿∏n-°p
I-bm-Wv.
t]mb-h¿j-ß-fn¬ t£{Xm-Nm-c-ß-tfbpw Ap-jvTm--ß-tf-bpw, t£{X-I-e-I-tf-bpw, tIc-fob t£{X-ß-fnse Ahn-`m-Py-
L-S-I-amb B-I-tfbpw a‰pw khn-kvXcw D’-h-°-º-°m¿°v ap∂n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-h≥ Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc Aø∏tkhmkanXn
{ian-®n-cp-∂p. Cu h¿j-am-Is´ Cu ]d™ LS-Ißsf√mw Xs∂ ka-RvPkambn ktΩ-fn-°p-tºmƒ kwPm-Xam-Ip∂ D’-helcn,
- - - - - - - -
hm°p-Ifn-eq-sSbpw Nn{X-ßfn-eq-sSbpw hmb-°m-cn-te°v k∂n-th-in-°p-hm-p≈ {ia-amWv Rßƒ aI-ctPym-Xn-bn-eqsS S-Øp-
- - - -
∂-X. v
Hcp-abp-sS-bpw, kmwkvIm-cnI kl-h¿Øn-Xz-Øn-t‚bpw AS-bm-fßfmbn D’-hßƒ cq]w sIm≠Xv tKm{X-h¿§-kw-kvIm-
- - - -
c-Ønpw ap≥t]bm-bn-cn-°Ww. {]Ir-Xn-bn¬ apd-sX-‰msX FØp∂ EXp-°ƒ t]mse am-hkw-kvIm-cØn¬ Ah Bh¿Øn-°s∏-
- - - -
´p. tZi-Im-et`-Zßƒ°-p-kr-Xambn tZi-Øn-t‚bpw tZi-hm-kn-Ifp-sSbpw kmwkvIm-cnI Xn-abpsS Ie¿∏n-√mØ {]Xn-êß-
- - - - - - - -
fmbn, {]Im-ißfmbn D’-hßƒ, ]qc-ßƒ.
- - - -
tIc-f-Ønse D’-h-ß-fpsS kmwkvIm-cnI sshhn-≤y-ßƒ apgp-hpw GXmpw ]pkvX-I-Øm-fp-I-fn-em-°pI Akm-≤y-am-
sW∂p Rßƒ a- n-em-°p-∂p-≠v. F¶nepw AØ-csamcp {iaw Rßƒ XpSßn hbv°p-∂p. am{X-a√ GXmpw Nne D’h k{º-
-
Zm-b-ßƒ tcJ-bn-em-°pI F∂-Xn-ep-]-cn, EXp-t`-Z-ßƒt]mse Bh¿Øn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Cu BtLm-j-ßƒ Fßns Hcp kaq-l-
Øns‚ Xs∂ i‡nt{kmX- mbn amdp∂p F∂-dn-bp-hm-p≈ Hcp {iaw IqSn-bm-Wn-Xv.
BNm-c-ß-fpsS, Ap-jvTm--ß-fp-sS, t£{X-I-e-I-fpsS kwK-a-th-Zn-bm-Ip∂ D’-h-ßƒ t£{X-ssN-Xy h¿≤--hnpw
XZzmcm tZi-hm-kn-I-fpsS ∑bv°pw Imc-W-ambn `hn-°p-∂p. Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc t£{Xhpw AXn-tmSv Bfl-_‘w ]pe¿Øp∂
`‡cpw CXv Ap-`hn-®dn-™hct{X. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ `K-hm≥ {io[¿Ω-im-kvXm-hns‚ Ap-{K-lhpw `‡-PßfpsS AI-a-
- - - - - - - -
gn™ klm-bklIcWßfpw sIm≠v Xma-cw-Ip-fßc Aø∏ tkhm-kan-Xn°v t£{X-ho-IcW {]h¿Ø-ßƒ S-Øp-hmpw
- - - - - - - - - - -
Du´p-]p-cn¿Ωm-WØn-mbn t£{X-tØmSv tN¿∂v ÿew hmßp-hm-pw, n¿Ωm-WØnv {]mcw-`{]-h¿Ø-ßƒ S-Øp-hmpw km[n-
- - - - -
®p. `mK-h-X-kvXm-lw, mc-b-Wob ]mcm-b-Ww, I¿°n-SIw apgp-hpw o≠ cmam-b-W-am-km-N-cWw, NmIym¿Iq-Øns‚ Ah-X-cWw
F∂nh km≤y-am-bXpw kvacn-°p-∂p.
t£{X ssNX-y-h¿≤--hnp nZm--amb AXy-]q¿Δhpw t{ijvT-hp-amb kma-th-Zm¿® S-Øp-hm≥ km[n®p F∂Xpw
Nmcn-Xm¿Yy-PIam-Wv. thZ-a{¥-ap-Jcn-Xamb B aq∂p Znh-kßƒ An-¿h-No-bamb Du¿÷-{]-kcWsØ {]Zmw sNbvXXmbn
- - - - - - - - - - - -
`‡¿ Adn-bn-®Xv, Rßƒ°v Cnbpw AØcw sshZnI DZy-aßƒ°v {]tNm-Zam-Ip-∂p.
- - - -
CØ-cØn¬ ka-tbm-Nn-Xambn `‡-Pßƒ evIp∂ D]-tZ-ißfpw, n¿t±-ißfpw, X-a[ ka-Nn-Xamb klm-bßfpw
- - - - - - - - - -
sIm≠v `mhn-bnepw Xma-cw-Ip-fßcbpsS t{ib- nv th≠n {]h¿Øn-°m≥ Xma-cw-Ip-fßc Aø∏ tkhm-kan-Xn°v km[n-°p-am-dm-
- - - - -
Is´ F∂v k¿Δm-ò-jvShc{]-Zm-bImb Xma-cw-Ip-fßc {io[¿Ω-im-kvXm-hn-tmSv {]m¿∞n-®p-sIm≠v D’-helcn-bpsS A£-ccq-
- - - - - - - - - -
]-amb aI-ctPymXn `K-hms‚ Xr∏m-Zßfn¬ ka¿∏n-®p-sIm-≈s´.
- - - -

APnXv Ipam¿ h¿Ω
{]kn-U‚v, Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc Aø∏ tkhm kanXn

-8-


THAMARAMKULANGARA AYYAPPA SEVA SAMITHY
TASS Mandir, Thamaramkulangara, Thripunithura - 682 301, Ernakulam Dt.

aI-c-tPym-Xn-bn-eq-sS............
{io]q¿Æ-{X-bo-is‚ hr›n-tIm-’-h-tØmsS a[y-tI-c-f-Øn¬ D’--hm-ch-ßƒ
Db¿∂p XpS-ßn. Cn D’-hm-Nm-c-ß-fp-tSbpw BtLmjßfp-tSbpw mfp-Iƒ.
N{a-h-´Ø∏mbn `‡¿ Bcm-[n-°p∂ Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc {io[¿Ω-im-kvXm-hns‚
D’-hm-tLm-j-ßƒ 2011 Pp-hcn 11 v sImSn-I-b-dn Pp-hcn 16v Bdm-t´msS kam-]n-
°p-∂p. Pp-hcn 15 (a-Icw 1)mWv {]i-kvX-amb ""aI-c-hn-f-°v''.
D’-h-tØmSv Ap-_-‘n®v Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc Aø-∏-tk-hm-k-anXn XpS¿®-bmbn 9˛mw sIm√hpw
“aI-c-tPymXn” kvac-WnI ]pd-Øn-d-°p-IbmWv. kvac-Wn-I-bpsS hnj-b-ßsf-°p-dn®v Aø-∏-tk-hm-k-
anXn {]h¿Ø-I¿ F∂pw {i≤m-ep-°-fm-bn-cp-∂p. Xnc-s™-Sp-°p∂ hnjbw t£{X-ßsf kw_-‘n-
®p≈XmI-W-sa∂pw, teJ--ßƒ Dƒ°m-ºp≈XpamIWw F∂pw Rßƒ B{K-ln-°p∂p. C{]-Im-c-
ap≈ Nn¥-bmWv Cu h¿jsØ hnj-b-am°n “tIc-f-Ønse t£t{Xm-’-h-ßfpw ]qc-ßfpw” Xnc-
s™-Sp-°p-hm≥ Rßsf t{]cn-∏n-®-Xv.
tIc-f-Øns‚ hSt°b‰-Øp≈ Xr®w-_cw {ioIr-jvW-kzman t£{Xw apX¬ sXt° A‰Øv
{io ]fl-m-`-kzm-an-t£{Xw hsc-bp≈ t£{X-ß-fnse D’-h-ß-fn-eqsS bm{X sNøp-tºmƒ ap°v
ImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂Xv hyXy-kvX-ßfmb BNm-c-ßfpw D’-hm-tLm-j-co-Xn-I-fp-am-Wv. BNm-c-ßfpw
BtLm-j-ßfpw Ime-{I-taW cq]-s∏-´p-h-cp-∂h-bm-Wv. AXv B {]tZ-isØ P-ß-fpsS kwkvIm-c-
sØ {]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p-∂p. kmwkvIm-cnI tIc-f-Ønse D’-h-ß-fn-eqsSbp≈ Cu bm{X nß-tf-
h¿°pw Bkzm-Zy-I-c-am-bn-cn-°p-sa∂v Rßƒ°v Dd-∏p-≠v.
{]uV-Kw-ò-c-amb teJ--ßƒ FgpXn Cu kvac-Wn-Isb tXP- p-‰-Xm-°nb F√m alZvhy‡n-
Iƒ°pw, ]c-ky-ßƒ ¬In Rß-tfmSv kl-I-cn® ÿm]--ßƒ, hy‡n-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h¿°pw,
F√m `‡-P--ßƒ°pw, Cu kvac-Wn-I-bp-tSbpw aI-c-hn-f°v D’-h-Øn-t‚bpw hnP-b-Øn-mbn
A£oWw {]h¿Øn°p∂ F√m {]h¿Ø-I¿°pw F√m-hn[ Bbp-cm-tcm-Ky-ku-Jy-ßfpw D≠m-It´
F∂v Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc {io[¿Ω-im-kvXm-hn-tmSpw {io]q¿W-{X-bo-i-tmSpw Bflm¿∞-ambn
{]m¿∞n®psIm≈p-∂p.

{io]q¿Æ-{X-bo-im-b-a:
Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc {io[¿Ω-im-kvXm icWw

25-˛12-˛2010
Fkv. {io[¿
I¨ho-¿, aI-c-hn-f-°m-tLmjIΩn-‰n.

-9-

- 11 -
251 Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc aI-c-hn-f°v ˛ APnXv Ipam¿ h¿Ω
247 tNm‰m- n- ° c tZhnt£{X- Ø nse D’- h - ß ƒ ˛ tNm‰m-n-°c hnP-b≥ amcm¿
241 DØ-c-a-e-_m-dnse hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb D’-h-°m-gvN-Iƒ ˛ Fw.-B¿.-F-kv. tatm≥
229 t£t{Xm-’-h-ß-fnse BNm-c-ßfpw Ap-jvTm--ßfpw ˛ An-b≥
215 Xr®w-_cw D’hw ˛ sI. sF. mcm-b-W≥ amÃ¿
209 Xncp-am‘mwIp∂v]qcw ˛ ]n. kn. Ac-hn-μ≥
201 s∑md h√ßn the ˛ Atim-I≥, s∑md tZiw
193 {iocp[nc almImfn-°mhv (D-{Xm-fn-°m-hv) t£{Xw ˛ tKm]n-mYv, Ipa-c-s-√q¿
173 Kpcp-hm-bq¿ D’hw ˛ Kpcp, Kpcp-hm-bq¿
167 ]qcw apX¬ ]qcw hsc h¿jw Ipdn-bv°p∂ Xr»q¿ ˛ s{]m^: am[-h≥Ipń
157 "s]cp-a-bp≈ s]cp-hw ]qcw' ˛ s]cp-hw Ip´≥amcm¿
145 Bdm-´p-]pg {io imkvXm t£{Xhpw tZh-kw-K-ahpw ˛ Fw. cmtP-{μ≥
129 `c-tXm-’hw ˛ C.-sI. tIi-h≥ ºq-Xncn
115 Zbm-aq¿Øn-bmb Xr{]-bm-d-∏≥ ˛ ""Cuimhmky-anZw k¿Δw'' ˛ tImc-ºØv tKm]n-m-Y≥
101 Xncp--°-c-tØ-h-cpsS Xncp-ap-‰Øv ˛ s{]m^. sX°pw-Iq¿ tkma-h¿Ω-cmPm
83 G‰p-am-q¿ {ioa-lm-tZ-h-t£{Xw ˛ kn.-F-kv. {io[-c≥ aqØXv
67 ssh°-Ø-jvSan ˛ cmP-ti-J¿. ]n. ssh°w
61 i_-cn-ae aI-c-hn-f°v atlm-’-h-Øn¬ ]¥-f-Ø-c-Ns‚ km∂n≤yw ˛ cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω
47 {io h-√` alm-t£{Xw ˛ ]n. DÆn-Ir-jvW≥ -m-b¿, Xncp-h√
37 ae-bn≥Iogv tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥
B‰p-Im¬ s]m¶me -˛ (temIØnse G‰hpw henb hnXmkwKaw)
23 {io]-fl-m-`-kzm-an-t£{Xw ˛ Aiz-Xn- Xn-cp-mƒ Kucn-e-£van-`mbn Xºp-cmń
13 D’-h-ß-fpsS D’hw hr›n-tIm-’hw ˛ Pb≥ am¶m-bn¬
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654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321210987654321098765432109876543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321
1
654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321210987654321098765432109876543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321
65432109876543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321210987654321098765432109876543212109876543210987654321098765432
654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321210987654321098765432109876543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321
D≈-S°w
654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321210987654321098765432109876543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321
6543210987654321210987654321098765432109876543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321210987654321098765432109876543211
65432109876543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321210987654321098765432109876543212109876543210987654321098765432


D’-h-ß-fpsS D’hw hr›n-tIm-’hw
Pb≥ am¶m-bn¬
hmaw ]mZw {]kmcy {inX Zpcn-X-lcw ¬In AXv `qan-bn¬ ]hn-{X-amb Hcp ÿeØv
Z£nWw IpRvNbnXzm {]Xn-jvTn-°-W-sa∂v Bh-iy-s∏-´p-. IrjvWm¿÷p-
Pmp-ym-[mb hmta-X-c-an-X-c-`pPw -∑m¿ hn{K-l-tØm-Sp-IqSn `qtemIØn¬ Xncn-
tij-t`mtK n[mb s®Øn km[p {_m“-W-k-¥m--ßsf Xncn®p
]ivNmXv ]mWn-Zz-tb {]Xn-`-S-i-at ¬Inb tijw b⁄-`q-an-bmb Cu ]pWy-ÿ-
iwJv Nt{I Z[m: eØv hn{K-l{]-XnjvT S-Øn. A¿÷p-≥ ]q¿Æ-
-
tZthm `qjm-Zn-bp‡: {XnZ-i-]-Xn-pX: {X- b o- i s {]Xn- j v T n- ® Xv Ien- b pKw XpSßn
]mXp ]q¿Æ-{X-boi: 51-˛mw mfn-em-sW∂v hniz-kn®p hcp-∂p.
bpKm-¥-c-ßƒ°p-apºv c-m-cm-b-W-∑m- sshIp- W v T - m- Y ≥, tbmK- m- c m- b - W ≥,
cmb A¿÷p--tbpw {ioIr-jvW-tbpw ImW- k¥mtKm]m-e-aq¿Øn F∂o hnhn[ [ym-ß-
W- s a- ∂ p≈ tamlw tlXp- h mbn sshIp- W v T fn¬ Bcm-[n®p hcp∂ {io ]q¿Æ-{X-bo-i≥ aq∂p
-m-Y≥ Hcp km[p-{_m-“-Ws‚ k¥m--ßsf thZ-ß-fp-tSbpw aq¿Øn-a¬`m-h-amb b⁄-]p-cp-
sshIp- W v T - Ø n- t e°v hcp- Ø p- I - b p- ≠ m- b n. j-m-Wv. A-¥^Wßƒ hncp-Ønb O{X-Ønp
- - -
{_m“Wk¥m--ßsf c£n-°m-sa∂ hm°p Iogn¬ A-¥m-kØn¬ ]memgn a[y-Øn¬ Ccp
- -
]men- ° m≥ Ign- b msX ]m¿iz-ß-fnepw `qantZhn-
tZl- X ym- K - Ø np Xøm- tbmSpw e£vao- t Z- h n-
dmb A¿÷p- - t bpw tbmSpw IqSn Ccp-∂-cp-fp∂
sIm≠v {ioIr- j vW≥ `K- h m≥ k¿Δm- ` ojvS
sshIp-WvT-Øn¬ FØp- {]Zm- b - I pw Cl- Ø n¬
Ibpw, A¥knwlm-k-- k¿Δ-hn[ kpJ-ß-tfbpw
Øn¬ `qantZhn- t bmSpw ]c- Ø n¬ kmbqPy
e£vantZhn-tbmSpw IqSn ]Z- h n- t bbpw ¬Ip∂
{_m“W k¥m--ßsf km£m¬ sshIp- W vT-
emfn- ® p- s Im- ≠ n- c n- ° p∂ m-Y-m-Wv.
sshIp-WvT-m-Ys I≠v
cmP- ` cWIm- e Øv
A¤pX ]c- h - i - mbn
hr›n-tIm-’hw apX-emb
Xocp- I bpw sNbvXp.
t£t{Xm-’-h-ßfpw
{_m“W k¥m--ßsf
t£{X`c- W hpw sIm®n
Xncn®p ¬Inb tijw
alm-cm-Pm-hns‚ tcn-´p≈
sshIp-WvT-m-Y≥ GXp
ta¬tm-´-Ønepw nb-{¥-
cq]-`m-h-t`-Z-ß-fn-emtWm
W- Ø n- e pamWv S- Ø n- h -
Ccp-∂n-cp-∂Xv, AtX cq]-
∂n-cp-∂-Xv. cmP-`-c-W-Øn-
`m- h - ß - f n¬ D≈- X mb
p- t ijw t£{X- ` - c Ww
Xs‚ tXtPm- a - b - a mb
sIm®n≥ tZhkzw t_m¿
ARv P inem- h n{Klw
Un¬ n£n- ] vX- a m- s b-
Irjv W m¿÷p- - ∑ m¿°v
¶nepw, {io]q¿Æ- { X- b o-

- 13 -


is‚ hr›n-tIm-’hw ap≥Im-e-ß-fnse AtX p-`q-Xn-Iƒ {]Zmw sNøp∂ Zn-cm-{X-ß-fm-Wv.
{]uVn-tbmSpw Kmwò-cy-tØmSpw IqSn Ct∏mgpw a‰p t£{X-ß-fn¬ n∂v hn`n-∂-ambn sImSn-tb-
S∂p hcp-∂p. ‰np apºv cmhn- s e- X s∂ 15 B- ∏ p- d - Ø p≈
]qc-ß-fpsS ]qcw GsX∂p tNmZn-®m¬ iothen Fg-s∂-≈n∏pw hnkvX-cn® ]©m-cn-ta-
BZyw e`n-°p∂ adp-]Sn Xriq¿ ]qcw F∂m-Wv. fhpw Chn-SsØ am{Xw {]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv.
F∂m¬ C°m-cy-Øn¬ Nne¿s°-¶nepw `n∂m- hr›n-tIm-’hØns‚ {][m BI¿jWw
- -
`n-{]mbw D≠m-hmw. Bdm-´p-]p-g-]q-cw, s]cp-hw 15 B-Isf AWn-n-c-Øn-s°m-≠p≈ ioth-
]qcw, D{Xm-fn-°mhv ]qcw, apX-emb {]ikvX ]qc- enbpw cm{Xn hnf-°nv Fgp-s∂-≈n-∏p-am-Wv. ]Xn-
ßfpw CtXm-sSm∏w Xs∂ D≠v. F∂m¬ D’- sm-∂cASn Db-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ sNß-√p¿ cwK-
h-ß-fpsS D’hw {io]q¿Æ-{X-bo-is‚ hr›n- m-Y≥ Ioc-ßm´v tIi-h≥, Bh-W-∏-d-ºv, IpS-em-
tIm- ’ hw Xs∂ F∂ Imcy- Ø n¬ `n∂m- ` n- ‰p-]p-dw, ]mºp-ta-bv°m-Sv, it¶m-cXv XpSßn nc-
{]mbw D≠m-Im≥ CS-bn-√. hfsc A[nIw sshhn- h[n KP-ho-c-∑m¿ hr›n-tIm-’-h-Øns‚ lc-am-
[yhpw Kmwò-cyhpw {]uVnbpw D≠v Xr∏q-Wn- bn-cp-∂p. C∂v Imew amdn. Fgp-Ø-—≥ {ion-hm-
Øp-d-°m-cpsS kz¥-amb hr›n-tIm-’-h-Øn-v. k≥, Xncp-h-ºmSn N{μ-ti-J-c-≥, tjWmbv N{μ-
a™n¬°p-fn®p n¬°p∂ hr›n-I-am-k- ti-J-c≥, sImßmSv Ipń-»-¶-c≥, ]pØ≥Ipfw
Ønse tNmXn £-{X-Øn¬ sImSn-I-bdn Xncp- A-¥-]-fl-m-`≥ XpSßn Bt{]an-I-fpsS lc-
thmWw Bdm-t´m-Sp-IqSn kam-]n-°p∂ hr›n-tIm- ambn amdnb Ccp-]-Ø-t©mfw {]kn≤B-Iƒ
’-hØns‚ F´p mfp-Iƒ bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Znhym-
- C°- g n™ hr›n- t Im- ’ - h - Ø n¬ ]s¶- S p-
°pIbp≠m-bn.
B Fgp- ∂ - ≈ n- ∏ ns∂t]mse Xs∂
{]m[m-y-amWv hr›n-tIm-’-h-Ønse taf hmZy-
ßƒ°p-ap≈-Xv. cmP-hm-gvN-°m-e-sØ-s∏-se-Xs∂
a[y-tI-c-f-Ønse {]apJ hmZy-hn-Z-Kv[¿ Ct∏mgpw
hr›n-tIm-’-h-Øns‚ BI¿j-W-am-Wv. hr›n-
tIm-’-h-Øn¬ Znh-tk cmhnse ioth-en°pw
cm{Xn hnf-°npw S-°p∂ ]©m-cn-tafw ]c-a-{]-
[m--am-Wv. aq∂caWn-°q¿ hsc ofp∂ ]©m-
cn-ta-f-Øn¬ q‰n A≥]-tXmfw {]K¤ Iem-Im-c-
∑m¿ AWn nc-°p-∂p. ]q¿Æ-{X-bo-is‚ Xncp-ap-
ºn¬ ]©mcn taf-Øn¬ ]s¶-SpØ ap≥Im-e-taf
{]Xn-`-I-fm-bn-cp∂p s]cp-hw i¶pÆn amcm¿,
Xmg-tØ-SØv tKmhn-μ-am-cm¿, sNºmen]pdØv
tKmhn-μ-am-cm¿, Xrt∏-°pfw tKmhn-μ-am-cm¿, s]cp-
hw mcm-b-W-am-cm¿, ]≠m-c-Øn¬ Cu®-c-am-
cm¿, amt°mØv mWpamcm¿, Ipdp-∏Øv mcm-
bW amcm¿, ]cn-bm-cØp Ip™≥am-cm¿, ]´-cm-
cØv i¶-c-am-cm¿, s]cp-hw A∏p-am-cm¿, Ipa-c-
]pcw A∏p-am-cm¿, Imc-bv°m´v Cu®-c-am-cm¿, Ipdp-
∏Øv Cu®-c-am-cm¿, ]cn-bm-cØv Ip©p-am-cm¿,
N°w-Ipfw A∏p-am-cm¿, Xrt∏-°pfw A®p-Xam-cm¿

- 15 -


b-s∏´phcp-∂p. CXn-p-tijw tafw hS-
t°--S-bn-te°v oßn, AS¥ aq∂pw
mepw Ime-ßƒ sImń Iem-in-°p-∂p.
XpS¿∂v apdn AS¥ sImń hS°p
Ingt° aqe-bn¬ sNºS tafw memw
Imew XpSßn S-∏pc taf-tØm-Sp-IqSn
kam-]n-°p-∂p.
]©m- c n- t afw t]mse- X s∂
{]m[m-y-tØm-Sp-IqSn S-∂p-h-cp∂ a‰p
taf- ß fpw hr›n- t Im- ’ - h - Ø ns‚
{]tXy- I - X - b m- W v . BZysØ aq∂p
Znhkw B∏¥-en¬ h®v Ac-tß-
dp∂ Xmb-ºI tafm-kzm-Z-I¿°v AXy-
XpS-ßn-b-h¿. {io. s]cp-hw Ip´≥am-cm-cpsS ]q¿Δ-amb Ap-`qXn {]Zmw sNøp-∂p. CXnp
tXr-Xz-Øn¬ BWv hfsc h¿j-ß-fmbn ]©m- ]pdta F√m Znh-khpw c≠p tcw S-°p∂ mZ-
cn-tafw S-∂p-h-cp-∂-Xv. GI-tZiw H∂c aWn- kz-c-hpw, Xnan-e, ho°≥, Ce-Xm-fw, tNßne Ch-
°q¿ ]Xn-Im-ehpw Ccp-]-Xp ann‰v hoXw hcp∂ sb√mw tN¿∂ ]cn-j-hm-Zyhpw, a±-f-]-‰pw, sImºp-
c≠pw aq∂pw mepw Ime-ßfpw ap∏-Xv ann‰v ]-‰pw, Ipg¬]‰pw F√mw hr›n-tIm-’hØns‚
A©mw Imehpw F∂ {Ia-Øn-emWv ]©m-cn- {]tXy-I-X-I-fm-Wv. IqSmsX Bdm-ńv Fgp-∂-≈n-
tafw S-∂p-h-cp-∂-Xv. imkv{Xo-b-amb IW-°-p- ®-tijw S-°p∂ ]©-hm-Zyhpw, Bdm´v Ign™v
k- c n®v sN≠- b psS CSwXe- b n¬ 15 t]cpw, Xncn®v Fgp-∂-≈n-°p-tºmƒ S-°p∂ ]m≠n-ta-
Ah¿°p ]n∂n¬ aqt∂m mtem hcn-I-fn-embn fhpw tafm-kzm-Z-I¿°v Hcp hym-p-`hw {]Zmw
mev]-Ø-t©mfw t]¿ hew Xe-bnepw Xmfw sNøp-∂p.
]nSn-°p-∂p. ap∏-Xn¬]cw Ce-Øm-f-°mcpw 15-t]¿
hoXw sImºp-Imcpw Ipg¬°mcpw Bbn-cn-°pw. Hcn°¬ Xr∏q-Wn-Øpd D’-h-Ønv hnez-
F∂m¬ hr›n-tIm-’-h-Ønv CXnepw hfsc aw- K ew kzman- b m¿ Z¿i- - Ø np h∂Xv Hcp
A[nIw taf-Iem-Im-c∑m¿ ]s¶-SpØp hcp-∂p≠v.
- - Xrt°´ Znh-k-am-bn-cp-∂p. Fgp-∂-≈n®p n¿Øn-
C{]-Imcw hnkvX-cn-®p≈ 15 ]©m-
cn-ta-f-ßƒ Htc ÿeØv XpS¿®-
bmb Znh- k - ß - f n¬ S- ° p- ∂ Xv
hfsc A]q¿Δ-am-Wv. hr›n-tIm-’-
h-Ønv ]©mcn H∂mw Imehpw
c≠mw Imehpw B- ] - ¥ - e np
ap∂n-emWv ]Xn-hv. aq∂mw Imew
sXs° S-bnepw, memw Imew
sX°p ]Sn- ™ mtd `mKØpw
A©mw Imew ]Sn-™mdp `mKØv
hS-t°m´p Xncn™p n∂pw sImń
Iem-in-°p-∂p. A©mw-Imew ""Xncp-
ap-ºn¬ tafw'' F∂ t]cnepw Adn-

- 17 -


bn-cp∂ B-I-fpsS kabw Du´p]pc-bn¬ A£-c-t«mIkZkv Ac-
]pdØv DÆn- I r- tß-dp-I-bm-bn. A£-c-t«m-I-Øn¬ ]WvUn-X-
jvWs‚ cq]-Øn¬ ∑msc Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠v hnhn[ kwL-ßƒ
`K-hm≥ NmSn-I-fn®v ChnsS am‰p-c-bv°p-hm≥ FØn-t®-cm-dp-≠v.
ckn-°p-∂-XmWv A£- c - t «mIkZ- k np tijw {]K¤
hnez-aw-Kew I≠-Xv. ]WvUn-X-∑m¿ S-Øp∂ ]pcmW IYm-{]-`m-j-W-
A∂p apX- e mWv ßƒ°v XpS-°-am-Ip-∂p. S-∏p-c-bn¬ mZ-kzcw
Xrt°´Z¿iw Ac-tß-dp-∂p. k‘ym-k-a-bØv BZysØ aq∂p
AXoh ]pWy-ambn Znh-k-ß-fn¬ Ipd-Øn-bm-´w, tIm¬I-fn, ]mh-
IW-°m°n hcp-∂- °qØv hnhn[ Iem-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ XpS-ßp-I-bm-bn.
Xv. B Fgp-s∂- AtX kabw Xs∂ IqØv, ]mT-Iw, apX-em-b-
≈n∏v `K- h ms‚ hbv°pw {]m[m-y-ap-≠v. sshIp-t∂cw 6 aWn-tbm-
CjvS hgn-]m-Smbpw Sp-IqSn Du´p-]pc kwKoXkZ- p-Iƒ°v hgn-sbm-
IW-°m-°n-h-cp-∂p. cp-ßp-I-bm-bn. 6 apX¬ 7 hsc XpS-°-°m-cmb
Fgp-∂-≈n-∏np kwKoX {]Xn-`-I-fpsS Ac-tß-‰hpw hnhn[ It®-
apºn¬ ImWn° cnIfpambn-cn-°pw. {io]q¿Æ-{X-boi k∂n-[n-bn¬
A¿∏n- ° p- ∂ - X np Ah-cpsS {]mK¤yw sXfn-bn-°m-p≈ Hcp Ah-
{]m[myw D≠m-bn. kcw IqSn-bm-WnXv. AXn-p-tijw 7 apX¬ 9
Xrt°´Znhkw apX¬ Fgp-∂-≈n-°p-∂ B°v hscbp≈ kabw apXn¿∂ Iem-Im-c-∑m¿°pw
cXv-ßƒ ]Xn® kz¿Æ-t°m-e-hpw, kz¿Æ-X-te- Iem- I m- c n- I ƒ°pambn o°n h®n- c n- ° p- ∂ p.
s°-´pw, kz¿Æ-°p-S-bpw, kz¿Æ∏nSn-bp≈ Nma-c- AtIw kwKo-X-⁄-cpw, hoW, hb-en≥, arZwK
ßfpw BWv D]-tbm-Kn-°m-dp-≈-Xv. ImWn°
A¿∏n-°p-∂-Xn-mbn `K-hms‚ apºn¬ kz¿Æ-
°p- S - ß fpw D≠m- b n- c n°pw. B hgn- ] mSpw
Xrt°´ ImWn- b v ° - b n- S epwsIm≠v sFlnI
kuJy-hpw, ZmºXykpJhpw, k¬k¥mkn≤n-
bpw, hnZymkº-∂-Xbpw, k¿Δ sFiz-cy-ßfpw,
Bbp-cm-tcm-Kyhpw, AXy-¥n-I-amb kmbq-Py-]-Z-
hnbpw kn≤n-°p-hm≥ ]cym-]vX-am-sW∂v hniz-
kn®p hcp-∂p.
B Fgp-∂-≈n-∏npw, taf-Ønpw hr›n-
tIm-’-h-Øn¬ hfsc A[nIw {]m[myw Ds≠-
¶nepw, Znh-khpw 24 aWn-°qdpw aXn-e-IØp S-
°p∂ hnhn[ Iem]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ D’-hØnp am‰p-
-
Iq-´p-∂p. cmhn-esØ ioth-en°p tijw Hm´≥
Xp≈- e ns‚ XpS- ° hpam- b n. Znh- t k ct≠m
aqt∂m IY-Iƒ C{]-Imcw Ac-tß-dp-∂p. ]d-b≥
Xp≈¬, ioX-¶≥ Xp≈¬ XpSßn lmky-{]-[m-
-amb ]e IY-Ifpw ChnsS Ah-Xcn-∏n®p hcp∂p.
-
B∏¥-en¬ Hm´≥ Xp≈¬ S-°p∂ AtX

- 19 -


sNß- ∂ q¿ cma≥ ]n≈
XpSßn nc-h[n {]K-¤¿
hr›n- t Im- ’ - h - Ø ns‚
Ifn-b-c-ßp-I-fn¬ nd-km-
∂n-[y-am-bn-cp-∂p. Iem-a-
WvUew cma≥Ipń mb¿,
Iem- a - W v U ew tKm]n,
kZw Irjv W ≥Ip- ´ n,
s√n-tbmSv hmkp-tZ-h≥
ºq- X n- c n, tIm´- b v ° ¬
inh- c m- a ≥ XpS- ß nb
{]K¤ Iem- I m- c - ∑ m¿
Ct∏mgpw {io]q¿Æ-{X-bo-
is‚ Xncp- a p- ‰ Øv Xß-
fpsS Ign- h p- I - f psS
A¿L nan-j-ßƒ Hcp-
°p-∂p-. IY-Ifn kwKo-Xw
Iem-a-WvUew ºo-i≥,
Iem- a - W v U ew DÆn- I r-
Iem-Im-c-∑mcpw Cu Acßv kº-∂-am-°p-∂p. 9 jvW-°p-dp-∏v, Iem-a-WvUew i¶-c≥ ºq-Xn-cn,
aWn-ap-X¬ I¿Wm-SI kwKo-X-Ønse hnJym-X- shäWn lcn- Z mkv XpS- ß n- b - h - c n¬ n∂pw
cmb kwKo-X-⁄-cpsS It®-cn-I-fm-Wv. sNssº amSºn kp{_-“-Wy≥ ºq-Xn-cn, ]me-mSv Znhm-
sshZy- mY `mK- h - X ¿ XpSßn Ip∂- ° p- S n, I-c-≥, Iem-n-ebw DÆn-Ir-jvW-≥, tIm´-bv°¬
siΩm≥Ip- S n, Fw.- P n.- c m- [ m- I r- j v W ≥, søm- a[p XpS- ß nb {]Xn`m kº- ∂ - c n¬ FØn
‰n≥Ic hmkp-tZ-h≥ apX-emb I¿Wm-SI kwKoX n¬°p-I-bm-Wv.
temIsØ apSn-Nq-Sm-a-∂≥am¿ kº-∂-am-°n-bn-
cp∂ Cu thZn-I-fn¬ Ct∏mƒ Sn. F≥. IrjvW≥, hr›n- t Im- ’ - h - Ø nv t£{X NS- ß p-
Sn. sI. tKmhn-μ-dm-hp, sI. Fkv. tKm]m-e-Ir- Iƒ°pw henb {]m[m- y- a p- ≠ v . apf- b n- S ¬,
jvW≥ XpSßn ]e {]K-¤cpw Aeu-In-I-amb mtemfw D’-h-_-en-Iƒ, Xncp-h-RvPw Nm¿Øv
kwKoX kZ- p-I-fn¬ Hcp-°p-∂p. XpS-ßn-bh Ah-bn¬ {][m--s∏-´-h-bm-Wv.
hr›n-tIm-’hØns‚ thsdmcp {]tXy-IX
- - hr›n-I-amkIpfn-cn¬ F´v Zn-cm-{X-ßƒ
IY-Ifnbc-ßp-Ifm-Wv. {]K-¤cmb Iem-aWvUew
- - - kzbw ad∂v ebn®v tNcp∂ F√m `‡P-
IrjvW≥mb¿, hmtg-¶S Ip©p-m-b¿, Iogv]Sw ßƒ°pw ChnSw Hcp `qtemIsshIp-WvTm-p-
Ipam-c≥ mb¿, IpS-am-fq¿ Icp-Wm-I-c≥ mb¿, `q-Xn-Xs∂ {]Zmw sNøp-∂p.

Pb≥ am¶m- b n¬: {io]q¿Æ- { X- b oi tkhm kwLw {]kn- U - ≠ v.
Nm¿tÚv A°u-≠‚ v Bbn {]mIvSokv sNø-p-∂p.

- 21 -


{io]-fl-m-`-kzm-an-t£{Xw
Aiz-Xn- Xn-cp-mƒ Kucn-e-£van-`mbn Xºp-cmń
cmP-Ip-Spw_w Ch-cpsS
]n≥Km-an-I-fm-sW∂p
Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. GXm-
bmepw tIc-f-Ønse
G‰hpw {]mNo--amb
Hcp kt¶-Xam-bn-cp∂p -
Cu t£{Xw
F∂Xn¬ kwi-ban-√. -
{]mNo--ß-fmb tcJ-
Isf kw_- ‘ n- ® n- S -
tØmfw Ncn{X cN-m-
]- T - - ] - c - a mbn C{X
{]m[m-y-ap≈ as‰mcp
tI{μhpw Ds≠∂p
tXm∂p-∂n-√. ap∏Xp
e£-Øn-tesd Npcp-W-
Iƒ (Hm-e-®p-cp-fp-Iƒ)
Cu t£{X- Ø n¬
kwc-£n-°-s∏-ń-´p-≠v.
Z£n-tW-¥y-bnse G‰hpw ]g-°ap≈ Pm-
- CXp- ] Øn At©mfw inem- i m- k - - ß ƒ Cu
[n-hmktI{μ-am-bn-cp∂ Xncp-h--¥-]p-c-Øns‚ t£{X-Øn¬ D≠v.
lrZ-b-`m-KØv ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ {io]-fl-m-`-kzm- kwL-Im-eØv AXm-bXv In.-h. H∂mwi-X-
an-t£{Xw sFXn-ly-ßfpw Ncn-{Xhpw sI´p-]n-W- I-Øntem c≠mw iX-I-Øntem cNn-°-s∏´ ]Xn-
™p-In-S-°p∂ Hcp alm-t£-{X-am-Wv. ‰p-∏Øv F∂ IrXn-bnepw, Nne-∏-Xn-Im-c-Øn-epw,
t£{X-Øns‚ ]ga HºXmw q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ Pohn-
®n-cp∂ Ωm-gvhmcpsS Xncp-hm-bvsam-gn-bnepw, ]e-
t£{X-Øns‚ ]g-°-sØ-∏‰n IrXy-amb ]p-cm-W-ß-fnepw Cu t£{X-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ ]cm-
tcJ-I-sfm-∂p-an√ Hcp {]mNo--{KŸhcn-{]-Imcw a¿i-ßƒ CXns‚ ]ucm-Wn-I-Xz-Øn-p-Zm-l-c-W-
Ien-h¿jw XpSßn 950 Znhkw Ign-™n-´mWv ß-fm-Wv.
t£{Xw ÿm]n- ® - s X- ∂ p- I m- W p- ∂ p. CXv sFXn-ly-ßƒ
BC 2097-˛mw h¿j-Øn-p- Xp-ey-am-Wv. 13-˛14 q‰m-
≠p-Ifn¬ cNn® ]e IrXn-Ifn¬ n∂pw A°m-
- - 1. Znhm-I-c-ap-nbpw KpP-dmØv
_‘hpw
eØv t£{Xw {]kn-≤am-sW∂v ImWp-∂p. IrkvXp-
-
hnp aq∂p q‰m-≠p-apºv cmPyw `cn-®n-cp∂ Bbv {io]-fl-m-`-t£-{X-sØ-∏‰n ]e sFXn-ly-
cmP-°m-°∑m-cpsSXmbn-cp∂p Cu t£{Xw F∂v
- ßfpw ne-n¬°p-∂p-≠v. ]gb KpP-dm-Øn¬
Nne {]mNo tcJ-Ifn¬ ImWp-∂p. Ct∏m-gsØ
- kn‘p--Zo-XSw {]_-e-amb Hcp kwkvIr-Xn-bpsS

- 23 -


tI{μ-am-bn-cp-∂p. kn‘p kap--{ZØn¬ tNcp∂ Agn- °tfm Krltam Cs√∂p ]d-™-t∏mƒ Xs‚
ap-JØv temYm¬ F-∂p-t]-cmb Hcp Xpd-ap-J-- IqsS Xma-kn®psIm≈m≥ apn Bh-iy-s∏-´p.
Kcw hnIm-kw-{]m-]n-®n-cp-∂p. Ahn-S∂ph∂ Znhm- Xn°v CjvS-a-√m-ØXp sNbvXm¬ Xm≥hn-´p-t]m-
I-c-ap-n-sb-∏-‰n-bm-Wv HsscXn-lyw. Cu Kcw Ip-sa-∂p-]-d™p Ipń Xma-k-am-°n. Hcp Znhkw
mtim-∑p-J-am-b-t∏mƒ P-ßƒ Ahn-S∂v Zzmc- Ipkr-Xn- aqØv apn ]qPn-®n-cp∂ kmf-{Km-a-sa-
I-bn-te°pw Z£n-Wm-]-Y-Øn-te°pw kw{I-an-°p- SpØp hmbn-en-´-t∏mƒ apn Ip™ns imkn®p.
I-bp-≠m-bn. IrjvW-`-K-hms‚ ]n≥Km-an-I-sf∂v Xs∂ ImWm≥ A-¥≥ Imń¬ h∂m¬a-Xn-sb-
Ah-Im-is∏-Sp-∂h¿ `-Khm≥ kz]vØn¬ n¿t±-
- - - - ∂p-]-d™p Ipń HmSn-t∏m-bn. Ipń Bcm-sW∂p
in-®Xp-kcn®p A-¥ibw e£y-am°n bm{X
- - - - - a- n-em-°nb apn Ipń-bpsS ]n∂mse Hcp Kpl-
XpS¿∂p. Ncn-{X-]-WvUn-X-∑m¿ Cu bm{Xsb icn bn-eqsS HmSn IS¬Øo-c-Øn--Sp-Øp≈ Hcp h-
sh°p-∂p-≠v. q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°v apºv Ah¿ sIm≠p- Øn≥ kao]w sN∂p-tN¿∂p. Hcp henb Cep-∏-
h∂ {ioIrjv W hn{K- l - a mWv ]fl- m- ` - k zman a-c-Øn-te°v B inip A¥¿≤mw sNbvXp.
t£{X-Ønse Xncp-h-ºmSn t£{X-Øn¬ h®m- X¬£Ww B Cep-∏-acw adn-™p-hoWv hnjvWp-
cm-[n-°p-∂-Xv. Cu hn{K-l-tØm-sSm∏w h∂ Ejn- `-K-hms‚ ib--cq-]-ambn ]cn-W-an-®p. inckv Xncp-
h-cy-mWv Znh-Im-c-apn F∂p Icp-Xp-∂p. KpP-dm- h-√Øp DS¬ Xncp-h--¥-]p-cØpw Xr∏m-Z-ßƒ
Øn¬ n∂pw h∂- h - c psS ]n≥X- e - a p- d - ° m¿ Xr∏m-Z]p-cØp (Xr-∏m-∏q¿)-ambn 18 tbmP o≠p-
-
IrjvW≥hI°m¿ F∂ t]cn¬ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq- n∂ B Znhy-cq]w apn-bpsS Bh-iy-{]-Imcw
dns‚ ]gb Xe-ÿm-amb ]fl-m-`]p-cØpw ]cn-
- - Xs‚ tbmK-Z-WvUns‚ aq∂n-cń hep-∏-ap≈ cq]w
k-cØpw Ct∏mgpw [mcm-f-ambn ImWm-dp-≠v. kzoI-cn-®p.
2. Znhm-I-c-ap-nbpw Xpfp-_-‘hpw 3. ]pe-b_‘w
-
Imk¿tImUv Pn√-bnse Ipº-f-°-SpØv ]Wn-sb-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠p-n¬°p∂ Hcp ]pe-
X]kv sNbvXpsIm≠n-cp∂ Znhm-I-c-apn (CXv bkv{Xo Hcp Ip™ns‚ Ic-®n¬tI´v sN∂-t∏mƒ
as‰mcp Znhm-I-c-ap-n)-bpsS ASpØv tXP-kzn-bmb Akm-[m-cW kuμ-cy-ap≈ HcmÏp-™ns
Hcp inip {]Xy-£s∏-´p. apn°v Ipń-tbmSv Akm-
- I≠p. B Ip™ns ssIøn¬ tImcn-sb-SpØp
[m-cW hm’eywtXm-∂n. Xn°p amXm-]n-Xm- ape-∏m-eq-ń. im¥-mb inip-hns ]Xps° Hcp

- 25 -


Cep-∏-a-c-Øns‚ Np-h-ń¬ InS-Øn. DS≥ A©p-X- °p-Ibpw A-¥s‚ ]pdØv ibn-°p∂ {io]-fl-
e-bp≈ Hcp k¿∏w {]Xy-£-s∏´v inip-hns ac- m-`-cq-]sØ Z¿in-°p-I-bp-ap-≠m-bn. Xs‚ `‡n-
s∏m- Ø n- p- ≈ n--t e°v sIm≠p- t ]mbn ^W- a p- {]-I-Sn-∏n-°m-mbn Hcp Nnc-´-bn¬ Ahn-S∂p ]dn-
b¿Øn kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. hnh-c-a-dn™p s®-SpØ amß nth-Zn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. B Nnc-´-
cmPmhp DS≥ Ahn-sS-sbØn t£{Xw n¿Ωn-®p. X- s ∂- b mWv Ct∏mƒ kz¿Æhpw cXv - ß fpw
]n¬°m- e Øp {]kn- ≤ - a mb ]pØ- c n- ° ≠w s]mXn™p kwc-£n-®p-sIm≠p nthZyw ka¿∏n-
kt¥m-j-ambn B kv{Xo°v ]Xn-®p-¬Ip-Ibpw °p-∂-Xv. {io]-fl-m-`-kzman t£{X-Ønp ]Sn-
sNbvXp. ™mdp`mKsØ Sp-hn¬ aT-Ønse {ioIr-jvW-
t£{Xw hnez-aw-KeØp-kzm-an-bm-cpsS kam-[n-bn¬
- -
4. hnez-aw-K-e-Øns‚ IY
{]Xn- j vTn- ° - s ∏- ´ - X m- s W∂pw Icp- X p∂p.
]fl-m-`-kzm-an-t£-{X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Imk¿tIms´ Ipº-f-°-SpØ A-¥-]p-c-t£{Xw
G‰hpw {]Nm-c-ap≈ IY hnez-aw-K-e-Øns‚XmWv. ]≠p Xpfp-tZ-i-Øns‚ `mK-am-bn-cp-∂p. A-¥-]-
Znhm-I-c-ap-n-bpsS IY-tbmSp kmay-ap-≈-Xm-Wn-Xv. fl-m` {]Xn-jvT-bp≈ Ipº-f-bnse A-¥-]pcw
ChnsSbpw ]qPm-th-f-I-fn¬ {]Xy-£-am-Ip-am-bn- t£{X-hp-ambp≈ Znhm-I-c-ap-n-bpsS _‘hpw,
cp∂ ss]X-ens ]pdw-ssI-sIm≠p X≈n-am-‰n- C∂v Xpfp-{_m-“-Wm-cn-hn-SpsØ ]qP-sb-∂Xpw
b-t∏mƒ Ipń A{]-Xy-£-am-bn. A-¥≥Im-ń¬ Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn Cu c≠p t£{X-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈
ImWm-sa∂p Ai-cocntI´p. A-¥≥ ImS-tz- _‘-Ønp-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. Cu sFXn-ly-
jn®v I≠p-]n-Sn-°m-m-hmsX Xf¿∂ Hcp ac-®p- ßƒ°v sshcp-≤y-ß-tfm-sSm∏w Nne-k-am--X-I-
h-ń¬ hn{i-an-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂ hnez-aw-Kew ""Ic- fp-ap-≠v.
®n¬ n¿Øn-bn-s√-¶n¬ A-¥≥ Imń-te-s°-
A-¥-imbn hn{Klw
dnbpw''sa∂ Ai-cocn tI´p. Aßs A-¥≥
Imń¬ kzman-Iƒ FØn-b-t∏mƒ AhnsS n∂n- InS-°p∂ {io]-fl-m-`-kzm-an-bpsS AXn-Kw-
cp∂ Cep-∏-acw tLmc-i-_vZ-tØmsS new-]-Xn- ò-c-amb cq]w Dƒs∏sS {iotIm-hn-en¬ ImWp∂
F√m hn{K- l - ß fpw
ISp-i¿°-c-Iq-´p-
sIm≠p n¿Ωn- ® - h -
bmWv. `K- h m≥.
e£van-tZho, `qan-tZhn
F∂n- h - c psS A`n-
tjI hn{K- l - ß fpw
{io]-fl-m-`s‚
iothen _nw_hpw,
inh-enw-Khpw Fgp-∂-
≈n-∏p-Iƒ°p-]-tbm-Kn-
°p∂ c≠v Kcp- U -
∑mcpw am{X-amWv A]-
hm-Z-ßƒ. {io]-fl-m-
`- k zman inc v
sX°pw ]mZ- ß ƒ
hS°pw hc- Ø - ° -
hÆw sh®p-sIm≠pw
t_m[-]q¿Δ-amb n{Z-
bn¬ A- ¥ s‚

- 27 -


]pdØv nh¿∂p-In-S-°p-∂p. ap≥]v Cep-∏-Ø-Sn-bn- e-sØ-∂-t]mse C°m-eØpw c-knw-l-kzm-an-bp-
ep- ≠ m- ° n- b n- c p∂ hn{K- l - Ø nse ssNXyw ambn _‘-s∏´ nc-h[n A¤p-X-I-Y-Iƒ `‡-P-
]n∂oSv ISp-i¿°-ctbm-KØnse hn{K-lØn-te°v
- - - -ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ {]N-cn-®n-´p-≠v. hSs° me-º-
Bhm-ln-°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. e-Øn¬ Hcp thZ-hymk t£{Xw D≠v. [¿Ω-a-
t∏m-fnse KWvU-Io-Zn-bpsS ASn-Ø- WvU-]-Ønse Icn-¶¬ XqWn¬ {iol-p-ams‚
ń¬n∂v tiJ-cn®p B-∏p-dØph®p sIm≠p- Hcp hen-b-hn-{Klw sImØn-bn-´p-≠v. t£{X-a-
h∂ ]¥o-cm-bncw kmf{Kmaßƒ sIm≠p-n-d-®- Xn¬°-I-Øp-Xs∂ {io]-fl-m-`-kzm-an-t£-{X-
XmWv hn{K-l-Øns‚ A¥¿`mKw. kmf-{Km-a- tØmfw ]g-°-ap≈ Xncp-h-ºmSnt£{Xw ImWmw
Øn¬ hnjvWp-ssN-Xyw nd-™n-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂- sX°p-]-Sn-™m-dp-`m-K-Ømbn heXp hi-Ømbn
XmWv hnizm-kw. Cu hn{K-l-Ønv 22 ASn of- imkv X m- h ns‚ Hcp]- t Z- h m- e - b hpw D≠v . Ch
ap-s≠-∂mWv Icp-X-s∏-´p-h-cp-∂-Xv. nc-h[n Huj- IqSmsX Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dns‚ Ncn-{X-hp-ambn _‘-
[-ßƒ tN¿Øp≈ AXn-hn-in-jvS-am-b, k¶o¿Æ- s∏´p nc-h[n t£{X-ßfpw Cu t£{X-Øns‚
amb Hcp {]{In-b-bn-eq-sS-bmWv ISp-i¿°-c-tbmKw ]cn-k-c-Ømbn D≠v.
Xøm-dm-°p-∂Xv. AXy-]q¿Δ-amb Cu tbmKw tIc-
- ]qPm-hn-[n-Iƒ
f-Øns‚ kw`m-h--bm-sW-¶nepw CØcw hn{K-
l-ßƒ tIc-f-Øn¬Øs∂ Ipd-hm-Wv. t£{X-- Gsd k¶o¿Æ-ß-fmb ]qPm-hn-[n-I-fmWv
ho-I-c-W-tØm-sSm∏w am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ω alm-cm- ]fl-m-`-kzman t£{X-Øn-te-Xv. {]Xy-£-Øn¬
Pm-hmWv hn{Klw ]pXp°n {]Xn-jvTn-®-Xv. Xangv kzm[ow ImWm-sa-¶nepw tIc-fo-b-Xm-{¥n-
I-hn-[n-{]-Im-c-ap≈ Icv°-i-amb hyh-ÿ-I-fmWv
{iotIm-hn-ens‚ aq∂p hmXn-ep-Iƒ Xpd-s∂- Chn-SpsØ ]qPm-hn-[n-Iƒ°p-≈-Xv. kwK-ta-i-]pcn
¶n¬ am{Xta hn{Klw apgp-h-mbn ImWm-sm°p (C-cn-ßm-e-°p-S) {Kma-Ønse ]e-ip-cm-a-m¬ Xnc-
m`n-bn¬ n∂pw ]pd-s∏-Sp∂ Xma-c-bn¬ {_“m- s™-Sp-°s∏´ Xc-W√q¿ IpSpw-_°m-cmWv Chn-
- - - -
hn-s-°m-Wmw. he-Xp-hiw A-¥-X¬∏-Ønp SpsØ X{¥n-am¿. tIc-f-Ønse H´p an° t£{X-
kao]w oń-Xq-°n-bn-ń-cn-°p∂ Nn∑p-{Z-tbm-Sp-Iq- ß-fnepw X{¥-k-ap-®-b-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm--Øn-
Snb heXp Ic-Øn-p-Xmsg Hcp inh-enw-K-ap-≠v. emWv ]qPm-Zn-Iƒ n¿Δ-ln-°p-∂-sX-¶nepw ]c-
{io]-fl-m-`s‚ {iotIm-hn-en¬ {_“m-hn-jvWp- ip-cm-a]≤Xn-{]-Im-camWv Chn-SpsØ Xm{¥nI NS-
- - - -
ssih ssNXyw H∂n®-cp-fp-∂-Xn-m¬ `mc-X- ßp-Iƒ nb-{¥n-°s∏-Sp-∂Xv. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cmP-
- -
Øns‚ a‰p-`m-K-ß-fn¬ n∂pw hyXy-ÿ-ambn Ip-Spw-_-Ønse apJy-]p-tcm-ln-X-ÿm-hpw Xc-W-
ChnsS F√m hnizm-k-ß-fp-sSbpw ka-z-b-tI-{μ- -√q-cnv Xs∂-bm-Wv.
am-bn-cp∂p. {io]-fl-m-`s‚ kao-]Øv kI
{io]-fl-m-`-kzman t£{X-Ønse {][m--
kμ k¬ Ipam-cmZn al¿jn-am¿ Bcm-[n-®p-
s∏´ Hcp ]Z-hn-bmWv ]pjv]m-RvPen kzman-bm¿
n¬°p-∂p. amdn-S-Øn-s-Xn-sc-bmbn e£van-tZ-hn-
Xr»q-cnse Sphn¬ aT-Øn¬n∂pw Iym-Ip-amcn
tbbpw Aev]w AIse `qan-tZ-hn-tbbpw {]Xn-
Pn√-bnse ap©nd aT-Øn¬ n∂p-amWv Chsc
jvTn- ® n- c n- ° p- ∂ p. Ah- c psS kao- ] - Ø mbn
sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. ipI-]p-cw, s]cp-hw, Cc-
imWvUney Znhm-I-cmZn al¿jn-amsc ImWmw. ßm-e-°pS F∂o {Kma-ß-fnse A·n-tlm-Xn-I-
{iotIm-hn-enp apºn¬ H‰°¬ aWvU-]- fmb ºq-Xn-cn-amsc am{Xsa AXm-Xpa-T-ß-fn¬
Ønp ap≥h-iØp Hcp sNdnb apdn-bn¬ {iocm- Ah-tcm-[n-®n-cp-∂p-≈q. Bdp-amkw hoXw XpS¿®-
a≥, koX e£vaW≥, lp-am≥ F∂n-hcpsS hn{K-
- - bm-bn-´mWv Ch¿ Ah-tcm-[n-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂-Xv. {io]-
l-ßƒ ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p. sX°p-`m-K-Ømbn c- fl-m-`-kzm-an°v nXyhpw cmhnse Bdp apX¬
knw-l-kzm-ansb {]Xn-jvTn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. {]mNo--Im- F´p-hsc {iotIm-hn-en¬ ]pjv]m-⁄en S-Øp-

- 29 -


I-bmWv At±-l-Øns‚ Npa-X-
e. Imhn- h - k v { X- [ m- c n- b mb
kym- k n- b m- b n- c p- ∂ - X n- m¬
Xs‚ ]Zhn ImWn- ° p∂
ZWvUv - { io- t Im- h n- t e°p
sIm≠p-t]m-Im≥ At±-lsØ
Ap-h-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. {io-c-
knw-l-kzm-an°p Xncp-h-ºmSn
IrjvW-kzm-an°pw At±-lw-X-
s∂-bmWv ]pjv]m-⁄en S-
Øp-∂-Xv.
ºn-am¿
{][m ]qPm- c n- a m- c mb
mep ºn-amcpw tPmen-bn¬
{]th-in-°p-tºmgpw hnc-an-°p-
tºmgpw ]pjv]m-⁄en kzman-
bm-cmWv Imcy-ßƒ n¿Δ-ln-
°p-∂Xv. kzman-bm¿ t£{X-Øn-
-
se-Øn-bm¬ ap∂n¬ tImep-hn-f-°p-ambn Hcp ]cn- d-™p-h-cp-∂p. ]t£ t£{X-ß-fn¬ ]c-a-amb
Nm-cI≥ apºn-ep-≠m-Ipw. ºn-am-cn¬ s]cnb ºn-
- ÿmw X{¥n-°p-Xs∂-bm-W.v X{¥n-am-cpsS NS-ßp-
-
bmWv Xe- h ≥. At±- l hpw ]©- K - h yØp Iƒ sNøm≥ ]pjv]m-⁄en kzman-bm¿°p Ah-
ºnbpw apJy {iotIm-hn-en--IsØ F√m NS- Im-ian-√. X{¥n-am¿°p hne-°p-h∂m¬ D’-hm-Zn-
- -
ßp-Ifpw n¿Δ-ln-°p-∂p. sXt°-S-Øp-ºn {io- Iƒ oń-h°p-Iam-{Xta nhr-Øn-bp-≈q. X{¥n-am-
- -
c-knw-l-kzman t£{X-Øn-tebpw Xncp-h--ºmSn cmbpw ]pjv]m-⁄en kzman-bm-cmbpw D∂-XIp-e- -
ºn Ahn-StØbpw ]qP-Iƒ S-Øp-∂p. Cu c≠p
- Pm-Xcmb ºq-Xn-cn-am¿ Ah-tcm-[n-°s∏-Sp-∂Xns‚
- - -
ºn-am¿°p Imcyw n¿Δ-ln-°m≥ km[n-°msX ]n∂n¬ hnez- a w- K - e - h p- a m- b p≈ _‘hpw
h∂m¬ {io]-fl-m-`s‚ ]qP-bv°m-bp≈ ºn- Imk¿tImSpIm-cmb Xpfp-t]m-‰n-am¿ ºn-am-cmbpw
am¿°p Cu tPmen sNømw. F∂m¬ adn®p Ap- ]qP°v klm-bn-°p∂ t]m‰n-am-cmbpw nb-an-°s∏- -
hm-Z-an√. ]qPm-hr-Øn-bn¬ n∂pw hnc-an-°p∂ Sp-∂Xns‚ ]n∂n¬ Znhm-Icap-n-bp-am-bp≈ _‘-
- - -
s]cn-bºn°v as‰mcp t£{X-Øn¬ ]qP-SØm≥
- - - hp-am-sW∂v Icp-Xs∏-Sp-∂p.
-
Ap-hm-Zan-√. 4 ºn-amsc IqSmsX Ccp-]Øn-mep
- -
t]m‰n-amcpw im¥n-°m-cm-bp-≠.v Ch¿ Imk¿tImUv D’hw
Pn√- b nse Nμ- K n- c n- ∏ p- g °p Ccp- h - i - Ø p- B≠p-tXmdpw Xpemw, aow (A-ev]-in- ss]-
n∂pap≈hcm-bn-cn-°pw. tPmen-bn¬ {]th-in-°p- ¶p-n) F∂oam-k-ß-fn-emWv 10 Znh-kw-o-≠p-
tºmgpw hnc-an-°p-tºmgpw Ch¿ ]pjv]m-⁄en n¬°p∂ D’-hw. F√m amk-ß-fnepw {]tXyI
kzman-bmsc a-kv°cn-°Ww. aq∂p-h¿j-tØ°p
- - BtLm-j-ßƒ t£{X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-ń-´p-≠m-
nb-an-°-s∏-Sp∂ ºn-am¿ Bdm-ń-pw, ]≈n-th- hpw. t£{X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v {io]-flm` kzman-
-
´°pw am{Xsa t£{Xw hn´p-t]m-Im≥ Ap-hm-Zap- - t£-{X-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-h∂ 14 kwKo-tXm-]-I-
≈q. ]pd-Øn-dßp-tºmƒ Hme-°pS ]nSn--°Wsa∂v
- - - c-W-ßsf-∏-‰nbpw t£{X-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p-h∂
--
n¿∫-‘ap-≈Xn-m¬ Chsc IpS-im¥n F∂p-]-
- - 55-˛-Hmfw Iem-cq-]-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw ]gb tcJ-I-fn¬

- 31 -


ImWp∂p≠v. D’-h°m-eØv ]Øp-Zn-hkw D®°p
- ßfpw GXm≠v CtX-Im-eØv Xs∂-bmWv Bte-
cm{Xn-bnepw ioth-en-I-gn™p Be-]n-°m-p≈ Jw sNø-∏-ń-´p-≈-Xv. tIc-f-Øns‚ X-Xmb
cmK-ßfpw Nn´s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. IY-I-fn-°pw, Nph¿Nn{X ]mc- º - c y- Ø nse G‰hpw anI®
imkv{Xob kwKo-X-Ønpw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cmP- amXrIIƒ ap-°n-hnsS ImWmw.
Ip-Spw-_mw-K-ßƒ ¬Inb kw`m-h--Ifpw Gsd {io]-fl-m-`-kzman t£{X-Øn¬ in¬∏-I-
hne-s∏-´-Xm-W-t√m. Im¿ØnI Xncp-mƒ alm- e-bpsS tIc-f{Zm-hnU k{º-Zm-bßfpsS ka-zbw
- - -
cm-Pm-hns‚ ImeØv ]fl-m-`-kzman t£t{Xm-’- ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. 1686-˛¬ D≠mb h≥Xo-]n-Sp-
h-Øn-p-th≠nbmWv IY-I-fn-bnse sX°≥Nn´ ØsØ XpS¿∂mWv XSn-°p-]-Icw Icn-¶√v D]-
F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ k{º-Zmbw Iπn-ßm´v ºq-Xn- tbm-Kn-®p≈ t£{X-n¿ΩmWw ]fl-m-`-kzm-an-
cn-bp-ambn kl-I-cn®p Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXpw {]K-¤- t£-{X-Øn¬ Bcw-`n-®-Xv. 1566˛¬ BZn-Xy-h¿Ω
I-em-Im-c-∑msc Dƒs∏-SpØnsIm≠p sIm´mcw cmPm-hns‚ ImeØv 40 ASn XmgvN-bn¬ atm-l-
Ifn-tbmKw ÿm]n-®Xpw h-cm{Xn kwKo-tXm-’-
c-amb Ingt° tKm]p-c-Øns‚ Aÿn-hmcw Cs´-
h-Ønpw ]mtS≠ IrXn-Iƒ Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-
¶nepw Gsd-°mewsIm≠mWv CXp]q¿Øn-bm-b-
∂p. ao-am-k-Ønse D’-h-°m-eØp ]©-]m-
Xv. 1729 apX¬ 1758 hsc mSp-hm-Wn-cp∂ B[p-
WvU-h-∑m-cpsS òamIm-c-amb {]Xn-a-Iƒ Ae-¶-
nI Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dns‚ in¬∏n-bmb Angw Xncp-
cn®p n¿Øn-bn-cn°pw ]fl-m-`-kzm-an-t£{Xw
mƒ hoc-_me am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ω-bpsS Ime-
apX¬ iwJp-ap-Jw-hsc h¿Æ-i-_-f-amb Bdm´v
ØmWv G‰hpa[nIw hnI-k {]h¿Ø--ßƒ
tLmj-bm{X ImWm≥ ]Xn-m-bn-c-ßƒ ImØn-
S-Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv XSn-°p-]-Icw Icn-¶√v D]-tbm-
cn-°pw. alm-cm-Pmhv ap≠p-am{Xw [cn®v Ducn-∏n-
Kn®v ]p¿n¿ΩmWw S-Øn-b-Xm-Wv At±-l-
Sn® DS-hm-tfmSpw cmP-Iob Nn”-ßtfmSpw tLmj-
-
Øns‚ G‰-hpw-h-enb ]cn-jv°m-cw. 1733-˛¬ {io]-
bm{X bn-°p-∂p. D’h ioth-en-Iƒ°p B-
fl-m-`s‚ C∂p-Im-Wp∂ ISp-i¿°-c-tbm-K-Øn-
°p-]-Icw hml--ß-fmWv ]Xn-hv. Angw Xncp-
ep≈ hn{Klw {]Xn-jvTn-®Xp At±-lØns‚ Ime--
m-fns‚ ImeØv Hcm nb-{¥-Wm-[n--a-√m-Xm-
Øm- W v . AXn- h n- N n- X - a mb H‰°¬ aWv U ]w
b- X n- s - Ø p- S ¿∂mWv B- I sf n¿Øn- b Xv
ÿm]n- ® Xpw C°m- e - Ø mWv. AS- ° m- a cw
knwlm-k hmlw, A-¥-hm-l-w, Ia-e-hm-
l-w, ]√-°p-hm-lw, Kcp-Uhm-lw, C{μhm-lw
- - - sIm≠p≈ sImSn-acw am‰n kz¿Æ-s°m-Sn-acw
F∂n-hbmWv Fgp-∂≈n-∏n-p-]tbm-Kn-°p∂ hml-
- - - ÿm]n-®Xpw At±-lw-X-s∂. 1750 Pp-h-cn-bn¬
-ßƒ. Bdm-ńv B-Iƒ ]Xn-hp-≠v. S∂ Xr∏-Sn-Zm-hpw Ct±-l-Øns‚ Ime-Øm-bn-
cp-∂p. t£{X-Øns‚ sX°pw hS°pw ]Sn-™mdpw
Nn{X-Ie in¬∏w sNdnb tKm]p-c-ß-ƒ ]q¿Øo-I-cn-®-tijw A-
nc- h [n atm- l - c - ß - f mb Nph¿Nn- { X- ¥-]p-cn-bpsS A`n-am-amb Ings° tKm]p-cØns‚
- -
ßƒsIm≠v kº-∂-amWv Cu t£{Xw. `mK-h-X- 5 ne-Iƒ ]q¿Øn-bm-°m≥ At±-l-Ønp Ign-
Ønsebpw cmam-b-W-Øn-sebpw nc-h[n IYm- ™p. At±-lØns‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmb {ioIm¿ØnI
-
k- μ ¿`- ß ƒ CXn¬ Dƒs∏- S p- ∂ p. I√p- I - Xncp- m- f ns‚ Ime- Ø mWv a‰p c≠p- n- e - I - ƒ
fn¬n∂pw kky-®m-dp-I-fn¬ n∂pw e`n-°p∂ ]q¿Øn-bm-°n-bXv. h≈-Øns‚ BIr-Xn-tbm-Sp-
{]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-amb Nmb-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv Ch IqSn tKm]p-c-Øn-p-ap-I-fn¬ Ggp-kz¿Æ Xmgn-I-
hc-®n-´p-≈-Xv. ]Xn-s´mw q‰m-≠n¬ mSp-hm-Wn- °p-S-ßƒ ÿm]n-®Xpw Im¿ØnI Xncp-m-fm-Wv.
cp∂ Angw Xncp-mƒ am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ω alm- (h-©n-mSv F∂ Bi-b-sØ-bmWv CXp hy‡-
cm-Pm-hns‚ Ime-ØmWv an°-Nn-{X-ßfpw hc-®-Xv. am-°p-∂-Xv) k]vX-kv]-c-ßsf ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°m≥
søm-‰n-¶c {ioIr-jvW-kzman t£{X-Øn-sebpw Ign-bp∂ Ggp-Xq-Wp-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb AXn-hn-in-jvS-
{io]-fl-m-`-]pcw sIm´m-c-Øn-sebpw `nØn-Nn-{X- amb Ipe-ti-Jc aWvU]w Ct±-l-amWv ]Wn-bn-

- 33 -


®-Xv. Cu c≠p cmPm-°-∑m-cp-sSbpw Imew {io]- Sn-Zm-w. F.-Un. 1750-˛¬ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ `cn-®n-cp∂
fl-m-`-kzm-an-t£-{X-Øns‚ kph¿Æ Ime-L-´-am- Angw Xncp-mƒ am¿Øm-WvUh¿Ω alm-cm-Pmhv
-
bn-cp∂ Im¿ØnI Xncp-m-fns‚ Ime-Øv Sn∏p- Iym-Ip-amcn apX¬ ]d-hq¿hsc hym]n-®n-cp∂
kp¬Øm≥ Cu t£{X-Øn-s‚bpw Xncp-hn-Xmw- Xs‚ cmPy-Øns‚ ]c-am-[n-Imcw {io]-fl-m-
Iq-dn-s‚bpw kºXv kar-≤n-I≠p c≠p-X-hW `pka¿∏n® kw`-h-amWv Xr∏-Sn-Zm-w. {io]-fl-
Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dns‚ tsc B{I-a-W-{iaw S-Øn.
m` Zmk-m-bmWv alm-cm-Pmhv cmPyw `cn-®n-cp-
Xs‚ IpXn-csb {io]-fl-m-`-kzm-an-t£-{X-Ønse
sImSn-a-c-Øn¬sI-´p-sa∂v At±lw {]Jym-]n- ∂-Xv. bYm¿∞ A[n-Imcn ]fl-m-`-kzm-an-X-s∂.
°pIbpw sNbvXncp-∂p. ]t£ Cu B{Klw k^- Cu ÿmw {_nójv k¿°mcpw Ap-h-Zn®p
e-am-Ip-∂-Xn-p-apºv Sn∏p-hns‚ ]Xw D≠m-bn. sImSp-Øn-cp-∂p.
Sn∏p-hns‚ sImSn hmƒ ]cnN F∂nh Xncp-hn-
Xmw-Iq¿ tk-cm-P-k-a-£-Øn¬ FØn-®p. cmPm-
t£{X-{]-th-i hnfw-_cw
hns‚ Hcp kv t ln- X pw klm- b n- b pw- B b 1936-˛se Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse t£{X-{]-th-
I¿Æm-SnI hm-_ns‚ Bh-iy-{]-Imcw hmfpw i hnfw-_-cw tIc-fNcn-{X-Øn¬ kz¿Æ-en-]n-
]cn-Nbpw XncnsI sImSp-sØ-¶nepw Sn∏p-hns‚ I-fm¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ≠ Hcp alm-kw-`-h-am-bn-cp-
]X--Øns‚ {]Xo-I-ambn At±-l-Øns‚ ISpw-
∂p. PØmtem, aX-Ømtem lnμp-hmb GsXm-
]-®-s°mSn Bdm-´vtLm-j-bm-{X-bpsS ap∂n¬
{]Z¿in-∏n-®p. AXns‚ {]Xn-cq-]-amb ]®-∏-XmI cmƒ°pw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse t£{X-ß-fn¬ {]th-
C∂pw Bdm´v tLmj-bm-{Xsb Ap-K-an-®p-h-cp- in-°p-∂-Xntm Bcm-[n-°p-∂-Xntm bmsXm-cp-
∂p. hn[ ntcm-[--ßfpw Cs√∂ {]Jym-]-w-sIm≠p
apd-P]w e£-Zo]w NnØnc Xncp-m-fns‚ {]h¿ Ønsb B[p-nI
`mc- X - Ø nse A¤pXw F∂pw- h n- t i- j n- ∏ n®
{io]-fl-m-`-kzman t£{X-Ønse BNm-c-
{]-[m--amb Hcp NS-ßmWv apd-P]w aq∂p-th-Z- almfl Km‘n NnØnc Xncp-m-fns B[p-nI
ßfpw nXyhpw sNm√p∂ mZ-{_“m]mk-- Atim-I≥ F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
bmWv apd-P-]w. Bgvhmt©cn X{ºm-°ƒ, Xncp- Ccp-]-Øn-memw hb- n-emWv ]ptcm-K-a--]-c-amb
m-hmb hm[ym-∑m¿ Xc-W--√q¿ X{¥n-am¿ F∂n- Cu Xocp-amw At±lw FSp-Ø-Xv F∂m-Wv
h-cpsS ta¬tm-´-Øn-emWv apd-P]w S-Øn-bn-cp- as‰mcp khn-ti-j-X.
∂-Xv. 56 Znh-k-ßƒ o≠p-n¬°p∂ Hcp NS-
ßm-bn-cp∂p CXv. e£-Zo]w apd-P-]-Øns‚ Ah- cmPyhpw A[n-Im-chpw jvS-s∏-s´-¶nepw
km Znhkw S-°p∂ e£w-Zo-]ßfpsS atlm-
- - C∂pw {io]-fl-m-`-kzm-an-t£{Xw cmP-Ipw-_-
’-ham-Wn-Xv. Ime-Øns‚ am‰-ßƒ Cu BtLm-
- Øns‚Xp Xs∂-bm-W.v cmP-`cWIm-eØv S-∂n-cp∂
- - -
j-ßsfbpw _m[n-®n-´p-≠v.
- ]e sNe-hp-Ifpw shń-°p-dt°-≠n-h∂p-sh-¶nepw
- -
Xr∏-Sn-Zmw C∂pw ]fl-m-`kzman t£{X-Øns‚ al-Xz-Ønv
-
t£{X-Øns‚bpw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-s‚bpw Hcp t]mdepw G¬°m-Øhn[w `cWw S-Øn-s°m-
-
Ncn-{X-Ønse Hcp kp{]-[m kw`-h-amWv Xr∏- ≠p-t]m-Im≥ cmP-IpSpw-_Ønp Ign-bp-∂p-≠.v
-

AizXn Xncp- mƒ Kucn e£van- ` mbv Xºp- c mń : aI- c - t PymXn
kvac-Wn-Ibv°pth≠n kZbw Ab-®p- X∂ ""{io]-flm-`kzman t£{Xw'' F∂
- -
_rl- Ø mb {KŸsØ Bkv]- Z - a m°n ]{Xm- [ n]kan- X n- ° p - t h≠n
{io. Fw.-B¿.-F-kv. tatm≥ Xøm-dm-°n-b-Xv.

- 35 -


B‰p-Im¬ s]m¶me
(temIØnse G‰hpw henb hnXmkwKaw)
ae-bn≥Iogv tKm]m-eIr-jvW≥
-
temIØn¬
G‰hpw IqSp- X ¬
hn-X-Iƒ ]s¶-Sp-
°p∂ NS- ß mbn
B‰p-Im¬ s]m¶me
D’hw Kn∂kv
_p°n¬ CSw-t-Sn-
°- g n- ™ p. Ccp-
]Øn A©ve£w
a¶-am-cmWv Hscm‰
Znh-ksØ s]m¶m-
ebv°v FØp- ∂ -
Xmbn Kn∂kv
thƒUv dn°m¿Uv
Ah-kmw tcJ-s∏-
Sp-Øn-b-Xv. F∂m¬
AXns‚ FÆw
Hmtcm h¿jhpw
IqSn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-
bm- W v. Hcn°¬
Xncp-h--¥-]pcw K-c-Øn¬ am{Xw HXpßn n∂n- [mw t£{Xw {SÃv Hcp°n-bn-´p-≠v. [mcmfw
cp∂ NS- ß m- b n- c p∂p B‰p- I m¬ s]m¶m- e . hntZihn-X-Ifpw Ct∏mƒ t£{Xw ImWphmpw
F∂m¬ a‰p Pn√-Ifn-te°pw AhnsS n∂pw tIc- AXns‚ apºn- e p≈ hnf- ° p- I m- e n¬ mcßm
f-am-sIbpw ]n∂oSv sXs° C¥y-bnse {][m hnf°v IØn-°phmpw FØp-∂p-≠v. hntZihn-
kwÿm-ßfnepw hf-sc-s∏-s´-∂mWv AXv hym]n-
- - Xsf kw_-‘n®v C{Xbpw henb hnXmkwKaw
®-Xv. C∂v temIØv FhnsS ae-bm-fn-I-fpt≠m IuXpI ImgvN-bm-Wv. Ah-cn¬ Nne¿ ap≥ssI
Ahn-SsØ ae-bmfna¶-am-cpsS a- n¬ B‰p-Im¬ FSp-ØmWv B‰p-Im¬ s]m¶me temIdn°m¿Un¬
s]m¶me ÿmw-]n-Sn-®n-´p-≠v. Ft∏m-sg-¶nepw FØn-®-Xv. CSbv°v `q´m≥cm⁄n Ajn-tZm¿Pn
m´n¬ hcp-tºmƒ B‰p-Im¬ tZhnsb kμ¿in- hmIvtam thMvNp-°v, aItfmsSm∂n®v B‰p-Im¬
°pI Ah-cpsS kz]vw Bbn-´p-≠v. temI-Øns‚ kμ¿in-®Xv henb hm¿Øm {]m[myw D≠m-
mm-`m-K-Øp-n∂pw t]mÃv hgnbpw C‚¿s‰v °n. s]m¶m- e - b n¬ ]s¶- S p- ° m≥ [mcmfw
hgnbpw Chn-tSbv°v HgpIp∂ nth-Zy-Øn-p≈ hntZihn-X-Ifpw Ct∏mƒ FØp-∂p-≠v. CXp
XpI- I ƒ Cu `‡n- b psS sXfn- h m- W v . Fhn- IqSmsX hntZi hnXm]{X-te-J-I-cpw, sSen-hn-
tSbv°pw {]kmZw Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-hm-p≈ kwhn- j≥ dnt∏m¿´-amcpw FØp-∂p-≠v.

- 37 -


"k{Xo-I-fpsS
i_- c n- a e' F∂v
Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ B‰p-
Im¬ t£{X-Ønse
s]m¶m-ebv°v
{]tXy-IXIƒ Gsd-
- -
bm-Wv. CXv e£-°-
W-°nv a¶-am-cpsS
`‡n-bpsS kwK-a-am-
Wv. AXn¬ sF.-F.-
F v., sF.-]n.-F-kv.-
Im¿ apX¬ ]md
sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒhsc
D≠v. ]mhm-S-°mcn
apX¬ ]Sp-hr-≤hsc -
tZho-{]o-Xnbv°v
s]m¶me A¿∏n-
°phm≥ FØp-∂p.
F∂m¬ s]m¶me
Znhkw Ah¿ F√m-
hcpw ]Z-hnbpw ]{Xmkpw {]mbhpw F√mw ad∂v cn-b-√. F∂m¬ AsX√mw njv{]-`-am-°p-∂-XmWv
H∂mIp-∂p. shbn-epw, Xobpw, ]pIbpw F√mw B‰p-Im¬ s]m¶me D’-hw. t£{X-Ønv Np‰p-
ad∂v B‰p-Im¬ tZhnbv°v apºn¬ Ap-k-c-W- ap≈ ]Øp]Xn-©v Intem-ao-‰¿ Np‰-f-hn¬ ASp-
bp≈ Ipń- I - s f- t ∏mse H‰a- - t msS ∏p- I ƒsIm≠v nd- b pw. s]m¶m- e bv ° v Bgv N -
Ah¿ s]m¶me ssthZyw D≠m-°p-∂Xv hntZ- Iƒ°p apºp -Xs∂ temdn-I-fn¬ e£-°-W-°nv
in-a¶-am¿°v A¤pX ImgvN-bm-Wv. hniz-kp-μ-cn- aÏ-e-ßfpw Nń-Ifpw NpSp-I-√p-Ifpw sX°≥
]´w Inń-bhcpw, knn-am-Xm-cßfpw, hnX tXm-
- - tIc-f-Øn¬ n∂pw Xan-gvm-ń¬ n∂pw Xncp-h-
°- f pw, hIp∏v A≤y- £ - I fpw F√mw kz¥w -¥-]p-c-tØbv°v HgpIm≥ XpS-ßpw. Ch-bpsS
ssIsIm- ≠ mWv s]m¶me Xøm- d m- ° p- ∂ - X v . henb Iq-Iƒ Ingt°tIm´ apX¬ B‰p-Im¬
`‡nbpsS n¿hr- X n- b n¬ apßn- n¬°p∂ hsc-bp≈ tdmUns‚ Ccp-`m-KØpw ÿmw ]nSn-
Ah¿°v Xobpw ]pIbpw shbnepw H∂pw {]iv- bv°pw. Iehpw Nńbpw am{X-a√ s]m¶m-e-bv°m-
am-In-√. Hcp h¿jw B‰p-tm-‰n-cp-∂mWv Ah¿ h-iy-amb kma-{Kn-IfpsS hnev] im-eIƒ Fßpw
- - -
s]m¶m- e bv ° v FØp- ∂ - X v . s]m¶m- e - b n¬ ImWmw. s]m¶m-e-tbmSv Ap-_-‘n®v Nme-bnepw
]pWymlw hogp-∂-tXmsS am{Xta Ah-cpsS a- tIm´-bv°-I-Øp-ap≈ I®-hS tI{μ-ß-fnepw h≥
nse `‡n-bpsS ]mc-hiyw ]q¿W-am-Ip-∂p≈q. Xnc-°m-bn-cn-°pw. Ipw`-am-k-Ønse Im¿ØnI
Cn ASpØ h¿jw ImWmw F∂v ]d-™mWv £-{X-Øn-emWv B‰p-Im¬ D’-h-Øns‚ XpS-
F√m-hcpw bm{X-bm-Ip-∂-Xv. °w. Im∏v s Iń IpSn- b n- c p- Ø emWv A∂sØ
{][m NS-ßv. ]©-tem-l-Øn¬ Xo¿Ø c≠p
bmK-im-e-bmbn amdp∂ A-¥-]pcn Im∏p-Iƒ ssIX-m-cn¬ tIm¿Øv H∂v tZhn-bpsS
cmP-`-c-W-Øns‚ ]cn-em-f--tb‰v hf¿∂ DS-hm-fnepw as‰m∂v ta¬im-¥n-bpsS ssIønepw
A-¥-]p-cnbv°v D’-h-ßfpw NS-ßp-Ifpw ]pØ- X{¥n- sI-´p-∂p. H≥]Xmw Znh-k-amWv {]kn-≤-

- 39 -


Øn¬ S- ° p∂ IpcpXn X¿∏- W -
tØmsS s]m¶me D’-h-Ønv kam-
]--am-Ipw.
D’-h-Øns‚ H≥]Xmw Znh-k-
amb s]m¶m-ebv°v F{Xtbm apºp-
Xs∂ t£{X- ] - c n- k cw ASp- ∏ p-
IƒsIm≠v nd-bpw. D’hw XpS-ßp-
tºmƒØs∂ {hX-sa-SpØv [mcmfw
`‡-P--ßƒ s]m¶me kma-{Kn-I-fp-
ambn t£{X-ØnseØmdp-≠v. Ah¿
s]m¶me Ignt™ aS-ßp-I-bp-≈q.
t£{X-Ønse {]kmZw Ign®v Ah¿
Ahn-sS-Øs∂ Ign-®p-Iq-´p-∂p. CØ-
c-°m¿ am{X-a-√, kn‰n-bnse ]e- `m-
KØpw Xma-kn-°p-∂-hcpw s]m¶m-
ebv ° p apºp- X s∂ t£{X- ] - c n- k -
cØpw _‘p-°-fpsS ho´p-ap-‰Øpw
ASp-∏p-Iqń Ah-Imiw ÿm]n-°p-∂p.
D’hw XpS-ßn-bm¬ ]Xn-m-bn-c-°-
W-°nv `‡-P--ß-fmWv Hmtcm Znh-
khpw t£{X-Øn-se-Øp-I. {Sm^nIv
kwhn-[mw ]e-t∏mgpw XI-cp∂ hn[-
Øn-emWv Cu Xnc-°v. t£{X]cn-k-
c-Øp≈ mm-Pm-Xn-a-X-ÿ¿ H‰ a-
t m- S p- I q- S nbmWv C°m- e Øv
{]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv. ho´p-ap-‰-hpw, hoSpw
]cn-k-c-hpw, hgn-Ifpw F√mw s]m¶m-
e-°m¿°mbn Ah¿ hn´p-sIm-Sp-°p-
amb s]m¶m-e. A∂v cmhnse apX¬ Bbnc°- ∂p. s]m¶m-e-°m¿°v sh≈w ¬Ip-∂-Xn-pw,
W-°nv _men-I-am-cpsS Xme-s∏men S-°pw. Ah¿°v {]mY-anI kuI-cy-ßƒ D≠m°n sImSp-
aq∂mw Znhkw IpØn-tbm´ t¿®-bpsS XpS-°- °p-∂-Xnpw mm-PmXnaX-ÿ-cmb m´p-Im¿
am-bn. 12 hb- nv Xmsg-bp≈ BÏp-ń-IfmWv Xøm-dm-bn-cn-°pw. Nne ap…nw]≈n-]-cn-k-cw-IqSn
IpØn-tbm´ {hXw S-Øp-∂-Xv. Ign™ h¿jw s]m¶me ASp∏v Iq´p-∂-Xnv Xpd∂p sImSp-°p-
Bbn-c-Øn-tesd IpØn-tbm-´-°m-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ∂-Xn¬ n∂p-Xs∂ aX-ku-lm¿Zw Duln-°m-hp-
Ah-sc√mw s]m¶m-e-hsc t£{X-Øn¬Øs∂ ∂-Xm-Wv. D’hw XpS-ßp-∂-Xn-p- ap-ºp-Xs∂ K-
{hX- t ØmsS Ign- b - W w. Ch- c mWv s]m¶me c-Ønse mm-`m-KØpw D’h IΩ-‰n-Iƒ cq]w-
Znhkw cm{Xn tZhnsb ]pdØv Fgp-∂-≈n-°p- sIm- ≈ pw. AXnv t£{X- h p- a mbn _‘- a n- √ .
tºmƒ AI-ºSn tkhn-°p-∂-Xv. cmhnse aW- AXmXv ÿesØ m´p- I m- c pw, dkn- U ‚ v k v
°mSv imkvXm-t£-{X-Øn-se-Øn-t®-cp∂ tZho At m-kn-tb-j-p-I-fpw, kmwkv°m-cn-I-˛-sXm-gn-
hn{K-lw, AhnsS Zo]m-cm-[ S-Øp-∂-tXmsS emfn kwL-S--Ifpw tN¿∂mWv kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-
Xncn-s®-gp-∂-≈Øv Bcw-`n-°pw. ]n∂oSv t£{X- ∂-Xv. s]m¶m-ebv°v FØp∂ `‡-P--ßƒ°v

- 41 -


IpSn-sh-≈-hpw,
tamcpsh≈hpw
¬Ip- ∂ - X npw
kwL-S--Iƒ
kwhn-[mw
G¿s∏-Sp-ØpI
]Xn-hm-Wv. F√mw
ad∂v B‰p- I m¬
D’hw hnP-bn-∏n-
°m-p≈ HsØm
cpa F√m-bn-SØpw
Zriy-am-Ipw. qdv
IW-°nv Hmt´m-dn-
£-Iƒ s]m¶me
Znhkw kuP-y-
khmcn S-Øm≥
Xøm-dm-IpI ]Xn-
hm-Wv. D’-h-Øn-
tm, a‰v ]cn-]m-Sn-
Iƒt°m m´p-
Imcn¬n∂pw
]Ww ]ncnbv
°mØ t£{X-
amWv B‰p-Im¬.
s]m¶me Znhkw Pn√bv°v s]mXp- A-h-[n-bm- °w. hmbv°p-c-h-bpw, tZhn-kvtXm-{X-ßfpw, sN≠-
Wv. ta-fhpw nd™ A¥-co-£-Øn¬ t£{X-Øn-p-
Np‰pw Intem-ao-‰¿ Zqc-Øn¬ e£-°-W-°nv ASp-
s]m¶me Znhkw t£{X- ] - c n- k - c - Ø pw,
∏p-I-fn¬ Xo Db-cpw. ]≠mc ASp-∏n¬ Xo ]I¿∂
s]m¶me CSp∂ ÿeØpw ]pcp- j - ∑ m¿°v
hnhcw tdUn-tbm, sSen-hn-j≥, D®-`m-jWn F∂n-
I¿i nb-{¥Ww D≠v. ]mkv D≈-htc am{Xsa
h-bn-eqsS Adn-bn-°m≥ kwLm-SI kan-Xn-Iƒ
IS-Øn-hn-Sq. Bbn-c-°-W-°nv hmf‚n-b¿amcpw
G¿∏mSv D≠m-°n-bn-´p-≠v. ASp-∏p-I-fn¬ Xo Db-
t]meo-kp-Imcpw cwK-Øp-≠m-Ipw. D’hw XpS-ßp-
cp-∂-tXmsS A-¥-]p-cn-bpsS s√m-cp-`mKw bmK-
∂-Xnp apºp-Xs∂ k¿°m¿Xe-Øn¬ Hcp°-
im-e-t]m-se-bm-Ipw. AhnsS n∂pw Db-cp∂ ]pI-
ßƒ°p≈ Ah-tem-I--tbmKw IqSpw. a{¥n-am¿,
sIm≠v A¥-co£w aqSn-s°-´pw. s]m¶m-e, ]mb-
{]Xn-]£tXm-hv, tab¿, D∂X DtZym-Kÿ∑m¿, - -
kw, a≠∏p-‰v, sXcfn F∂n-h-bmWv `‡-P--ßƒ
P- { ]- X n- n- [ n- I ƒ XpS- ß n- b - h - c - S - ß nb
Xøm-dm-°p-∂-Xv. sshIp-t∂cw ]pjv]-hrjvSn S-
IΩ-‰n-bmWv kpc-£m-{I-ao-I-c-W-ßƒ hne-bn-cp- Øn-s°m≠v A¥-co-£-Øn¬ slen-tIm-]v‰¿ ]d-
Øp-∂-Xv. °p- ∂ - t XmsS nth- Z y- Ø n- p≈ ka- b - a m- I pw.
t£{X-Ønp apºn¬ k÷o-I-cn-®n-´p≈ At∏mƒ qdv IW-°nv ]qPm-cn-am¿ Xo¿∞Pehp-
]≠mc ASp-∏n¬ ]qPmcn NS-ßp-Iƒ°p- tijw ambn "tZn-bv°¬' NS-ßnv Cd-ßpw. s]m¶m-e-
Xo sXfn-bn-°p-∂-tXm-sS-bmWv s]m¶m-ebv°v XpS- bn¬ Xo¿∞-Pew hogp-∂tXmsS Ah-bp-ambn `‡-
-

- 43 -


P-ßƒ aS-°bm{X Bcw-`n-bv°pw. Hcp h¿jsØ
- - F∂-dnbs∏ń-cp∂ cmPm-c-RvPnXvknwKv Xs‚
ImØn-cn∏v Aßs Ah-km-n-°p-∂p. s]m¶m- sIm´m-c-Øn-tebv°v i¶-c-mYtPm’ys £Wn-
e-°m¿°v k©-cn-°phm≥ {Sm≥kvt]m¿´v tIm¿∏- ®p. At±-lsØ ]n∂oSv cRvPnXvknwKv a{¥n-am-
td-j-pw, sdbn¬th-bp-sa√mw {]tXyI k¿Δo-kp- cn¬ Hcmfm-°n. cRvPnXvknwKv bp≤-Øn-p-t]m-
Iƒ G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. Pn√-bpsS hnhn[ `mK- Ip-∂Xv i¶-c-mYvtPm’y≥ Ipdn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p∂
ß-fn¬ n∂pw AyPn√-I-fn¬ n∂pw h∂n´p≈ Znhkw BsW∂v hsc Imcy-ßƒ FØn. Cw•ojv
hml--ß-fpw-sIm≠v aWn-°q-tdmfw KXm-KXw CuÃv C¥ym Iº-n-bnse ]e D∂-Xcpw cmPm-
kvXw`n-°pw. c- R v P nXv k nwKp- a mbn _‘- s ∏- ´ n- c p- ∂ Xv i¶- c -
mYtPm’y≥ hgn-bm-bn-cp∂psh∂mWv ]d-bp-∂-
t£{X sFXnlyw
Xv. Iºn emtlm-dnepw a‰pw Icw Hgnhm°n
In≈n B‰ns‚ ]Sn-™mtd Ic-bn-emWv tPm’y¿°v ÿew ¬In-bn-´p-≠v. HSphn¬ Xncp-
B‰p-Im¬ tZhot£{Xw ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂-Xv. ]≠v hn- X mw- I q- d nse kzmXn- X n- c p- m- f ns‚ ImeØv
Cu {]tZ-isØ {][m Xd-hm-Sm-bn-cp∂ ap√p-ho- tPm’y¿ At±-lsØ apJw ImWn-°phm≥ Xncp-
ńse Imc-W-h¿°v In≈n B‰n≥Ic-bn¬ sh®v h--¥-]p-cØv FØn. kzmXnXncp-mƒ i¶-c-mYv
Hcp _men- I - b psS cq]- Ø n¬ tZhoZ¿iw tPm’yv PUvPn-bmbn DtZymKw ¬In. B‰p-
D≠mbn F∂mWv Cu t£{X-sØ-∏‰n-bp≈ BZy - Im¬ sNdp-Ic henb hoń¬ n∂mWv i¶-c-mY
sFXn-lyw. cm{Xn kz]v-Øn¬ tZhn, ASp-Øp≈ tPm’y¿ hnhmlw Ign-®-Xv. Pn¿Wm-h-ÿ-bn-em-
Imhn¬ aq∂v hc-Iƒ ImWp-∂n-SØv Xs∂ IpSn- bn-cp∂p A∂sØ B‰p-Im¬ t£{Xw. Xs‚ `mcy-
bn-cp-Ø-W-sa∂v Imc-W-h-tcmSv Bh-iy-s∏-´p. bpsS IpSpw_t£{XsØ tPm’y¿ ]p-cp-≤-cn-
AhnsS D≠m-°nb t£{X-amWv Ct∏mƒ Kn∂kv ®p-sh-∂pw, tZho`‡-mb At±-l-Øns‚ tXr-
_p°n¬ CSw tSnb B‰p- I m¬ t£{Xw. Xz-Øn¬ BWv hn{Kl {]XnjvT S-Øn-bsX∂pw -
sFXnlyw F¥p-Xs∂bmbmepw Cu t£{XsØ ]d-bp-∂p. D{XwXncp-m-fns‚ Ime-Øm-bn-cp∂p
C¥y≥ Ncn-{X-hp-ambn _‘n-∏n-°p∂ Hcp alm- i¶-c-mYtPm’y-cpsS ac-Ww.
p-≠v. AXv {]ikvX kwkvIr-X-]-WvUn-X-pw, Hcp {SÃv BWv B‰p-Im¬ t£{X-Øns‚
]©m-_nse cmPm-cw-RvPnXvknwKns‚ a{¥n-bp- `cWw nb- { ¥n- ° p- ∂ - X v . Chn- S sØ ta¬im-
amb i¶¿mYtPm’y-m-Wv. hSt° ae-_m-dn¬ ¥nsb Hmtcm h¿jhpw nb-an-°p-∂p. _me-ap-c-
A·n- i ¿a≥ ºq- X n- c n- b p- t Sbpw htßm- ´ p- a - T - fn-bmWv ]pXnb ta¬im-¥n. IqSmsX ]n.-hn. tIi-
Ønse ]m¿hXn]n≈-bm¿Xn-cn-bp-sSbpw aI-mbn h≥ºq-Xn-cn, Fw.-F≥. mcm-b-W≥-ºq-Xncn
Pn® i¶¿mYtPm’ys‚ BZy-Ime PohnXw F∂n kl-ta¬im-¥n-am-cpw. tNt∂mkv {_“{io
A⁄m-X-am-Wv. Icn-sh-≈q¿ t£{X-Øn¬ At±- Znt-i≥ ºq-Xn-cn-bmWv B‰p-Im¬ tZhot£{X-
l-Øns‚ hmfv C∂pw kq£n-°p-∂-Xmbn ]d-bp- Ønse X{¥n. Znh-khpw AIsØ s]m¶m-e-bpw,
∂p. ae-_m-dn¬ n∂pw KwKm kμ¿i--Øn-p- If-`m-`n-tj-Ihpw, Ip¶p-am-`n-tj-Ihpw B‰p-Im¬
t]mb At±lw Hcp tPm’y-s∂ ne-bn¬ t£{X-Øn-ep-≠v. apgp-°m-∏nv 2030 hsc-bpw, If-
s]s´∂v {]kn-≤-m-bn. Imin-bn¬ Xma-k-am-°nb `-Ønv 2013 hscbpw ap≥Iqń _p°nwKv Bbn-´p-
tPm’ys Atz- j n®v cmPm- ° - ∑ m¿t]mepw ≠v. ‘www.attukal.org’ BWv B‰p-Im¬ t£{X-
FØm≥ XpS-ßn. HSphn¬ "]©m_v knwlw' Øns‚ HutZym-KnI sh_vssk‰v.

ae-bn≥Iogv tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥ : Zo¿L-Imew amXr-`q-an-bpsS Xncp-h--¥-]pcw {]tXyI
teJ-Ipw yqkv FUn-‰-dp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ign™ 10 h¿j-ß-fmbn amXr-`qan Xncp-h--¥-]pcw
FUn- j - n¬ K- c - ] - g a F∂ Ncn- { X- tImfw Fgp- X n- h - c p- ∂ p. ""{ioNn- Ø nc Xncp- mƒ ˛
Ah-km-sØ Fgp-∂-≈Øv '', ""tl dmw'', ""tIcfw temI-N-cn-{X-Øn-eqsS'', ""_mcnÃ¿ Pn.-]n. ]n≈
˛ Km‘n-Pn°v am¿§-Z¿in-bmb ae-bmfn'' F∂o {KŸ-ß-fpsS I¿Øm-hm-Wv.

- 45 -


{io h-√` alm-t£{Xw
]n. DÆn-Ir-jvW≥ -m-b¿, Xncp-h√
sshjvWh`‡n am-Wv. CXv aq∂p-n-e-I-fn-
{]ÿm--Øns‚ Ipe-]- emWv n¿Ωn-®n-cn-°p-∂-
Xn-Ifmbn Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Xv. CXn-p-≈n¬ Xd-n-c-
Ωmgvhmcpw Xncp-ass¶ ∏n¬n∂pw 53 1 / 8 ASn
Bgvhcpw ]mSn-∏p-I-gvØn- Db-c-ap≈ Hcp Icn-¶¬
bn- ´ p≈ ae- b m- f - ° - c - [zPw D≠v. [zPm-{K-Øn¬
bnse {]i-kvX-ß-fmb D]-tZ-h-]-Z-hn-bp≈ {io
sshjv W h t£{X- ß - Kcp-U-pw. Z£nW hgn-
fn¬ k¿Δ- { ]- [ m- - a mb °p-]p-dØv I∂n aqe-bn¬
H∂mWv Xncp- h √m KW-]-Xn-bp-ap-≠v. AXnv
{ioh√` alm- t £- { Xw. hS-°p-hiØv imkvXmhv.
-
Xncp-h-√m-bpsS ]g-b-tZ-i- hmbp-t°m-Wn¬
maw Xncp-h-√-hm-gv, Xncp- e£vao`K-h-Xn-bpsS
h-√-hmbv Fs∂-√m-am-bn- tImhn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
cp-∂p. h√-∏pg F∂p-t]- C∂v C√. hS-t°--S-bn¬
cp≈ aWn- a - e - b m- d ns‚ Ipt_- c s‚ ÿmØv
hSt° Xoc-ØmWv Cu Ipc-b-∏≥ F∂ t]tcm-Sp-
t£{Xw. AXp- s Im≠v Iq-Snb Hcp imkvXm-{]-Xn-
tZi- maw "h√- h mbv' jv T - b p- ≠ v . aow cmin-
F∂m-bn. Xncp-h√m {Kma- bn¬ Ce-h-¥o-Xo¿∞w.
Øns‚ {]i- k vXn°v me-ºeØnp sX°p-In-
- -
Fs∂∂pw nZm--am-bn-cn- g- ° mbn hnkv - X r- X - a mb
°p-∂Xv {ioh-√` alm- IqØ- º ew D≠m- b n- c p-
t£{Xw Xs∂. ∂p. in-®p-t]m-bn. Chn-
hnizI¿Ωmhv n¿Ωn-®Xpw {ioIrjvW`K-hmpw SpsØ me-º-e-Øns‚ Hcp hi-Ønv 150 ASn
kmXyInbpw {io Kcp-Upw ]qPn-®n-cp-∂-Xp-amb ofw D≠v. h´-{io-tIm-hn-em-Wv. AXnv 150 ASn
{ioh√-`-_nw_w t{Xm-hXn Zn-bnse `{Z-I-b- hymkw D≠v. me-º-e-Øn--IØv hS°pwtZh¿,
Øn¬ n∂pw kap-≤-cn®v Xncp-h-√m-bn¬ {]Xn- hnjzIvtk≥ F∂n-h-cpsS {]Xn-jvT-Iƒ D≠v.
jvTn-°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-sX∂v ÿe-]p-cm-Ww. B {iotIm-hn-ens‚ ]Sn-™mtd S-bn¬ N{I-]p-cp-j-
{]XnjvT "tNc-am≥]S-InS' ˛ AXm-bXv 11,11,526- mbn {io kpZ¿i-sØ {]Xn-jvTn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
˛mw Ien-Zn--Øn-em-bn-cp-∂s{X AXv {InkvXz_vZw me-º-e-Øn-p-≈n¬ {iotIm-hn-ens‚ sX°p-h-
_n.-kn. 59 BWv. i- Ø mbn AXn- h n- k vXr- X - a mb Hcp `qK¿`
Ft´-°-dn¬ IqSp-X¬ hnkvXr-Xn-bp≈ hf- `WvUmcw D≠v. GI-tZiw ap°m¬ q‰m-≠p-I-
∏n-emWv t£{Xw. `oam-Im-c-amb ]pdw aXn-ens‚ fmbn AXv Xpd-∂n-´n-√v. AXv Xpd-∂p-Iq-S-s{X. Cu
Hcp hi-Øn-p-am{Xw 562 ASn of-ap-≠v. aXn¬°- t£{X-Ønse D]-tZ-h-∑m¿ Cn- ]-d-bp-∂-h-cm-Wv.
IØv IS-∂m¬ BZyw Zriy-am-Ip-∂Xv Kcp-U-am-S- 1. hcm-l-aq¿Øn, 2. hS-°pw-tZ-h≥, 3. imkvXm-hv,

- 47 -


4. {io Kcp-U≥, 5. KW-]-Xn, 6. Ipc-b-∏≥ kzman, ]q¿Æ- a m- I W- s a- ¶ n¬ A·n- b n¬ BlqXn
7. Ab¬b£n, 8. ambb£n. {ioh-√` t£{X- sNbvtX-Xo-cq. A©mw ]qP ""{_“]qP''-bm-Wv.
Øn¬ sXmtg-≠- {Iaw. KW-]-Xn, imkvXm-hv, ChnsS ntXy ]≈n-°p-dp∏p-≠v. ]≈n-°p-dp-∏nv
hmbp- t °m- W n¬ e£v a o- t Z- h n, Ipt_- c s‚ apºv e£vao]qP-bp-≠v.
ÿmØv Ipc-b-∏≥ kzman, aow cmin-bn¬ Ce- Xncp-h√m-bn¬ AS®pnth-Zyhpw Xpd∂ ]qP-
-
h¥o Xo¿∞w, AXns‚ Ic-bn¬ hymk-`-K-hm≥, bp-am-Wv. D®-∏qPmnth-Zy-Ønv Xr∏p-fn, Fcnt»-
Zp¿Δm-km-hv, [zPm-{K-Øn¬ {io Kcp-U≥, me-º- cn, sagp-°p-]p-c-´n, ]cn-∏v, Dt∏-cn, D∏p-amß Ch-
e-Øn-p-≈n¬ hS°pwtZh¿, hnjz-Ivtk≥, {io
sb√mw thWw. H∂pw c≠pw ]qP-tbm-Sp-IqSn
tImhn-en-p-≈n¬ Ing°v {ioh-√-`-≥, ]Sn-™mdv
{Inbmw- K - a mbn a- k v I mcw thWw. ""]mf- - a -
{iokp-Z¿i-w.
kvImcw'' Chn-SpsØ Hcp {]tXy-IXbm-Wv. ChnsS
- -
a‰v hnjvWp t£{X-ß-fn¬ n∂pw hn`n-∂- ta¬im¥n ÿmw ]Øv Xfp-{_m-“W IpSpw-_-
ambn ChnsS ]m©-cm-{X-hn-[m--Øn-ep≈ ]qP-I- °m¿°pw A©v Xncp-h√mtZin {_m“-W¿°p-am-
fm-Wv. Cu ]qPbv°v ASn-ÿm--amb imkv{X-{K- bn-cp-∂p. Iogvim¥n-ÿmw q‰n-sb¨]Xv Xncp-h-
Ÿ- ß ƒ {io Zp¿Δmkkwln- X bpw Aln¿ √m-tZin IpSpw-_°m¿°m-bn-cp-∂p.
-
∫p≤y-kw-ln-X-bp-am-Wv. Chn-SpsØ ]qP-I-fn¬
]e khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw ImWp-∂p. BZysØ c≠v {]mNoImeØv Cu t£{X-Ønse X{¥w
]qP-Iƒ°pw Htc [ymw, aq∂pw, mepw, A©pw Ccn-ßm-e-°pS Xc-∂--√q¿ ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sn-m-bn-
]qP- I ƒ°v {]tXyIw {]tXyIw [ym- ß ƒ. cp-∂p. Ct∏mƒ X{¥w XpI-e-t»cn Xd-bn¬ Ipgn-
H∂mw ]qPbv ° v ""hnez- a w- K ew ]qP- ''sb∂pw, °m-´v, sXt°-SØv Ipgn-°mSv F∂o C√-°m¿°m-
c≠mw ]qPbv°v ""i¶-caw-Kew ]qP''-sb∂pw t]cp-
- Wv. Chn-SpsØ ]cn-I¿Ωw apf-h `´-Xn-cn°pw,
≠v. H∂pw c≠pw ]qP-Iƒ krjvSn {Ia-Øn-em-Wv. aplq¿Øw aºpg `´-Xn-cn-°p-am-Wv. Xncp-hp-’-h-
Ch ]pcp-j-m-cm-bW ]qP-I-fm-Wv. D®-∏q-Pbpw Ønv aplq¿Øw Ipdn-°p-∂Xv `‡-{]n-bØv hmcn-
memw ]qPbpw ÿnXn {Ia-Øn-epw, A©mw]qP b¿°m-Wv. Chn-SpsØ Ducm◊ Xncp-h-√m- ""]-Øn-
eb {Ia-Øn-ep-am-Wv. BZysØ aq∂p ]qP-I- √-Øn¬ t]m‰n-am¿'°m-bn-cp-∂p. ]gb ]e tcJ-
tfmSpwIqSn sshiy-tlmaw thWw. aq¿Øn]qP I-fnepw Ahsc "aq∂p Krl-Øn-te-h¿' F∂p ]cm-

- 48 -


a¿in-®p-Im-Wp-∂p. tat®-cn,
Cf-a¨, hne-°nen awKew
F∂n-h-bmWv aq∂p Krl-
ßƒ. Ducm◊ ÿm-
ßƒ ]Øm-bn-cp-∂p.
sIm√h¿jm-cw-`-
Øn¬ ChnsS mev tZh-
Zm-kn-Ifp-sSbpw H∂n¬°q-
-
Sp-X¬ ""am]m-cX'' ]´-Øm-
- ß fpw D≠m- b n- c p- ∂ p.
ntXy {]`m- X - Ø n¬
alm- ` m- c Xw hmbn®v
hymJym-n-®n-cp-∂p. Xpem-
am- k - Ø n¬ ""Xpem- ° m-
thco amlm-fly-''hpw. aI-
c-am-k-Øn¬ ""amL-]p-cm-
Whp-''amWv hmbn-®n-cp-∂-
Xv. Xncp-hp-’-h-Im-eØv
thZ- ß ƒ, `mK- h - X - ] p- c m-
Ww, tZho- a m- l mflyw
F∂n- h bpw. C∂v
CsXm∂pw S- ° p- ∂ n- √ .
Cu t£{X-Øn¬ ta¬im-
¥n-am¿ IpS-im-¥n-°m-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp apd ap∂p nthZyw am{Xw. AXv aqØ-XºmcmWv S-Øp-∂-
h¿jhpw. ta¬im-¥n-am¿ Krl-ÿm-{i-a-Øn¬ Xv. Ipw`-am-kØnse ]qbw-]n-d∂mƒ Bdm´p {][m-
- -
{]th-in-®n-´p-≈-hcpw AºXp hb v ]q¿Øn-bm- -am°n ]Øp-Zn-h-ksØ Xncp-hp-’-h-am-Wn-hn-sS.
b-hcpw Bbn-cn-°-W-sa∂v nbaw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. c≠mw D’hZnh-ksØ Al v Ducm-◊-°m-
Ingt° S-bnse ta¬im¥n Nμ-ta sXmSp-hm≥ cmWv S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. aq∂mw Znhkw ta¬im¥n
]mSp-≈q. AXp-Xs∂ tKm]n-bm-bn-´p-th-Ww. me- IpSpw-_-°m¿, memw Znhkw ISn-bm-¥p-cpØn
º-e-Øn-p-≈n¬ kv{XoIƒ°pw, aXn¬s°-ń-p- Imcm-t©-cn-ssI-Ω-f-∑m¿, CXm-bn-cp∂p {Iaw.
≈n¬ B-Iƒ°pw {]th-iw ntj-[n-®n-cp-∂p. Xncp-h-√m-bnse Hcp {][m B´-hn-ti-j-
]gb ImeØv ChnsS sh≈m- - I sf Fgp- amb ""D{X{io_en'' ao amk-Øn-em-Wv. Xncp-h√m
∂≈Ønv D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p. nth-Zy-Øns‚ {Kma-Øns‚ c£m-tZ-hXam-cmb Be-¥p-cp-Øn, ]S-
-
BZy-]-IpXn {_“-kzhpw c≠mw ]IpXn tZh- ∏m-Sv, Icn-b-m-´p-Im-hv Zp¿§-Iƒ°v D{X-Øpw-mƒ
kzhpw. AXmWv Nn´. {ioh- √ àlm- t £- { X- Ø n¬ B¿`m- S - ] q¿Δw
Xncp-h-√m-bnse im¥nip≤w ISp-I-ń-bm-Wv. ¬Ip∂ kzoI-c-W-®-S-ßp-I-fmWv D{X {io_en.
{_m“-W¿°p t]mepw tkm]m--Øp-¶¬ Ib-dp- sIm√w BZn-i-X-I-ß-fn¬ Xncp-h√m-ime F∂
hm≥ ]mSn-√. Iogvim-¥n-am¿ {ioh-√` _nw_sØ t]cn¬ AXn-{]-ikvXamb Hcp hnZym-]oTw ChnsS
- -
sXm´p-Iq-Sm. Ipc--b-∏≥ kzman-bpsS ap√∏¥-en¬ {]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂p. nc-Ww-im-e, Ihn-bq¿im-e,
ta¬im- ¥ n- a m¿t°m, Iogvim- ¥ n- a m¿t°m, Xrs°m-Sn-Ømwime apX-emb thZ-]m-T-im-e-I-
X{¥nbvt°m {]th-i--an-√. AhnsS ]qP-bn-√. sf-°mƒ hfsc hep-Xm-bn-cp∂p Xncp-h-√m-im-e.

- 49 -


hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS FÆw GI-tZiw Hcmbncw sIm√-h¿jw 711˛ apX-ep≈ ]Xn-tgv {KŸ-h-cn-
Bbn-cp-∂-s{X. Xncp-h-√m-t£-{X-tØm-S-p-_-‘n®v Iƒ tN¿Øn-´p-≠v. Cu t£{X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´
Hcp BXp- c - i m- e bpw {]h¿Øn- ® n- c p- ∂ p. a‰p ]e IrXn-Ifpw D≠v. ""{ioh-√`NcnXw'' eLp-
CXns‚sb√mw sNe-hp-Iƒ t£{X-am-Wv hln- Im-hyw, ""XpI-em-kp-c-h['' B´-°-Y, ""{ioh-√-`-N-
®n- c p- ∂ - X v . sIm√h¿jm- c w- ` - Ø n¬ Xncp- h √m cnXw'' B´-°-Y, ""{ioh-√`hnPbw'' B´-°-Y,
t£{X-Øn-te°v aq∂p-e£∏d s√v ]m´w e`n- ""{ioh-√-tZi kp{]-`m-Xw'',""{ioh-√` I¿Æm-arX''
®n-cp-∂p. {_m“W t`mP-Øn-p-am{Xw B≠-S°w
- kvtXm{Xw apX-em-bh Ah-bn¬s∏-Sp-∂p.
Hcp e£-∏d s√v am‰n-sh-®n-cp-∂p. sIm√-h¿jw 923-˛¬ thWmSp cmPm-hm-bn-
Cu t£{X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ c≠v ""Xm{a cp∂ Angw Xncp-mƒ am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ω alm-
imk--ßƒ'' Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. Ah-bn¬ H∂ma- cm-Pmhv Xncp-h√ {Kmahpw {ioh√` t£{Xhpw
sØXv tIc-f-Øn¬ C∂p-hsc Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≈- ]nSn-s®-Sp-Øp. sIm√w 925˛ taS-amkw 20-˛mw Xob-
Xn¬ G‰hpw Zo¿L-am-Wv. ae-bmf`mj-bnse Xn-bnse Hcp i‡n-apJw Ap-k-cn®v Ducm-◊-
BZysØ KZy-{K-Ÿ-sa∂v Cu tcJsb hnti-jn- °m¿ t£{Xw am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ωbv°v ssIam-dn.
∏n-®n-´p-≠v. en]n- h-s´-gp-Øm-Wv. `mj- {]m-No ae- {ioh-√` ]cw-]p-cp-js‚ nXy-km-∂n-≤yw-sIm≠v
bm-f-hpw. Imew ]Xn-sm∂mw q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥y- ]cn-]m-h--am-°-s∏-´-XmWv Xncp-h-√. {ioh√-`-
]m-Zw. Cu t£{XØnse ]qP-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ _nw_w hniz- I ¿Ωm- h n- m¬ n¿Ωn- X - s a∂pw
as‰mcp X{¥-{K-Ÿ-amWv ""bP-m-hen kw{Kl {ioIrjvW`K-hm≥ Zzmc-I-bn¬ sh®v ]pjv]m-
]qPIw''. Cu t£{X-sØ-∏‰n e`n-®n-´p≈ c≠v ⁄en sNbvXncp-∂-Xp-am-sW∂v ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb
tcJ- I - f mWv Ωmgv h mcp- s Sbpw Xncp- a ss¶ hnizm-kw. IY-Ifn Hcp hgn-]m-Smbn S-Ø-s∏-Sp∂
Bgvhmcp- s Sbpw ]mkp- c - ß ƒ. Xncp- h - √ m- Htc Hcp tZhm-e-b-am-Wn-Xv.
ÿe]pcmW IY- b mWv ""{ioh- √ - ` - t £{X `mc-XØnse at‰-sXmcp Xo¿∞-ÿm-sØ-
- -
almflyw'' kwkvIrXw Imhyw. °mfpw amlm-fly-ta-dn-bXmWv Cu tZhm-e-bw.
1987-˛¬ Cu teJ-I≥ Xøm-dm°n {]kn-≤o- sshjvWh¿°v {]nbw-Icamb Cu alm-t£-{X-Øn¬
- - -
I-cn® ""{ioh-√` alm-t£{X Ncn{Xw'' F∂ _rl- `mc-XØns‚ mm-`m-Kßfn¬ n∂pw [mcmfw `‡-
- - -
Xv{KŸw {]mtZ-inI Ncn{X Kth-jW cwKsØ P-ßƒ Z¿i-Ønmbn hs∂-Øm-dp-≠.v k¬k-
- -
Hcp mgn-I-°-√mbn ncq-]-I-∑m¿ hne-bn-cp-Øn- ¥mem`-Ønpw, k¿Δ-t{i-b p-Iƒ°pw Chn-SpsØ
-
bn-´p-≠v. Xncp-∏Xn tZh-ÿm--Øns‚ Ahm¿Uv `Pw AXy¥w {]tbm-P{]-Z--as{X.
- - -
tSn-bXmWv {]kvXpX {KŸw. Cu teJ-I≥ kam-
- ambmtaml-ß-fn¬s∏´v Dg-ep∂ apjya-
l-cn-®Xpw Fw.-Pn. bqWn-thgvkn‰n-bpsS Ncn{X p-Iƒ°v {ioh-√-`-h≥ Fs∂∂pw Bizmkw
hn`mKw {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xp-amb ""Xncp-h√m ¬In Ap-{K-ln-°p-∂p. i{Xp-kw-lmcaq¿Øn-
{KŸ-hcn'' H∂mw `mKw, c≠mw `mKw F∂o {KŸ- bmb {io kpZ¿i- - Ø ns‚ km∂n- ≤ y- a p≈
h-cn-I-fn¬ Xncp-h√mt£{X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ A]q¿Δw hnjvWp-t£-{X-ß-fn¬ H∂mWn-Xv.

]n. DÆn-Ir-jvW≥ mb¿,Xn-cp-h√ : mep ]Xn-‰m-≠p-Im-e-ß-fmbn {]mtZ-inI Ncn{X
cN--bn¬ G¿s∏-ń-cn-°p∂ Ncn{X Kth-j-Ipw {KŸ-Im-c-pw. Hcp tmhepw 13-˛-Hmfw Ncn-{X-
{K-Ÿßfpw, 300-˛Hmfw teJ-ßfpw {]kn-≤o-Icn-®n-´p-≠v. {]mtZ-inI Ncn-{X-Kth-jWØnv ]pXn-
- - - - - - -
sbmcp Znim-t_m[w ¬Ip∂ cN--I-fmWv At±-l-Øns‚ F√m IrXn-Ifpw. {][m IrXn-I-
fn¬ {ioh-√`t£{X Ncn-{Xw, Xncp-∏p-en-bq¿ F∂o cN-Iƒ°v Xncp-∏Xn tZh-ÿm-Øns‚ AwKo-
-- - -
Im-chpw kmº-ØnI klm-bhpw e`n-®p. 1993-˛¬ ]pc-kvImcw ¬In _lp: Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿
tZhkzw t_m¿Uv BZ-cn-®p. hnemkw ˛ nc-W-t»-cn¬ Imhpw-`mKw ]n.H., Xncp-h-√.

- 50 -

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