Notes I prepared for my Class 11 CBSE exam. You can download it if u find it useful

1. 1. Array: An array is a series of elements of the same type placed in contiguous memory
locations that can be individually referenced by adding an index to a unique identifier. Very
much useful in a case where many elements of the same data type need to be stored and
processed. Element numbers in [] are called subscripts or indices. The subscripts designates
the position in array’s ordering.
2. Types of arrays:
a. Single Dimensional: It is the simplest form of array. The array is given a name and it
elements are referenced by the indices. Index numbering starts with 0. Array
definition specifies variable type, name with size.
b. Two dimensional arrays: Array in which each element itself is an array. An array A
[m] [n] is represented by MXN table with M rows and N columns. Simplest form of
multi-dimensional arrays.
3. Advantages: we can use only one variable for storing several variables but under different
indices. Very useful when we are using many variables of same data type.
4. Structure: Structure is a collection of variables under a common name. Variables can be of
any data type.
5. Difference between Structure and Class: In a structure, all members are public by default,
while the members of class are private by default.
6. Difference between Structure and Array: Only variables of one data type can be stored in
arrays but many data types can be stored in structures. In arrays, entries are called elements
while in Structures, they are called members.
7. Referencing structure elements: Members can be accessed through the dot operator. The
structure variable name followed by a period (.) and the element name references to that
individual structure element.
8. Typedef: C++ allows users to define new data type names by using the keyword typedef. It
defines a new name for an existing data type. This can increase portability of programs and
also aid in self documenting the code by allowing descriptive names for standard data types.
Also defines alias structure tag name. Syntax: typedef type name;
9. Preprocessor Directives: Preprocessor commands begin with a #. No blank space should
appear before the # and semicolon is not requires at the end. Things that can be done during
pre-processor phase
a. Inclusion of other files through #include directive.
b. Definition of symbolic constants and macros through #define directive.
10. #Define: Allows us to define symbolic names and constants. If #define PI 3.14, it will
translate every occurrence of PI into 3.14. It also allows you to make text substitutions
before compiling a program. An advanced use of it is creation of macros (#define SQUARE(x)
x*x)