Tourism is defined as travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes. In 2010, there were over 940 million international tourist arrivals worldwide. Tourism is important for many countries' economies, contributing an estimated 5% of global GDP. Popular types of tourism include beach vacations, winter sports, cultural/heritage tourism, and niche markets like medical or culinary tourism. Factors like improved transportation, changing lifestyles, and internet sales have made tourism more accessible in recent decades. However, events like terrorist attacks, health crises, and natural disasters can negatively impact tourism in affected areas.

1. Tourism
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Tourist" redirects here. For other uses, see Tourist (disambiguation).
Summer Visitors by Maurice Prendergast(1897)
Common sights of backpacking tourism: Guidebooks, train ticket, money and passport.
Tourism is travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes. The World Tourism
Organization defines tourists as people "traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment
for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes".[1]
Tourism has become a popular global leisure activity. In 2010, there were over 940 million international
tourist arrivals worldwide, representing a growth of 6.6% when compared to 2009.[2] International tourism
receipts grew to US$919 billion (€693 billion) in 2010, corresponding to an increase in real terms of
4.7%.[2] As a result of the late-2000s recession, international travel demand suffered a strong slowdown
from the second half of 2008 through the end of 2009. After a 5% increase in the first half of 2008, growth

2. in international tourist arrivals moved into negative territory in the second half of 2008, and ended up only
2% for the year, compared to a 7% increase in 2007.[3] This negative trend intensified during 2009,
exacerbated in some countries due to the outbreak of theH1N1 influenza virus, resulting in a worldwide
decline of 4.2% in 2009 to 880 million international tourists arrivals, and a 5.7% decline in international
tourism receipts.[4]
Tourism is important and in some cases vital for many countries, such
as France, Egypt, Greece, Lebanon, Israel, the United States, the United Kingdom,Spain, Italy,
and Thailand, and many island nations, such as Mauritius, The Bahamas, Fiji, Maldives, Philippines and
the Seychelles. It brings in large amounts of income in payment for goods and services available,
contributing an estimated 5% to the worldwide gross domestic product (GDP), and it creates opportunities
for employment in the service industries associated with tourism.[2] These service industries
include transportation services, such as airlines,cruise ships and taxicabs; hospitality services, such
as accommodations, including hotels and resorts; and entertainment venues, such as amusement
parks, casinos, shopping malls, music venues and theatres.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 World tourism statistics and rankings
o 2.1 Most-visited countries by international tourist arrivals
o 2.2 International tourism receipts
o 2.3 International tourism expenditures
o 2.4 Most-visited cities by international tourist arrivals
3 History
o 3.1 Leisure travel
o 3.2 Winter tourism
o 3.3 Mass tourism
o 3.4 Adjectival tourism
4 Recent developments
o 4.1 Sustainable tourism
o 4.2 Ecotourism
o 4.3 Pro-poor tourism
o 4.4 Recession tourism
o 4.5 Medical tourism
o 4.6 Educational tourism
o 4.7 Creative tourism

3. o 4.8 Dark tourism
o 4.9 Doom tourism
5 Growth
o 5.1 Sports tourism
o 5.2 Latest trends
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
[edit]Etymology
Theobald (1994) suggested that "etymologically, the word tour is derived from the Latin, 'tornare' and the
Greek, 'tornos', meaning 'a lathe or circle; the movement around a central point or axis'. This meaning
changed in modern English to represent 'one's turn'. The suffix –ism is defined as 'an action or process;
typical behaviour or quality', while the suffix, –ist denotes 'one that performs a given action'. When the
word tour and the suffixes –ism and –ist are combined, they suggest the action of movement around a
circle. One can argue that a circle represents a starting point, which ultimately returns back to its beginning.
Therefore, like a circle, a tour represents a journey in that it is a round-trip, i.e., the act of leaving and then
returning to the original starting point, and therefore, one who takes such a journey can be called a
tourist."[5]
In 1941, Hunziker and Krapf defined tourism as people who travel "the sum of the phenomena and
relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, insofar as they do not lead to permanent
residence and are not connected with any earning activity."[6][7] In 1976, the Tourism Society of England's
definition was: "Tourism is the temporary, short-term movement of people to destination outside the places
where they normally live and work and their activities during the stay at each destination. It includes
movements for all purposes."[8] In 1981, the International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism
defined tourism in terms of particular activities selected by choice and undertaken outside the home. [9]
In 1994, the United Nations classified three forms of tourism in its Recommendations on Tourism
Statistics:[10]
 Domestic tourism, involving residents of the given country traveling only within this country.
 Inbound tourism, involving non-residents traveling in the given country.
 Outbound tourism, involving residents traveling in another country.
[edit]World tourism statistics and rankings
[edit]Most-visited countries by international tourist arrivals
Main article: World Tourism rankings
In 2010, there were 940 million international tourist arrivals, with a growth of 6.6% as compared to 2009.

4. The World Tourism Organization reports the following ten countries as the most visited in terms of the
number of international travellers. In 2010, China overtook Spain to become the third most visited country.
International International
UNWTO Change
tourist tourist
Rank Country Regional 2009
arrivals arrivals
Market to 2010
(2010)[2] (2009)[2]
1 France Europe 76.8 million 76.8 million +0.0%
2 United States North America 59.7 million 55.0 million +8.7%
3 China Asia 55.7 million 50.9 million +9.4%
4 Spain Europe 52.7 million 52.2 million +1.0%
5 Italy Europe 43.6 million 43.2 million +0.9%
6 United Kingdom Europe 28.1 million 28.2 million -0.2%
7 Turkey Europe 27.0 million 25.5 million +5.9%
8 Germany Europe 26.9 million 24.2 million +10.9%
9 Malaysia Asia 24.6 million 23.6 million +3.9%
10 Mexico North America 22.4 million 21.5 million +4.4%
[edit]International tourism receipts
International tourism receipts grew to US$919 billion (€693 billion) in 2010,[11] corresponding to an increase
in real terms of 4.7% from 2009. The World Tourism Organization reports the following countries as the top
ten tourism earners for the year 2010, with the United States by far the top earner.

5. International
UNWTO
Tourism
Rank Country Regional
Receipts
Market
(2010)[2]
1 United States North America $103.5 billion
2 Spain Europe $52.5 billion
3 France Europe $46.3 billion
4 China Asia $45.8 billion
5 Italy Europe $38.8 billion
6 Germany Europe $34.7 billion
7 United Kingdom Europe $30.4 billion
8 Australia Oceania $30.1 billion
9 Hong Kong (China) Asia $23.0 billion
10 Turkey Europe $20.8 billion
[edit]International tourism expenditures
The World Tourism Organization reports the following countries as the top ten biggest spenders on
international tourism for the year 2010.
International
UNWTO
Tourism
Rank Country Regional
Expenditures
Market
(2010)[2]
1 Germany Europe $77.7 billion

6. International
UNWTO
Tourism
Rank Country Regional
Expenditures
Market
(2010)[2]
2 United States North America $75.5 billion
3 China Asia $54.9 billion
4 United Kingdom Europe $48.6 billion
5 France Europe $39.4 billion
6 Canada North America $29.5 billion
7 Japan Asia $27.9 billion
8 Italy Europe $27.1 billion
9 Russia Europe $26.5 billion
10 Australia Oceania $22.5 billion
[edit]Most-visited cities by international tourist arrivals
Top 10 most visited cities by estimated number of international visitors by selected year
International
City Country visitors Year/Notes
(millions)
Paris France 15.1 2010 (Excluding extra-muros visitors)[12]
London United Kingdom 14.6 2010[13]

7. New York
United States 9.7 2010[14]
City
Antalya Turkey 9.2 2010[15]
2010 (Excluding Malaysian citizens arriving by
Singapore Singapore 9.2
land)[2]
Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 8.9 2010[16]
Hong Kong Hong Kong (China) 8.4 2010 (Excluding Mainland Chinese visitors)[17]
United Arab
Dubai 8.3 2010[18]
Emirates
Bangkok Thailand 7.2 2010[19]
Istanbul Turkey 6.9 2010[15]
[edit]History
See also: Grand Tour
Wealthy people have always traveled to distant parts of the world, to see great buildings, works of art, learn
new languages, experience new cultures and to taste different cuisines. Long ago, at the time of
the Roman Republic, places such as Baiae were popular coastal resorts for the rich. The word tourist was
used by 1772[20] and tourism by 1811.[21] In 1936, the League of Nations definedforeign tourist as "someone
traveling abroad for at least twenty-four hours". Its successor, the United Nations, amended this definition
in 1945, by including a maximum stay of six months.[5]
[edit]Leisure travel

8. Englishman in the Campagna by Carl Spitzweg (c. 1845)
Leisure travel was associated with the Industrial Revolution in the United Kingdom – the first European
country to promote leisure time to the increasing industrial population.[22] Initially, this applied to the owners
of the machinery of production, the economic oligarchy, the factory owners and the traders. These
comprised the new middle class.[22] Cox & Kings was the first official travel company to be formed in
1758.[23]
The British origin of this new industry is reflected in many place names. In Nice, France, one of the first and
best-established holiday resorts on the French Riviera, the long esplanade along the seafront is known to
this day as the Promenade des Anglais; in many other historic resorts in continental Europe, old, well-
established palace hotels have names like the Hotel Bristol, the Hotel Carlton or the Hotel Majestic –
reflecting the dominance of English customers.
Many leisure-oriented tourists travel to the tropics, both in the summer and winter. Places of such nature
often visited are: Bali in Indonesia, Colombia, Brazil,Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Malaysia, Mexico the
various Polynesian tropical islands, Queensland in Australia, Thailand, Saint-
Tropez and Cannes inFrance, Florida, Hawaii and Puerto Rico in the United States, Barbados, Sint
Maarten, Saint Kitts and Nevis, The Bahamas, Anguilla, Antigua, Aruba, Turks and Caicos
Islands and Bermuda.
[edit]Winter tourism
See also: List of ski areas and resorts and Winter sport
Although it is acknowledged that the Swiss were not the inventors of skiing, it is well documented that St.
Moritz, Graubünden became the cradle of the developing winter tourism; since that year of 1865 in St.
Moritz,[24] when many daring hotel managers choose to risk opening their hotels in winter. It was, however,
only in the 1970s when winter tourism took over the lead from summer tourism in many of the Swiss ski
resorts. Even in winter, portions of up to one third of all guests (depending on the location) consist of non-
skiers.[25]
Major ski resorts are located mostly in the various European countries
(e.g. Andorra, Austria, Bulgaria, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech
Republic, France, Germany, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Poland, Serbia,Sweden, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland),
Canada, the United States (e.g. Colorado, California, Utah, Montana, Wyoming, New York, New Jersey,
Michigan, Vermont, New Hampshire) New Zealand,Japan, South Korea, Chile, and Argentina.
[edit]Mass tourism

9. Reisepläne (Travel plans) by Adolph Menzel (1875)
Mass tourism could only have developed with the improvements in technology, allowing the transport of
large numbers of people in a short space of time to places of leisure interest, so that greater numbers of
people could begin to enjoy the benefits of leisure time.
In the United States, the first seaside resorts in the European style were at Atlantic City, New
Jersey and Long Island, New York.
In Continental Europe, early resorts included: Ostend, popularised by the people of Brussels; Boulogne-
sur-Mer (Pas-de-Calais) and Deauville (Calvados) for the Parisians; and Heiligendamm, founded in 1793,
as the first seaside resort on the Baltic Sea.
[edit]Adjectival tourism
For a more comprehensive list, see List of adjectival tourisms.
Adjectival tourism refers to the numerous niche or specialty travel forms of tourism that have emerged over
the years, each with its own adjective. Many of these have come into common use by the tourism industry
and academics.[26] Others are emerging concepts that may or may not gain popular usage. Examples of the
more common niche tourism markets include:
 Agritourism  Medical tourism
 Birth tourism  Nautical tourism
 Culinary tourism  Pop-culture tourism
 Cultural tourism  Religious tourism
 Extreme tourism  Slum tourism
 Geotourism  Space tourism
 Heritage tourism  War tourism
 LGBT tourism  Wildlife tourism
[edit]Recent developments
There has been an up trend in tourism over the last few decades, especially in Europe, where international
travel for short breaks is common. Tourists have a wide range of budgets and tastes, and a wide variety of
resorts and hotels have developed to cater for them. For example, some people prefer simple beach
vacations, while others want more specialised holidays, quieter resorts, family-oriented holidays or niche
market-targeted destination hotels.

10. The developments in technology and transport infrastructure, such as jumbo jets, low-cost airlines and
more accessible airports have made many types of tourism more affordable. On April 28, 2009The
Guardian noted that "the WHO estimates that up to 500,000 people are on planes at any time."[27] There
have also been changes in lifestyle, for example some retirement-age people sustain year round tourism.
This is facilitated by internet sales of tourist services. Some sites have now started to offer dynamic
packaging, in which an inclusive price is quoted for a tailor-made package requested by the customer upon
impulse.
There have been a few setbacks in tourism, such as the September 11 attacks and terrorist threats to
tourist destinations, such as in Bali and several European cities. Also, on December 26, 2004, a tsunami,
caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, hit the Asian countries on the Indian Ocean, including
the Maldives. Thousands of lives were lost including many tourists. This, together with the vast clean-
up operations, stopped or severely hampered tourism in the area for a time.
The terms tourism and travel are sometimes used interchangeably. In this context, travel has a similar
definition to tourism, but implies a more purposeful journey. The terms tourism and tourist are sometimes
used pejoratively, to imply a shallow interest in the cultures or locations visited by tourists.
[edit]Sustainable tourism
"Sustainable tourism is envisaged as leading to management of all resources in such a way that economic,
social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological
processes, biological diversity and life support systems." (World Tourism Organization)
Sustainable development implies "meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs" (World Commission on Environment and Development,
1987)[28]
Sustainable tourism can be seen as having regard to ecological and socio-cultural carrying capacities and
includes involving the community of the destination in tourism development planning. It also involves
integrating tourism to match current economic and growth policies so as to mitigate some of the negative
economic and social impacts of 'mass tourism'. Murphy (1985) advocates the use of an 'ecological
approach', to consider both 'plants' and 'people' when implementing the sustainable tourism development
process. This is in contrast to the 'boosterism' and 'economic' approaches to tourism planning, neither of
which consider the detrimental ecological or sociological impacts of tourism development to a destination.
However, Butler questions the exposition of the term 'sustainable' in the context of tourism, citing its
ambiguity and stating that "the emerging sustainable development philosophy of the 1990s can be viewed
as an extension of the broader realization that a preoccupation with economic growth without regard to it
social and environmental consequences is self-defeating in the long term." Thus 'sustainable tourism
development' is seldom considered as an autonomous function of economic regeneration as separate from
general economic growth.
[edit]Ecotourism

11. Main article: Ecotourism
Ecotourism, also known as ecological tourism, is responsible travel to fragile, pristine, and usually
protected areas that strives to be low impact and (often) small scale. It helps educate the traveler; provides
funds for conservation; directly benefits the economic development and political empowerment of local
communities; and fosters respect for different cultures and for human rights.
[edit]Pro-poor tourism
Pro-poor tourism, which seeks to help the poorest people in developing countries, has been receiving
increasing attention by those involved in development; the issue has been addressed through small-scale
projects in local communities and through attempts by Ministries of Tourism to attract large numbers of
tourists. Research by the Overseas Development Institute suggests that neither is the best way to
encourage tourists' money to reach the poorest as only 25% or less (far less in some cases) ever reaches
the poor; successful examples of money reaching the poor include mountain-climbing in Tanzania and
cultural tourism in Luang Prabang, Laos.[29]
[edit]Recession tourism
Recession tourism is a travel trend, which evolved by way of the world economic crisis. Identified by
American entrepreneur Matt Landau (2007), recession tourism is defined by low-cost, high-value
experiences taking place of once-popular generic retreats. Various recession tourism hotspots have seen
business boom during the recession thanks to comparatively low costs of living and a slow world job
market suggesting travelers are elongating trips where their money travels further.
[edit]Medical tourism
Main article: Medical tourism
When there is a significant price difference between countries for a given medical procedure, particularly
in Southeast Asia, India, Eastern Europe and where there are different regulatory regimes, in relation to
particular medical procedures (e.g. dentistry), traveling to take advantage of the price or regulatory
differences is often referred to as "medical tourism".
[edit]Educational tourism
Educational tourism developed, because of the growing popularity of teaching and learning of knowledge
and the enhancing of technical competency outside of the classroom environment.[citation needed]In educational
tourism, the main focus of the tour or leisure activity includes visiting another country to learn about the
culture, such as in Student Exchange Programs and Study Tours, or to work and apply skills learned inside
the classroom in a different environment, such as in the International Practicum Training Program.
[edit]Creative tourism
Creative tourism has existed as a form of cultural tourism, since the early beginnings of tourism itself. Its
European roots date back to the time of the Grand Tour, which saw the sons of aristocratic families
traveling for the purpose of mostly interactive, educational experiences. More recently, creative tourism has

12. been given its own name by Crispin Raymond and Greg Richards,[30] who as members of the Association
for Tourism and Leisure Education (ATLAS), have directed a number of projects for the European
Commission, including cultural and crafts tourism, known as sustainable tourism. They have defined
"creative tourism" as tourism related to the active participation of travellers in the culture of the host
community, through interactive workshops and informal learning experiences.[30]
Meanwhile, the concept of creative tourism has been picked up by high-profile organizations such
as UNESCO, who through the Creative Cities Network, have endorsed creative tourism as an
engaged,authentic experience that promotes an active understanding of the specific cultural features of
a place.[citation needed]
More recently, creative tourism has gained popularity as a form of cultural tourism, drawing on active
participation by travelers in the culture of the host communities they visit. Several countries offer examples
of this type of tourism development, including the United Kingdom, the Bahamas, Jamaica, Spain, Italy and
New Zealand.
[edit]Dark tourism
See also: Jihadi tourism
One emerging area of special interest has been identified by Lennon and Foley (2000)[31][32] as "dark"
tourism. This type of tourism involves visits to "dark" sites, such as battlegrounds, scenes of horrific crimes
or acts of genocide, for example: concentration camps. Dark tourism remains a small niche market, driven
by varied motivations, such as mourning, remembrance, education, macabre curiosity or even
entertainment. Its early origins are rooted in fairgrounds and medieval fairs.[33]
[edit]Doom tourism
Also known as "Tourism of Doom," or "Last Chance Tourism" this emerging trend involves traveling to
places that are environmentally or otherwise threatened (the ice caps of Mount Kilimanjaro, the melting
glaciers of Patagonia, The coral of the Great Barrier Reef) before it is too late. Identified by travel trade
magazine TravelAge West editor-in-chief Kenneth Shapiro in 2007 and later explored inThe New York
Times, this type of tourism is believed to be on the rise. Some see the trend as related to sustainable
tourism or ecotourism due to the fact that a number of these tourist destinations are considered threatened
by environmental factors such as global warming, over population or climate change. Others worry that
travel to many of these threatened locations increases an individual’scarbon footprint and only hastens
problems threatened locations are already facing.
[edit]Growth
The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) forecasts that international tourism will continue growing at the
average annual rate of 4 %.[34] With the advent of e-commerce, tourism products have become one of the
most traded items on the internet.[citation needed] Tourism products and services have been made available

13. through intermediaries, although tourism providers (hotels, airlines, etc.) can sell their services directly.
This has put pressure on intermediaries from both on-line and traditional shops.
It has been suggested there is a strong correlation between tourism expenditure per capita and the degree
to which countries play in the global context.[35] Not only as a result of the important economic contribution
of the tourism industry, but also as an indicator of the degree of confidence with which global citizens
leverage the resources of the globe for the benefit of their local economies. This is why any projections of
growth in tourism may serve as an indication of the relative influence that each country will exercise in the
future.
Space tourism is expected to "take off" in the first quarter of the 21st century, although compared with
traditional destinations the number of tourists in orbit will remain low until technologies such as aspace
elevator make space travel cheap.[citation needed]
Technological improvement is likely to make possible air-ship hotels, based either on solar-
powered airplanes or large dirigibles.[citation needed] Underwater hotels, such as Hydropolis, expected to open
in Dubai in 2009, will be built. On the ocean, tourists will be welcomed by ever larger cruise ships and
perhaps floating cities.[citation needed]
[edit]Sports tourism
Since the late 1980s, sports tourism has become increasingly popular. Events such as rugby, Olympics,
Commonwealth games, Asian Games and football World Cups have enabled specialist travel companies to
gain official ticket allocation and then sell them in packages that include flights, hotels and excursions.
[edit]Latest trends
As a result of the late-2000s recession, international arrivals suffered a strong slowdown beginning in June
2008. Growth from 2007 to 2008 was only 3.7% during the first eight months of 2008. The Asian and
Pacific markets were affected and Europe stagnated during the boreal summer months, while
the Americas performed better, reducing their expansion rate but keeping a 6% growth from January to
August 2008. Only the Middle East continued its rapid growth during the same period, reaching a 17%
growth as compared to the same period in 2007.[36] This slowdown on international tourism demand was
also reflected in the air transport industry, with a negative growth in September 2008 and a 3.3% growth in
passenger traffic through September. The hotel industry also reports a slowdown, as room occupancy
continues to decline.[36] As the global economic situation deteriorated dramatically during September and
October as a result of the global financial crisis, growth of international tourism is expected to slow even
further for the remaining of 2008, and this slowdown in demand growth is forecasted to continue into 2009
as recession has already hit most of the top spender countries, with long-haul travel expected to be the
most affected by the economic crisis.[36] This negative trend intensified as international tourist arrivals fell by
8% during the first four months of 2009, and the decline was exacerbated in some regions due to the
outbreak of the influenza AH1N1 virus.[37]
[edit]References

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19. ^ Department of Tourism