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Skeletal system 2
1.
Essentials of Human
Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 5 The Skeletal System
2.
The Skeletal SystemThe
Skeletal System Slide 5.1Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Parts of the skeletal system • Bones (skeleton) • Joints • Cartilages • Ligaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to muscle) • Divided into two divisions • Axial skeleton • Appendicular skeleton – limbs and girdle
3.
4.
Functions of BonesFunctions
of Bones Slide 5.2Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Support of the body • Protection of soft organs • Movement due to attached skeletal muscles • Storage of minerals and fats • Blood cell formation
5.
Bones of the
Human BodyBones of the Human Body Slide 5.3Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • The skeleton has 206 bones • Two basic types of bone tissue •Compact bone • Homogeneous •Spongy bone • Small needle-like pieces of bone • Many open spaces Figure 5.2b
6.
Classification of BonesClassification
of Bones Slide 5.4aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Long bones •Typically longer than wide •Have a shaft with heads at both ends •Contain mostly compact bone • Examples: Femur, humerus
7.
Classification of BonesClassification
of Bones Slide 5.4bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Short bones •Generally cube-shape •Contain mostly spongy bone •Examples: Carpals, tarsals
8.
Classification of Bones
on theClassification of Bones on the Basis of ShapeBasis of Shape Slide 5.4cCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.1
9.
Classification of BonesClassification
of Bones Slide 5.5aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Flat bones •Thin and flattened •Usually curved •Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone •Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum
10.
Classification of BonesClassification
of Bones Slide 5.5bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Irregular bones •Irregular shape •Do not fit into other bone classification categories •Example: Vertebrae and hip
11.
Classification of Bones
on theClassification of Bones on the Basis of ShapeBasis of Shape Slide 5.5cCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.1
12.
Gross Anatomy of
a Long BoneGross Anatomy of a Long Bone Slide 5.6Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Diaphysis •Shaft •Composed of compact bone • Epiphysis •Ends of the bone •Composed mostly of spongy bone Figure 5.2a
13.
Structures of a
Long BoneStructures of a Long Bone Slide 5.7Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Periosteum • Outside covering of the diaphysis • Fibrous connective tissue membrane • Sharpey’s fibers • Secure periosteum to underlying bone • Arteries • Supply bone cells with nutrients Figure 5.2c
14.
Structures of a
Long BoneStructures of a Long Bone Slide 5.8aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Articular cartilage •Covers the external surface of the epiphyses •Made of hyaline cartilage •Decreases friction at joint surfaces Figure 5.2a
15.
Structures of a
Long BoneStructures of a Long Bone Slide 5.8bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Medullary cavity •Cavity of the shaft •Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults •Contains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants Figure 5.2a
16.
Bone Markings -
Page 119Bone Markings - Page 119 Slide 5.9Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Surface features of bones • Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments • Passages for nerves and blood vessels • Categories of bone markings • Projections and processes – grow out from the bone surface • Depressions or cavities – indentations
17.
Microscopic Anatomy of
BoneMicroscopic Anatomy of Bone SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Osteon (Haversian System) • A unit of bone • Central (Haversian) canal • Opening in the center of an osteon • Carries blood vessels and nerves • Perforating (Volkman’s) canal • Canal perpendicular to the central canal • Carries blood vessels and nerves
18.
Microscopic Anatomy of
BoneMicroscopic Anatomy of Bone SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.3
19.
Microscopic Anatomy of
BoneMicroscopic Anatomy of Bone SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Lacunae • Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes) • Arranged in concentric rings • Lamellae • Rings around the central canal • Sites of lacunae Figure 5.3
20.
Microscopic Anatomy of
BoneMicroscopic Anatomy of Bone SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Canaliculi •Tiny canals •Radiate from the central canal to lacunae •Form a transport system Figure 5.3
21.
Changes in the
Human SkeletonChanges in the Human Skeleton Slide 5.12Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage • During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone • Cartilage remains in isolated areas • Bridge of the nose • Parts of ribs • Joints
22.
Bone GrowthBone Growth SlideCopyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long bone during childhood •New cartilage is continuously formed •Older cartilage becomes ossified •Cartilage is broken down •Bone replaces cartilage
23.
Bone GrowthBone Growth SlideCopyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth stops •Bones change shape somewhat •Bones grow in width
24.
Long Bone Formation
and GrowthLong Bone Formation and Growth SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.4a
25.
Types of Bone
CellsTypes of Bone Cells Slide 5.15Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Osteocytes • Mature bone cells • Osteoblasts • Bone-forming cells • Osteoclasts • Bone-destroying cells • Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium • Bone remodeling is a process by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts
26.
Bone FracturesBone Fractures Slide
5.16Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • A break in a bone • Types of bone fractures • Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin • Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin • Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization • Realignment of the bone
27.
Common Types of
FracturesCommon Types of Fractures Slide 5.17Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 5.2
28.
Repair of Bone
FracturesRepair of Bone Fractures Slide 5.18Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed • Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus • Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus • Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch
29.
Stages in the
Healing of a BoneStages in the Healing of a Bone FractureFracture Slide 5.19Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.5
30.
The Axial SkeletonThe
Axial Skeleton SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Forms the longitudinal part of the body • Divided into three parts •Skull •Vertebral column •Bony thorax
31.
The Axial SkeletonThe
Axial Skeleton SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.6
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The SkullThe Skull SlideCopyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Two sets of bones •Cranium •Facial bones • Bones are joined by sutures • Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint
33.
The SkullThe Skull SlideCopyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.7
34.
Bones of the
SkullBones of the Skull Slide 5.22Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.11
35.
Human Skull, Superior
ViewHuman Skull, Superior View Slide 5.23Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.8
36.
Human Skull, Inferior
ViewHuman Skull, Inferior View Slide 5.24Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.9
37.
Paranasal SinusesParanasal Sinuses SlideCopyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity Figure 5.10
38.
Paranasal SinusesParanasal Sinuses SlideCopyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Functions of paranasal sinuses • Lighten the skull • Give resonance and amplification to voice Figure 5.10
39.
The Hyoid BoneThe
Hyoid Bone Slide 5.26Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • The only bone that does not articulate with another bone • Serves as a moveable base for the tongue Figure 5.12
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The Fetal SkullThe
Fetal Skull SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • The fetal skull is large compared to the infants total body length Figure 5.13
41.
The Fetal SkullThe
Fetal Skull SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Fontanelles – fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones • Allow the brain to grow • Convert to bone within 24 months after birth Figure 5.13
42.
The Vertebral ColumnThe
Vertebral Column Slide 5.28Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs • The spine has a normal curvature • Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location Figure 5.14
43.
Structure of a
Typical VertebraeStructure of a Typical Vertebrae Slide 5.29Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.16
44.
The Bony ThoraxThe
Bony Thorax SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Forms a cage to protect major organs Figure 5.19a
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The Bony ThoraxThe
Bony Thorax SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Made-up of three parts •Sternum •Ribs •Thoracic vertebrae Figure 5.19a
46.
The Appendicular SkeletonThe
Appendicular Skeleton SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Limbs (appendages) • Pectoral girdle • Pelvic girdle
47.
The Appendicular SkeletonThe
Appendicular Skeleton SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.6c
48.
The Pectoral (Shoulder)
GirdleThe Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle Slide 5.33Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Composed of two bones •Clavicle – collarbone •Scapula – shoulder blade • These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement
49.
Bones of the
Shoulder GirdleBones of the Shoulder Girdle SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.20a, b
50.
Bones of the
Upper LimbBones of the Upper Limb SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • The arm is formed by a single bone •Humerus Figure 5.21a, b
51.
Bones of the
Upper LimbBones of the Upper Limb SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • The forearm has two bones • Ulna • Radius Figure 5.21c
52.
Bones of the
Upper LimbBones of the Upper Limb Slide 5.36Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • The hand •Carpals – wrist •Metacarpals – palm •Phalanges – fingers Figure 5.22
53.
Bones of the
Pelvic GirdleBones of the Pelvic Girdle Slide 5.37Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Hip bones • Composed of three pair of fused bones • Ilium • Ischium • Pubic bone • The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis • Protects several organs • Reproductive organs • Urinary bladder • Part of the large intestine
54.
The PelvisThe Pelvis SlideCopyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.23a
55.
Gender Differences of
the PelvisGender Differences of the Pelvis Slide 5.39Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.23c
56.
Bones of the
Lower LimbsBones of the Lower Limbs SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • The thigh has one bone •Femur – thigh bone Figure 5.35a, b
57.
Bones of the
Lower LimbsBones of the Lower Limbs SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • The leg has two bones •Tibia •Fibula Figure 5.35c
58.
Bones of the
Lower LimbsBones of the Lower Limbs Slide 5.41Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • The foot •Tarsus – ankle •Metatarsals – sole •Phalanges – toes Figure 5.25
59.
JointsJoints Slide 5.43Copyright ©
2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Articulations of bones • Functions of joints •Hold bones together •Allow for mobility • Ways joints are classified •Functionally •Structurally
60.
Functional Classification of
JointsFunctional Classification of Joints Slide 5.44Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Synarthroses – immovable joints • Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable joints • Diarthroses – freely moveable joints
61.
Structural Classification of
JointsStructural Classification of Joints Slide 5.45Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Fibrous joints •Generally immovable • Cartilaginous joints •Immovable or slightly moveable • Synovial joints •Freely moveable
62.
Fibrous JointsFibrous Joints Slide
5.46Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Bones united by fibrous tissue – synarthrosis or largely immovable. Figure 5.27d, e
63.
Cartilaginous Joints –
mostlyCartilaginous Joints – mostly amphiarthrosisamphiarthrosis Slide 5.47Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Bones connected by cartilage • Examples •Pubic symphysis •Intervertebral joints Figure 5.27b, c
64.
Synovial JointsSynovial Joints Slide
5.48Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity • Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity Figure 5.27f–h
65.
Features of Synovial
Joints-Features of Synovial Joints- DiarthrosesDiarthroses Slide 5.49Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the ends of bones • Joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous articular capsule • Have a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid • Ligaments reinforce the joint
66.
Structures Associated with
theStructures Associated with the Synovial JointSynovial Joint Slide 5.50Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Bursae – flattened fibrous sacs • Lined with synovial membranes • Filled with synovial fluid • Not actually part of the joint • Tendon sheath • Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon
67.
The Synovial JointThe
Synovial Joint Slide 5.51Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.28
68.
Types of Synovial
Joints Based onTypes of Synovial Joints Based on ShapeShape SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.29a–c
69.
Types of Synovial
Joints Based onTypes of Synovial Joints Based on ShapeShape SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.29d–f
70.
Inflammatory ConditionsInflammatory Conditions Associated
with JointsAssociated with Joints Slide 5.53Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction • Tendonitis – inflammation of tendon sheaths • Arthritis – inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints • Over 100 different types • The most widespread crippling disease in the United States
71.
Clinical Forms of
ArthritisClinical Forms of Arthritis SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Osteoarthritis • Most common chronic arthritis • Probably related to normal aging processes • Rheumatoid arthritis • An autoimmune disease – the immune system attacks the joints • Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints • Often leads to deformities
72.
73.
74.
Clinical Forms of
ArthritisClinical Forms of Arthritis SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Gouty Arthritis •Inflammation of joints is caused by a deposition of urate crystals from the blood •Can usually be controlled with diet
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